دانلود کتاب Internationaler Motorenkongress 2021 (Proceedings) (German and English Edition)

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Vorwort Foreword Inhaltsverzeichnis Autorenverzeichnis 1 Why Renewable Fuels should be Considered in the CO2 Standards of New Cars, Vans and Trucks. 1 Status Quo of Climate Regulations in the European Transport Sector 1.1 A Fragmented and Inconsistent Political Development 1.2 CO2 Standards for New Cars, Vans and Trucks 1.3 Energy taxation 1.4 Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality Directive 1.5 What are First Business Cases? 2 Crediting System of Renewable Fuels in the CO2 Standards for New Cars, Vans and Trucks 2.1 How Does a Crediting System of Renewable Fuels Look Like? 2.2 Economic, Ecologic, Social and Strategic Advantages of the Crediting System of Renewable Fuels 2.3 Fears, Risks and Strategic Disadvantages of the Crediting System of Renewable Fuels 3 Conclusion and Political Recommendations References 2 The Remaining CO2 Budget 3 Customer first! – The key to achieve customers’acceptance for connected powertrains 1 Background 1.1 Standardized Powertrain Development Processes 1.2 Drivability and its limitations 2 Acceptance and user-centered design 2.1 The achievement of acceptance 2.2 The user-centered design approach 2.3 User-based virtual development process 3 Evaluation of powertrains behavior 3.1 Subjective rating of engines’ behavior 3.2 Transfer into the virtual development Process 4 Summary and Conclusion References 4 Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine im Hybridantrieb – hocheffizientund kostenoptimiert aus modularen Baureihen. The combustion engine in hybrid powertrains – highly efficient and cost optimized derived from modular platforms 1 Introduction 2 Development drivers for ICE based powertrain development 2.1 Emission and Fuel Consumption Reduction 2.2 Vehicle applications and powertrain variants 3 Hybridized powertrain configurations 3.1 Hybridization Steps and (Hybrid) Transmission Variants 4 Electrified Gasoline Engine Families 4.1 High Efficiency technology features 5 Transformation of the Engine Map with Hybridization 6 The dedicated ICE for High Voltage-HEV and PHEV 6.1 Dedicated Hybrid Engine Configurations – Swept Volume vs. Charging System: TC or NA 6.2 Impact of cylinder displacement - I3 versus I4 6.3 Main System Definition for Dedicated Hybrid Engines 6.3.1 Cranktrain Layout 6.3.2 Mass Balancing System 6.3.3 Cylinder Block 6.3.4 Head & Valvetrain 6.3.5 Timing drive 6.3.6 Injection system 6.3.7 Intake and EGR Systems 6.3.8 Engine Cooling 7 DHE in HEV Powertrain - CO2 Reduction Potential 8 Efficiency versus Cost 9 Summary - Outlook 10 REFERENCES 5 Life cycle assessment ofan internal combustion engine vehicle using renewable electricity for fuel and vehicle production 1 Introduction 2 Life cycle assessment (LCA) for vehicles in future scenarios 2.1 LCA method and application 2.2 Including renewable production processes in background database 3 LCA results for entire life cycle 3.1 Considered vehicle and fuel supply 3.2 Analyzed scenarios 3.3 GHG emissions and electricity demand for entire life cycle 3.4 Fossil cumulative energy demand 3.5 Electricity demand 4 Conclusions References 6 Direct-Injection Hydrogen Combustion Engines - New Requirements for Hardware Development and Simulation Methodology 1 Introduction 2 From External Mixture Formation to Direct Injection 3 Functional and Design Criteria for H2 DI Injectors 4 H2-DI Injector Models for Numerical Investigations 4.1 Experimental and Numerical Flow Visualizations 4.2 Mesh and Initialization Studies for 3D-CFD Simulations 4.3 Jet Phenomenology of Outward Opening Ring Gap Nozzles 5 Summary Acknowledgement References 7 Potentials and challenges of hydrogen combustion system development as a sustainable fuel for commercial vehicles 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Hydrogen as Future Fuel 3 Single Cylinder HD Engine Experimental Investigations 3.1 NOx Emissions under different relative air-fuel-ratios 3.2 Abnormal combustion 3.3 EGR effect on NOx emission, exhaust temperature and H2 emissions 3.4 Particular number and distribution 4 Simulation Model Development 5 After-treatment system and H2-DeNOx 6 Summary, Conclusion and Outlook References Acknowledgements 8 Combustion system development for hydrogen fueled heavy duty internal combustion engines. Brennverfahrensentwicklung von Nutzfahrzeug-Wasserstoffverbrennungsmotoren 1 Introduction 2 Required hardware changes 3 Combustion system layout multi cylinder engine 4 Combustion system layout single cylinder engine 5 Summary References 9 LCA – additional requirement for engineers 1 Introduction 2 Methodological background 2.1 Life cycle assessment 2.2 Sustainability 2.3 Sustainable product development 3 Proposed simulation environment 3.1 Approach 3.2 Key assumptions 4 Interaction of production and application-specific usage 4.1 Effect of test procedure and load on fuel consumption 4.2 Greenhouse gas reduction potential through lightweight design 5 Conclusion References Appendix 10 Energy carriers for transport: Produced overseas and transported to Germany 1. Introduction 2. Basic considerations and selection of scenarios 3. Methodology 3.1 Determining costs 4. Process chains 4.1 Energy generation 4.2 Energy conversion 5. Results 5.1 Cost structure "Well to Tank” 5.2 Fuel costs 6. Summary References 11 Variable Valve Train systems