دانلود کتاب INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 14882:2020(E) Programming languages — C++ Sixth edition 2020-12

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79358.pdf pdf at 230.pdf Contents Foreword 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 General principles 4.1 Implementation compliance 4.1.1 General 4.1.2 Abstract machine 4.2 Structure of this document 4.3 Syntax notation 5 Lexical conventions 5.1 Separate translation 5.2 Phases of translation 5.3 Character sets 5.4 Preprocessing tokens 5.5 Alternative tokens 5.6 Tokens 5.7 Comments 5.8 Header names 5.9 Preprocessing numbers 5.10 Identifiers 5.11 Keywords 5.12 Operators and punctuators 5.13 Literals 5.13.1 Kinds of literals 5.13.2 Integer literals 5.13.3 Character literals 5.13.4 Floating-point literals 5.13.5 String literals 5.13.6 Boolean literals 5.13.7 Pointer literals 5.13.8 User-defined literals 6 Basics 6.1 Preamble 6.2 Declarations and definitions 6.3 One-definition rule 6.4 Scope 6.4.1 Declarative regions and scopes 6.4.2 Point of declaration 6.4.3 Block scope 6.4.4 Function parameter scope 6.4.5 Function scope 6.4.6 Namespace scope 6.4.7 Class scope 6.4.8 Enumeration scope 6.4.9 Template parameter scope 6.4.10 Name hiding 6.5 Name lookup 6.5.1 General 6.5.2 Unqualified name lookup 6.5.3 Argument-dependent name lookup 6.5.4 Qualified name lookup 6.5.4.1 General 6.5.4.2 Class members 6.5.4.3 Namespace members 6.5.5 Elaborated type specifiers 6.5.6 Class member access 6.5.7 Using-directives and namespace aliases 6.6 Program and linkage 6.7 Memory and objects 6.7.1 Memory model 6.7.2 Object model 6.7.3 Lifetime 6.7.4 Indeterminate values 6.7.5 Storage duration 6.7.5.1 General 6.7.5.2 Static storage duration 6.7.5.3 Thread storage duration 6.7.5.4 Automatic storage duration 6.7.5.5 Dynamic storage duration 6.7.5.5.1 General 6.7.5.5.2 Allocation functions 6.7.5.5.3 Deallocation functions 6.7.5.5.4 Safely-derived pointers 6.7.5.6 Duration of subobjects 6.7.6 Alignment 6.7.7 Temporary objects 6.8 Types 6.8.1 General 6.8.2 Fundamental types 6.8.3 Compound types 6.8.4 CV-qualifiers 6.8.5 Integer conversion rank 6.9 Program execution 6.9.1 Sequential execution 6.9.2 Multi-threaded executions and data races 6.9.2.1 General 6.9.2.2 Data races 6.9.2.3 Forward progress 6.9.3 Start and termination 6.9.3.1 main function 6.9.3.2 Static initialization 6.9.3.3 Dynamic initialization of non-local variables 6.9.3.4 Termination 7 Expressions 7.1 Preamble 7.2 Properties of expressions 7.2.1 Value category 7.2.2 Type 7.2.3 Context dependence 7.3 Standard conversions 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion 7.3.3 Array-to-pointer conversion 7.3.4 Function-to-pointer conversion 7.3.5 Temporary materialization conversion 7.3.6 Qualification conversions 7.3.7 Integral promotions 7.3.8 Floating-point promotion 7.3.9 Integral conversions 7.3.10 Floating-point conversions 7.3.11 Floating-integral conversions 7.3.12 Pointer conversions 7.3.13 Pointer-to-member conversions 7.3.14 Function pointer conversions 7.3.15 Boolean conversions 7.4 Usual arithmetic conversions 7.5 Primary expressions 7.5.1 Literals 7.5.2 This 7.5.3 Parentheses 7.5.4 Names 7.5.4.1 General 7.5.4.2 Unqualified names 7.5.4.3 Qualified names 7.5.4.4 Destruction 7.5.5 Lambda expressions 7.5.5.1 General 7.5.5.2 Closure types 7.5.5.3 Captures 7.5.6 Fold expressions 7.5.7 Requires expressions 7.5.7.1 General 7.5.7.2 Simple requirements 7.5.7.3 Type requirements 7.5.7.4 Compound requirements 7.5.7.5 Nested requirements 7.6 Compound expressions 7.6.1 Postfix expressions 7.6.1.1 General 7.6.1.2 Subscripting 7.6.1.3 Function call 7.6.1.4 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) 7.6.1.5 Class member access 7.6.1.6 Increment and decrement 7.6.1.7 Dynamic cast 7.6.1.8 Type identification 7.6.1.9 Static cast 7.6.1.10 Reinterpret cast 7.6.1.11 Const cast 7.6.2 Unary expressions 7.6.2.1 General 7.6.2.2 Unary operators 7.6.2.3 Increment and decrement 7.6.2.4 Await 7.6.2.5 Sizeof 7.6.2.6 Alignof 7.6.2.7 noexcept operator 7.6.2.8 New 7.6.2.9 Delete 7.6.3 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) 7.6.4 Pointer-to-member operators 7.6.5 Multiplicative operators 7.6.6 Additive operators 7.6.7 Shift operators 7.6.8 Three-way comparison operator 7.6.9 Relational operators 7.6.10 Equality operators 7.6.11 Bitwise AND operator 7.6.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator 7.6.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator 7.6.14 Logical AND operator 7.6.15 Logical OR operator 7.6.16 Conditional operator 7.6.17 Yielding a value 7.6.18 Throwing an exception 7.6.19 Assignment and compound assignment operators 7.6.20 Comma operator 7.7 Constant expressions 8 Statements 8.1 Preamble 8.2 Labeled statement 8.3 Expression statement 8.4 Compound statement or block 8.5 Selection statements 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 The if statement 8.5.3 The switch statement 8.6 Iteration statements 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 The while statement 8.6.3 The do statement 8.6.4 The for statement 8.6.5 The range-based for statement 8.7 Jump statements 8.7.1 General 8.7.2 The break statement 8.7.3 The continue statement 8.7.4 The return statement 8.7.5 The co_return statement 8.7.6 The goto statement 8.8 Declaration statement 8.9 Ambiguity resolution 9 Declarations 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Specifiers 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Storage class specifiers 9.2.3 Function specifiers 9.2.4 The typedef specifier 9.2.5 The friend specifier 9.2.6 The constexpr and consteval specifiers 9.2.7 The constinit specifier 9.2.8 The inline specifier 9.2.9 Type specifiers 9.2.9.1 General 9.2.9.2 The cv-qualifiers 9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers 9.2.9.4 Elaborated type specifiers 9.2.9.5 Decltype specifiers 9.2.9.6 Placeholder type specifiers 9.2.9.6.1 General 9.2.9.6.2 Placeholder type deduction 9.2.9.7 Deduced class template specialization types 9.3 Declarators 9.3.1 General 9.3.2 Type names 9.3.3 Ambiguity resolution 9.3.4 Meaning of declarators 9.3.4.1 General 9.3.4.2 Pointers 9.3.4.3 References 9.3.4.4 Pointers to members 9.3.4.5 Arrays 9.3.4.6 Functions 9.3.4.7 Default arguments 9.4 Initializers 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 Aggregates 9.4.3 Character arrays 9.4.4 References 9.4.5 List-initialization 9.5 Function definitions 9.5.1 In general 9.5.2 Explicitly-defaulted functions 9.5.3 Deleted definitions 9.5.4 Coroutine definitions 9.6 Structured binding declarations 9.7 Enumerations 9.7.1 Enumeration declarations 9.7.2 The using enum declaration 9.8 Namespaces 9.8.1 General 9.8.2 Namespace definition 9.8.2.1 General 9.8.2.2 Unnamed namespaces 9.8.2.3 Namespace member definitions 9.8.3 Namespace alias 9.8.4 Using namespace directive 9.9 The using declaration 9.10 The asm declaration 9.11 Linkage specifications 9.12 Attributes 9.12.1 Attribute syntax and semantics 9.12.2 Alignment specifier 9.12.3 Carries dependency attribute 9.12.4 Deprecated attribute 9.12.5 Fallthrough attribute 9.12.6 Likelihood attributes 9.12.7 Maybe unused attribute 9.12.8 Nodiscard attribute 9.12.9 Noreturn attribute 9.12.10 No unique address attribute 10 Modules 10.1 Module units and purviews 10.2 Export declaration 10.3 Import declaration 10.4 Global module fragment 10.5 Private module fragment 10.6 Instantiation context 10.7 Reachability 11 Classes 11.1 Preamble 11.2 Properties of classes 11.3 Class names 11.4 Class members 11.4.1 General 11.4.2 Member functions 11.4.3 Non-static member functions 11.4.3.1 General 11.4.3.2 The this pointer 11.4.4 Special member functions 11.4.5 Constructors 11.4.5.1 General 11.4.5.2 Default constructors 11.4.5.3 Copy/move constructors 11.4.6 Copy/move assignment operator 11.4.7 Destructors 11.4.8 Conversions 11.4.8.1 General 11.4.8.2 Conversion by constructor 11.4.8.3 Conversion functions 11.4.9 Static members 11.4.9.1 General 11.4.9.2 Static member functions 11.4.9.3 Static data members 11.4.10 Bit-fields 11.4.11 Nested class declarations 11.4.12 Nested type names 11.5 Unions 11.5.1 General 11.5.2 Anonymous unions 11.6 Local class declarations 11.7 Derived classes 11.7.1 General 11.7.2 Multiple base classes 11.7.3 Virtual functions 11.7.4 Abstract classes 11.8 Member name lookup 11.9 Member access control 11.9.1 General 11.9.2 Access specifiers 11.9.3 Accessibility of base classes and base class members 11.9.4 Friends 11.9.5 Protected member access 11.9.6 Access to virtual functions 11.9.7 Multiple access 11.9.8 Nested classes 11.10 Initialization 11.10.1 General 11.10.2 Explicit initialization 11.10.3 Initializing bases and members 11.10.4 Initialization by inherited constructor 11.10.5 Construction and destruction 11.10.6 Copy/move elision 11.11 Comparisons 11.11.1 Defaulted comparison operator functions 11.11.2 Equality operator 11.11.3 Three-way comparison 11.11.4 Secondary comparison operators 11.12 Free store 12 Overloading 12.1 Preamble 12.2 Overloadable declarations 12.3 Declaration matching 12.4 Overload resolution 12.4.1 General 12.4.2 Candidate functions and argument lists 12.4.2.1 General 12.4.2.2 Function call syntax 12.4.2.2.1 General 12.4.2.2.2 Call to named function 12.4.2.2.3 Call to object of class type 12.4.2.3 Operators in expressions 12.4.2.4 Initialization by constructor 12.4.2.5 Copy-initialization of class by user-defined conversion 12.4.2.6 Initialization by conversion function 12.4.2.7 Initialization by conversion function for direct reference binding 12.4.2.8 Initialization by list-initialization 12.4.2.9 Class template argument deduction 12.4.3 Viable functions 12.4.4 Best viable function 12.4.4.1 General 12.4.4.2 Implicit conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.1 General 12.4.4.2.2 Standard conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.3 User-defined conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.4 Ellipsis conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.5 Reference binding 12.4.4.2.6 List-initialization sequence 12.4.4.3 Ranking implicit conversion sequences 12.5 Address of overloaded function 12.6 Overloaded operators 12.6.1 General 12.6.2 Unary operators 12.6.3 Binary operators 12.6.3.1 General 12.6.3.2 Simple assignment 12.6.4 Function call 12.6.5 Subscripting 12.6.6 Class member access 12.6.7 Increment and decrement 12.7 Built-in operators 12.8 User-defined literals 13 Templates 13.1 Preamble 13.2 Template parameters 13.3 Names of template specializations 13.4 Template arguments 13.4.1 General 13.4.2 Template type arguments 13.4.3 Template non-type arguments 13.4.4 Template template arguments 13.5 Template constraints 13.5.1 General 13.5.2 Constraints 13.5.2.1 General 13.5.2.2 Logical operations 13.5.2.3 Atomic constraints 13.5.3 Constrained declarations 13.5.4 Constraint normalization 13.5.5 Partial ordering by constraints 13.6 Type equivalence 13.7 Template declarations 13.7.1 General 13.7.2 Class templates 13.7.2.1 General 13.7.2.2 Member functions of class templates 13.7.2.3 Deduction guides 13.7.2.4 Member classes of class templates 13.7.2.5 Static data members of class templates 13.7.2.6 Enumeration members of class templates 13.7.3 Member templates 13.7.4 Variadic templates 13.7.5 Friends 13.7.6 Class template partial specializations 13.7.6.1 General 13.7.6.2 Matching of class template partial specializations 13.7.6.3 Partial ordering of class template specializations 13.7.6.4 Members of class template specializations 13.7.7 Function templates 13.7.7.1 General 13.7.7.2 Function template overloading 13.7.7.3 Partial ordering of function templates 13.7.8 Alias templates 13.7.9 Concept definitions 13.8 Name resolution 13.8.1 General 13.8.2 Locally declared names 13.8.3 Dependent names 13.8.3.1 General 13.8.3.2 Dependent types 13.8.3.3 Type-dependent expressions 13.8.3.4 Value-dependent expressions 13.8.3.5 Dependent template arguments 13.8.4 Non-dependent names 13.8.5 Dependent name resolution 13.8.5.1 Point of instantiation 13.8.5.2 Candidate functions 13.8.6 Friend names declared within a class template 13.9 Template instantiation and specialization 13.9.1 General 13.9.2 Implicit instantiation 13.9.3 Explicit instantiation 13.9.4 Explicit specialization 13.10 Function template specializations 13.10.1 General 13.10.2 Explicit template argument specification 13.10.3 Template argument deduction 13.10.3.1 General 13.10.3.2 Deducing template arguments from a function call 13.10.3.3 Deducing template arguments taking the address of a function template 13.10.3.4 Deducing conversion function template arguments 13.10.3.5 Deducing template arguments during partial ordering 13.10.3.6 Deducing template arguments from a type 13.10.3.7 Deducing template arguments from a function declaration 13.10.4 Overload resolution 14 Exception handling 14.1 Preamble 14.2 Throwing an exception 14.3 Constructors and destructors 14.4 Handling an exception 14.5 Exception specifications 14.6 Special functions 14.6.1 General 14.6.2 The std::terminate function 14.6.3 The std::uncaught_exceptions function 15 Preprocessing directives 15.1 Preamble 15.2 Conditional inclusion 15.3 Source file inclusion 15.4 Module directive 15.5 Header unit importation 15.6 Macro replacement 15.6.1 General 15.6.2 Argument substitution 15.6.3 The # operator 15.6.4 The ## operator 15.6.5 Rescanning and further replacement 15.6.6 Scope of macro definitions 15.7 Line control 15.8 Error directive 15.9 Pragma directive 15.10 Null directive 15.11 Predefined macro names 15.12 Pragma operator 16 Library introduction 16.1 General 16.2 The C standard library 16.3 Method of description 16.3.1 General 16.3.2 Structure of each clause 16.3.2.1 Elements 16.3.2.2 Summary 16.3.2.3 Requirements 16.3.2.4 Detailed specifications 16.3.2.5 C library 16.3.3 Other conventions 16.3.3.1 General 16.3.3.2 Exposition-only functions 16.3.3.3 Type descriptions 16.3.3.3.1 General 16.3.3.3.2 Exposition-only types 16.3.3.3.3 Enumerated types 16.3.3.3.4 Bitmask types 16.3.3.3.5 Character sequences 16.3.3.3.5.1 General 16.3.3.3.5.2 Byte strings 16.3.3.3.5.3 Multibyte strings 16.3.3.3.6 Customization Point Object types 16.3.3.4 Functions within classes 16.3.3.5 Private members 16.4 Library-wide requirements 16.4.1 General 16.4.2 Library contents and organization 16.4.2.1 General 16.4.2.2 Library contents 16.4.2.3 Headers 16.4.2.4 Freestanding implementations 16.4.3 Using the library 16.4.3.1 Overview 16.4.3.2 Headers 16.4.3.3 Linkage 16.4.4 Requirements on types and expressions 16.4.4.1 General 16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements 16.4.4.3 Swappable requirements 16.4.4.4 Cpp17NullablePointer requirements 16.4.4.5 Cpp17Hash requirements 16.4.4.6 Cpp17Allocator requirements 16.4.4.6.1 General 16.4.4.6.2 Allocator completeness requirements 16.4.5 Constraints on programs 16.4.5.1 Overview 16.4.5.2 Namespace use 16.4.5.2.1 Namespace std 16.4.5.2.2 Namespace posix 16.4.5.2.3 Namespaces for future standardization 16.4.5.3 Reserved names 16.4.5.3.1 General 16.4.5.3.2 Zombie names 16.4.5.3.3 Macro names 16.4.5.3.4 External linkage 16.4.5.3.5 Types 16.4.5.3.6 User-defined literal suffixes 16.4.5.4 Headers 16.4.5.5 Derived classes 16.4.5.6 Replacement functions 16.4.5.7 Handler functions 16.4.5.8 Other functions 16.4.5.9 Function arguments 16.4.5.10 Library object access 16.4.5.11 Semantic requirements 16.4.6 Conforming implementations 16.4.6.1 Overview 16.4.6.2 Headers 16.4.6.3 Restrictions on macro definitions 16.4.6.4 Non-member functions 16.4.6.5 Member functions 16.4.6.6 Friend functions 16.4.6.7 Constexpr functions and constructors 16.4.6.8 Requirements for stable algorithms 16.4.6.9 Reentrancy 16.4.6.10 Data race avoidance 16.4.6.11 Protection within classes 16.4.6.12 Derived classes 16.4.6.13 Restrictions on exception handling 16.4.6.14 Restrictions on storage of pointers 16.4.6.15 Value of error codes 16.4.6.16 Moved-from state of library types 17 Language support library 17.1 General 17.2 Common definitions 17.2.1 Header synopsis 17.2.2 Header synopsis 17.2.3 Null pointers 17.2.4 Sizes, alignments, and offsets 17.2.5 byte type operations 17.3 Implementation properties 17.3.1 General 17.3.2 Header synopsis 17.3.3 Header synopsis 17.3.4 Floating-point type properties 17.3.4.1 Type float_round_style 17.3.4.2 Type float_denorm_style 17.3.5 Class template numeric_limits 17.3.5.1 General 17.3.5.2 numeric_limits members 17.3.5.3 numeric_limits specializations 17.3.6 Header synopsis 17.3.7 Header synopsis 17.4 Integer types 17.4.1 General 17.4.2 Header synopsis 17.5 Startup and termination 17.6 Dynamic memory management 17.6.1 General 17.6.2 Header synopsis 17.6.3 Storage allocation and deallocation 17.6.3.1 General 17.6.3.2 Single-object forms 17.6.3.3 Array forms 17.6.3.4 Non-allocating forms 17.6.3.5 Data races 17.6.4 Storage allocation errors 17.6.4.1 Class bad_alloc 17.6.4.2 Class bad_array_new_length 17.6.4.3 Type new_handler 17.6.4.4 set_new_handler 17.6.4.5 get_new_handler 17.6.5 Pointer optimization barrier 17.6.6 Hardware interference size 17.7 Type identification 17.7.1 General 17.7.2 Header synopsis 17.7.3 Class type_info 17.7.4 Class bad_cast 17.7.5 Class bad_typeid 17.8 Source location 17.8.1 Header synopsis 17.8.2 Class source_location 17.8.2.1 General 17.8.2.2 Creation 17.8.2.3 Observers 17.9 Exception handling 17.9.1 General 17.9.2 Header synopsis 17.9.3 Class exception 17.9.4 Class bad_exception 17.9.5 Abnormal termination 17.9.5.1 Type terminate_handler 17.9.5.2 set_terminate 17.9.5.3 get_terminate 17.9.5.4 terminate 17.9.6 uncaught_exceptions 17.9.7 Exception propagation 17.9.8 nested_exception 17.10 Initializer lists 17.10.1 General 17.10.2 Header synopsis 17.10.3 Initializer list constructors 17.10.4 Initializer list access 17.10.5 Initializer list range access 17.11 Comparisons 17.11.1 Header synopsis 17.11.2 Comparison category types 17.11.2.1 Preamble 17.11.2.2 Class partial_ordering 17.11.2.3 Class weak_ordering 17.11.2.4 Class strong_ordering 17.11.3 Class template common_comparison_category 17.11.4 Concept three_way_comparable 17.11.5 Result of three-way comparison 17.11.6 Comparison algorithms 17.12 Coroutines 17.12.1 General 17.12.2 Header synopsis 17.12.3 Coroutine traits 17.12.3.1 General 17.12.3.2 Class template coroutine_traits 17.12.4 Class template coroutine_handle 17.12.4.1 General 17.12.4.2 Construct/reset 17.12.4.3 Export/import 17.12.4.4 Observers 17.12.4.5 Resumption 17.12.4.6 Promise access 17.12.4.7 Comparison operators 17.12.4.8 Hash support 17.12.5 No-op coroutines 17.12.5.1 Class noop_coroutine_promise 17.12.5.2 Class coroutine_handle 17.12.5.2.1 Observers 17.12.5.2.2 Resumption 17.12.5.2.3 Promise access 17.12.5.2.4 Address 17.12.5.3 Function noop_coroutine 17.12.6 Trivial awaitables 17.13 Other runtime support 17.13.1 General 17.13.2 Header synopsis 17.13.3 Header synopsis 17.13.4 Header synopsis 17.13.5 Signal handlers 18 Concepts library 18.1 General 18.2 Equality preservation 18.3 Header synopsis 18.4 Language-related concepts 18.4.1 General 18.4.2 Concept same_as 18.4.3 Concept derived_from 18.4.4 Concept convertible_to 18.4.5 Concept common_reference_with 18.4.6 Concept common_with 18.4.7 Arithmetic concepts 18.4.8 Concept assignable_from 18.4.9 Concept swappable 18.4.10 Concept destructible 18.4.11 Concept constructible_from 18.4.12 Concept default_initializable 18.4.13 Concept move_constructible 18.4.14 Concept copy_constructible 18.5 Comparison concepts 18.5.1 General 18.5.2 Boolean testability 18.5.3 Concept equality_comparable 18.5.4 Concept totally_ordered 18.6 Object concepts 18.7 Callable concepts 18.7.1 General 18.7.2 Concept invocable 18.7.3 Concept regular_invocable 18.7.4 Concept predicate 18.7.5 Concept relation 18.7.6 Concept equivalence_relation 18.7.7 Concept strict_weak_order 19 Diagnostics library 19.1 General 19.2 Exception classes 19.2.1 General 19.2.2 Header synopsis 19.2.3 Class logic_error 19.2.4 Class domain_error 19.2.5 Class invalid_argument 19.2.6 Class length_error 19.2.7 Class out_of_range 19.2.8 Class runtime_error 19.2.9 Class range_error 19.2.10 Class overflow_error 19.2.11 Class underflow_error 19.3 Assertions 19.3.1 General 19.3.2 Header synopsis 19.3.3 The assert macro 19.4 Error numbers 19.4.1 General 19.4.2 Header synopsis 19.5 System error support 19.5.1 General 19.5.2 Header synopsis 19.5.3 Class error_category 19.5.3.1 Overview 19.5.3.2 Virtual members 19.5.3.3 Non-virtual members 19.5.3.4 Program-defined classes derived from error_category 19.5.3.5 Error category objects 19.5.4 Class error_code 19.5.4.1 Overview 19.5.4.2 Constructors 19.5.4.3 Modifiers 19.5.4.4 Observers 19.5.4.5 Non-member functions 19.5.5 Class error_condition 19.5.5.1 Overview 19.5.5.2 Constructors 19.5.5.3 Modifiers 19.5.5.4 Observers 19.5.5.5 Non-member functions 19.5.6 Comparison operator functions 19.5.7 System error hash support 19.5.8 Class system_error 19.5.8.1 Overview 19.5.8.2 Members 20 General utilities library 20.1 General 20.2 Utility components 20.2.1 Header synopsis 20.2.2 swap 20.2.3 exchange 20.2.4 Forward/move helpers 20.2.5 Function template as_const 20.2.6 Function template declval 20.2.7 Integer comparison functions 20.3 Compile-time integer sequences 20.3.1 In general 20.3.2 Class template integer_sequence 20.3.3 Alias template make_integer_sequence 20.4 Pairs 20.4.1 In general 20.4.2 Class template pair 20.4.3 Specialized algorithms 20.4.4 Tuple-like access to pair 20.4.5 Piecewise construction 20.5 Tuples 20.5.1 In general 20.5.2 Header synopsis 20.5.3 Class template tuple 20.5.3.1 Construction 20.5.3.2 Assignment 20.5.3.3 swap 20.5.4 Tuple creation functions 20.5.5 Calling a function with a tuple of arguments 20.5.6 Tuple helper classes 20.5.7 Element access 20.5.8 Relational operators 20.5.9 Tuple traits 20.5.10 Tuple specialized algorithms 20.6 Optional objects 20.6.1 In general 20.6.2 Header synopsis 20.6.3 Class template optional 20.6.3.1 General 20.6.3.2 Constructors 20.6.3.3 Destructor 20.6.3.4 Assignment 20.6.3.5 Swap 20.6.3.6 Observers 20.6.3.7 Modifiers 20.6.4 No-value state indicator 20.6.5 Class bad_optional_access 20.6.6 Relational operators 20.6.7 Comparison with nullopt 20.6.8 Comparison with T 20.6.9 Specialized algorithms 20.6.10 Hash support 20.7 Variants 20.7.1 In general 20.7.2 Header synopsis 20.7.3 Class template variant 20.7.3.1 General 20.7.3.2 Constructors 20.7.3.3 Destructor 20.7.3.4 Assignment 20.7.3.5 Modifiers 20.7.3.6 Value status 20.7.3.7 Swap 20.7.4 variant helper classes 20.7.5 Value access 20.7.6 Relational operators 20.7.7 Visitation 20.7.8 Class monostate 20.7.9 monostate relational operators 20.7.10 Specialized algorithms 20.7.11 Class bad_variant_access 20.7.12 Hash support 20.8 Storage for any type 20.8.1 General 20.8.2 Header synopsis 20.8.3 Class bad_any_cast 20.8.4 Class any 20.8.4.1 General 20.8.4.2 Construction and destruction 20.8.4.3 Assignment 20.8.4.4 Modifiers 20.8.4.5 Observers 20.8.5 Non-member functions 20.9 Bitsets 20.9.1 Header synopsis 20.9.2 Class template bitset 20.9.2.1 General 20.9.2.2 Constructors 20.9.2.3 Members 20.9.3 bitset hash support 20.9.4 bitset operators 20.10 Memory 20.10.1 In general 20.10.2 Header synopsis 20.10.3 Pointer traits 20.10.3.1 General 20.10.3.2 Member types 20.10.3.3 Member functions 20.10.3.4 Optional members 20.10.4 Pointer conversion 20.10.5 Pointer safety 20.10.6 Pointer alignment 20.10.7 Allocator argument tag 20.10.8 uses_allocator 20.10.8.1 uses_allocator trait 20.10.8.2 Uses-allocator construction 20.10.9 Allocator traits 20.10.9.1 General 20.10.9.2 Member types 20.10.9.3 Static member functions 20.10.10 The default allocator 20.10.10.1 General 20.10.10.2 Members 20.10.10.3 Operators 20.10.11 addressof 20.10.12 C library memory allocation 20.11 Smart pointers 20.11.1 Class template unique_ptr 20.11.1.1 General 20.11.1.2 Default deleters 20.11.1.2.1 In general 20.11.1.2.2 default_delete 20.11.1.2.3 default_delete 20.11.1.3 unique_ptr for single objects 20.11.1.3.1 General 20.11.1.3.2 Constructors 20.11.1.3.3 Destructor 20.11.1.3.4 Assignment 20.11.1.3.5 Observers 20.11.1.3.6 Modifiers 20.11.1.4 unique_ptr for array objects with a runtime length 20.11.1.4.1 General 20.11.1.4.2 Constructors 20.11.1.4.3 Assignment 20.11.1.4.4 Observers 20.11.1.4.5 Modifiers 20.11.1.5 Creation 20.11.1.6 Specialized algorithms 20.11.1.7 I/O 20.11.2 Class bad_weak_ptr 20.11.3 Class template shared_ptr 20.11.3.1 General 20.11.3.2 Constructors 20.11.3.3 Destructor 20.11.3.4 Assignment 20.11.3.5 Modifiers 20.11.3.6 Observers 20.11.3.7 Creation 20.11.3.8 Comparison 20.11.3.9 Specialized algorithms 20.11.3.10 Casts 20.11.3.11 get_deleter 20.11.3.12 I/O 20.11.4 Class template weak_ptr 20.11.4.1 General 20.11.4.2 Constructors 20.11.4.3 Destructor 20.11.4.4 Assignment 20.11.4.5 Modifiers 20.11.4.6 Observers 20.11.4.7 Specialized algorithms 20.11.5 Class template owner_less 20.11.6 Class template enable_shared_from_this 20.11.7 Smart pointer hash support 20.12 Memory resources 20.12.1 Header synopsis 20.12.2 Class memory_resource 20.12.2.1 General 20.12.2.2 Public member functions 20.12.2.3 Private virtual member functions 20.12.2.4 Equality 20.12.3 Class template polymorphic_allocator 20.12.3.1 General 20.12.3.2 Constructors 20.12.3.3 Member functions 20.12.3.4 Equality 20.12.4 Access to program-wide memory_resource objects 20.12.5 Pool resource classes 20.12.5.1 Classes synchronized_pool_resource and unsynchronized_pool_resource 20.12.5.2 pool_options data members 20.12.5.3 Constructors and destructors 20.12.5.4 Members 20.12.6 Class monotonic_buffer_resource 20.12.6.1 General 20.12.6.2 Constructors and destructor 20.12.6.3 Members 20.13 Class template scoped_allocator_adaptor 20.13.1 Header synopsis 20.13.2 Member types 20.13.3 Constructors 20.13.4 Members 20.13.5 Operators 20.14 Function objects 20.14.1 General 20.14.2 Header synopsis 20.14.3 Definitions 20.14.4 Requirements 20.14.5 Function template invoke 20.14.6 Class template reference_wrapper 20.14.6.1 General 20.14.6.2 Constructors and destructor 20.14.6.3 Assignment 20.14.6.4 Access 20.14.6.5 Invocation 20.14.6.6 Helper functions 20.14.7 Arithmetic operations 20.14.7.1 General 20.14.7.2 Class template plus 20.14.7.3 Class template minus 20.14.7.4 Class template multiplies 20.14.7.5 Class template divides 20.14.7.6 Class template modulus 20.14.7.7 Class template negate 20.14.8 Comparisons 20.14.8.1 General 20.14.8.2 Class template equal_to 20.14.8.3 Class template not_equal_to 20.14.8.4 Class template greater 20.14.8.5 Class template less 20.14.8.6 Class template greater_equal 20.14.8.7 Class template less_equal 20.14.8.8 Class compare_three_way 20.14.9 Concept-constrained comparisons 20.14.10 Logical operations 20.14.10.1 General 20.14.10.2 Class template logical_and 20.14.10.3 Class template logical_or 20.14.10.4 Class template logical_not 20.14.11 Bitwise operations 20.14.11.1 General 20.14.11.2 Class template bit_and 20.14.11.3 Class template bit_or 20.14.11.4 Class template bit_xor 20.14.11.5 Class template bit_not 20.14.12 Class identity 20.14.13 Function template not_fn 20.14.14 Function template bind_front 20.14.15 Function object binders 20.14.15.1 General 20.14.15.2 Class template is_bind_expression 20.14.15.3 Class template is_placeholder 20.14.15.4 Function template bind 20.14.15.5 Placeholders 20.14.16 Function template mem_fn 20.14.17 Polymorphic function wrappers 20.14.17.1 General 20.14.17.2 Class bad_function_call 20.14.17.3 Class template function 20.14.17.3.1 General 20.14.17.3.2 Constructors and destructor 20.14.17.3.3 Modifiers 20.14.17.3.4 Capacity 20.14.17.3.5 Invocation 20.14.17.3.6 Target access 20.14.17.3.7 Null pointer comparison operator functions 20.14.17.3.8 Specialized algorithms 20.14.18 Searchers 20.14.18.1 General 20.14.18.2 Class template default_searcher 20.14.18.3 Class template boyer_moore_searcher 20.14.18.4 Class template boyer_moore_horspool_searcher 20.14.19 Class template hash 20.15 Metaprogramming and type traits 20.15.1 General 20.15.2 Requirements 20.15.3 Header synopsis 20.15.4 Helper classes 20.15.5 Unary type traits 20.15.5.1 General 20.15.5.2 Primary type categories 20.15.5.3 Composite type traits 20.15.5.4 Type properties 20.15.6 Type property queries 20.15.7 Relationships between types 20.15.8 Transformations between types 20.15.8.1 General 20.15.8.2 Const-volatile modifications 20.15.8.3 Reference modifications 20.15.8.4 Sign modifications 20.15.8.5 Array modifications 20.15.8.6 Pointer modifications 20.15.8.7 Other transformations 20.15.9 Logical operator traits 20.15.10 Member relationships 20.15.11 Constant evaluation context 20.16 Compile-time rational arithmetic 20.16.1 In general 20.16.2 Header synopsis 20.16.3 Class template ratio 20.16.4 Arithmetic on ratios 20.16.5 Comparison of ratios 20.16.6 SI types for ratio 20.17 Class type_index 20.17.1 Header synopsis 20.17.2 type_index overview 20.17.3 type_index members 20.17.4 Hash support 20.18 Execution policies 20.18.1 In general 20.18.2 Header synopsis 20.18.3 Execution policy type trait 20.18.4 Sequenced execution policy 20.18.5 Parallel execution policy 20.18.6 Parallel and unsequenced execution policy 20.18.7 Unsequenced execution policy 20.18.8 Execution policy objects 20.19 Primitive numeric conversions 20.19.1 Header synopsis 20.19.2 Primitive numeric output conversion 20.19.3 Primitive numeric input conversion 20.20 Formatting 20.20.1 Header synopsis 20.20.2 Format string 20.20.2.1 In general 20.20.2.2 Standard format specifiers 20.20.3 Error reporting 20.20.4 Formatting functions 20.20.5 Formatter 20.20.5.1 Formatter requirements 20.20.5.2 Formatter specializations 20.20.5.3 Class template basic_format_parse_context 20.20.5.4 Class template basic_format_context 20.20.6 Arguments 20.20.6.1 Class template basic_format_arg 20.20.6.2 Class template format-arg-store 20.20.6.3 Class template basic_format_args 20.20.7 Class format_error 21 Strings library 21.1 General 21.2 Character traits 21.2.1 General 21.2.2 Character traits requirements 21.2.3 Traits typedefs 21.2.4 char_traits specializations 21.2.4.1 General 21.2.4.2 struct char_traits 21.2.4.3 struct char_traits 21.2.4.4 struct char_traits 21.2.4.5 struct char_traits 21.2.4.6 struct char_traits 21.3 String classes 21.3.1 General 21.3.2 Header synopsis 21.3.3 Class template basic_string 21.3.3.1 General 21.3.3.2 General requirements 21.3.3.3 Constructors and assignment operators 21.3.3.4 Iterator support 21.3.3.5 Capacity 21.3.3.6 Element access 21.3.3.7 Modifiers 21.3.3.7.1 basic_string::operator+= 21.3.3.7.2 basic_string::append 21.3.3.7.3 basic_string::assign 21.3.3.7.4 basic_string::insert 21.3.3.7.5 basic_string::erase 21.3.3.7.6 basic_string::replace 21.3.3.7.7 basic_string::copy 21.3.3.7.8 basic_string::swap 21.3.3.8 String operations 21.3.3.8.1 Accessors 21.3.3.8.2 Searching 21.3.3.8.3 basic_string::substr 21.3.3.8.4 basic_string::compare 21.3.3.8.5 basic_string::starts_with 21.3.3.8.6 basic_string::ends_with 21.3.4 Non-member functions 21.3.4.1 operator+ 21.3.4.2 Non-member comparison operator functions 21.3.4.3 swap 21.3.4.4 Inserters and extractors 21.3.4.5 Erasure 21.3.5 Numeric conversions 21.3.6 Hash support 21.3.7 Suffix for basic_string literals 21.4 String view classes 21.4.1 General 21.4.2 Header synopsis 21.4.3 Class template basic_string_view 21.4.3.1 General 21.4.3.2 Construction and assignment 21.4.3.3 Iterator support 21.4.3.4 Capacity 21.4.3.5 Element access 21.4.3.6 Modifiers 21.4.3.7 String operations 21.4.3.8 Searching 21.4.4 Deduction guide 21.4.5 Non-member comparison functions 21.4.6 Inserters and extractors 21.4.7 Hash support 21.4.8 Suffix for basic_string_view literals 21.5 Null-terminated sequence utilities 21.5.1 Header synopsis 21.5.2 Header synopsis 21.5.3 Header synopsis 21.5.4 Header synopsis 21.5.5 Header synopsis 21.5.6 Multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions 22 Containers library 22.1 General 22.2 Container requirements 22.2.1 General container requirements 22.2.2 Container data races 22.2.3 Sequence containers 22.2.4 Node handles 22.2.4.1 Overview 22.2.4.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.2.4.3 Destructor 22.2.4.4 Observers 22.2.4.5 Modifiers 22.2.5 Insert return type 22.2.6 Associative containers 22.2.6.1 General 22.2.6.2 Exception safety guarantees 22.2.7 Unordered associative containers 22.2.7.1 General 22.2.7.2 Exception safety guarantees 22.3 Sequence containers 22.3.1 In general 22.3.2 Header synopsis 22.3.3 Header synopsis 22.3.4 Header synopsis 22.3.5 Header synopsis 22.3.6 Header synopsis 22.3.7 Class template array 22.3.7.1 Overview 22.3.7.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.7.3 Member functions 22.3.7.4 Specialized algorithms 22.3.7.5 Zero-sized arrays 22.3.7.6 Array creation functions 22.3.7.7 Tuple interface 22.3.8 Class template deque 22.3.8.1 Overview 22.3.8.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.8.3 Capacity 22.3.8.4 Modifiers 22.3.8.5 Erasure 22.3.9 Class template forward_list 22.3.9.1 Overview 22.3.9.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.9.3 Iterators 22.3.9.4 Element access 22.3.9.5 Modifiers 22.3.9.6 Operations 22.3.9.7 Erasure 22.3.10 Class template list 22.3.10.1 Overview 22.3.10.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.10.3 Capacity 22.3.10.4 Modifiers 22.3.10.5 Operations 22.3.10.6 Erasure 22.3.11 Class template vector 22.3.11.1 Overview 22.3.11.2 Constructors 22.3.11.3 Capacity 22.3.11.4 Data 22.3.11.5 Modifiers 22.3.11.6 Erasure 22.3.12 Class vector 22.4 Associative containers 22.4.1 In general 22.4.2 Header