as contribution to overcome the NOx/CO2 Trade-Off in meeting future emissions legislation - a comparative approach for Diesel PC and CV applications 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Real Driving and Requirements on Exhaust Gas Thermal Management 2.1 Conventional EGTM measures 2.2 Advanced EGTM measures 3 Schaeffler Variable Valve Train Solutions 3.1 eRocker System for Passenger Car Applications 3.2 Electromechanical Switchable Rocker Arm System for Commercial Vehicle Applications 4 VVA contribution for efficient EGTM 4.1 Passenger Cars 4.2 Commercial Vehicles 4.3 Comparison and parallels between both applications 5 Concluding remarks and outlook References abbreviation list 12 Holistic Hybrid RDE Calibration Methodologyfor EU7 1 Introduction 2 Challenges posed by the discussed future European emission legislation 3 Holistic hybrid RDE calibration methodology for the future European emission legislation 4 Case examples 5 Summary and outlook 6 References 13 Application of a systematic development methodology for post-EU6 engine calibration under RDE compliance 1 Motivation and Methodical Objective 2 New Challenges for RDE Powertrain Development 3 A systematic RDE Test & Development Methodology 4 Application of the Methodology for RDE Calibration Feasibility 5 Conclusion 6 References 14 Jet Ignition as an Enabling Technology for Stable, Highly Dilute Hydrogen Combustion in Off-Road and Heavy Duty Engines 1 Introduction 1.1 Hydrogen Combustion 1.2 Pre-Chamber Combustion 2 Methodology 2.1 Engine Platform 2.2 Analysis Platforms 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 15 Cylinder Deactivation as an Effective Means for Exhaust Thermal Management and CO2 Reduction - Test Results on a U.S. 13L HDDE Introduction: What is CDA? Test Engine and Test Cell for the CDA Evaluation: CDA Test Results: What is EEVO? Experimental Setup: Methodology: Summary: Future Work for EEVO: Acknowledgments: Contact Information: 16 A New Class of AI-based Engine Models 1 Introduction 2 Data generation and preparation 3 Design and training of the neural network 4 Detailed analysis and usage within GT-Suite 5 Outlook References 17 "Green" hydrogen for ground-based heavy-duty longdistancetransportation – A techno-economic analysis of various supply chains 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Production locations 2.2 Hydrogen states of matter 2.3 Supply Chain Definition 3 Methodology and Data 3.1 Technical Assessment 3.2 Economic Assessment 3.3 Frame Conditions and Main Assumptions 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Technical Analysis 4.2 Economic Analysis 5 Final Considerations References 18 Der Wasserstoffmotor im Nfz: Brückentechnologie oder langfristige Lösung? Content Abstract Der Wasserstoffmotor – ein Rückblick Treiber und Anforderungen für das schwere Nfz Verbrennungskonzepte für die Anwendung im Nfz Verbrennungskonzepte für das Nfz Der AVL Wasserstoff-Vollmotor Danksagung Quellen 19 Charge-Air Cooling of High Performance Engines in an Ejector Refrigeration Cycle 1 Introduction 2 Effect of low temperature charge air cooling 3 Charge air cooling in an ejector refrigeration cycle 4 Modulation of the refrigeration cycle 4.1 Ejector model 4.2 Refrigerant pump model 4.3 Expansion valve 4.4 Evaporator 4.5 Heat sink 5 Method 5.1 Experimental investigation with a conventional charge air cooler 5.2 Calibration of the refrigerant pump and the IHX 5.3 Design of the simulation 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Optimal design of the ejector cooling system 6.2 Performance of the new concept on the engine operating conditions 6.3 Comparison of the simulation results to charge air cooling in literature 7 Conclusion 8 Literature 20 Spark Ignition System for Alternative Fuels – Robust Ignition, Minimized Spark Plug Wear and Combustion Process Diagnostics 1 Introduction 2 Spark Ignition Systems 2.1 Spark Ignition System Requirements 2.2 Ignition System Design 2.3 Spark Ignition – a Tradeoff Between Ignitability and Wear 3 Spark Design for Robust Ignition 3.1 Spark Plug Wear and its Dependence on the Ignition System 3.2 Advances in Ignition System Design 4 Real Time Diagnostics of Spark Plug Wear 5 Combustion Diagnostics for Closed Loop Engine Performance Optimization 5.1 Misfire Detection 5.2 Pre-Ignition Detection 5.3 Knock Detection 5.4 Peak Pressure Location Estimation 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Research References 21 Dedicated Engine and Exhaust Aftertreatment Concepts for Strongly Electrified Powertrains in the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment Abstract Introduction SISAL Demonstrator Vehicle Dedicated Engine and EATS Concept Hybrid Dedicated Diesel Engine Hybrid Dedicated EATS Layout Simulations Conclusion and Outlook References Abbreviations 22 Thermal Management on Demand; the Exhaust Aftertreatment Solution for Future Heavy Duty Application 1 Introduction 2 Active Thermal Management in the Exhaust System for Emission Reduction – Steady State Testing 2.1 The Electrically Heated Catalyst 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Investigation of the Main EHC on the Engine Test Bench 2.4 Investigation of the Pre-Cat EHC on the Engine Test Bench 3 Dynamic Tests on Engine Dyno: FTP & Low Load Cycle (LLC) 4 Integration of Innovative Electrical Heated Substrates (EHC) Into Exhaust Aftertreatment System 5 Metalit_EVO – A Newly Developed Metallic Substrate 6 Summary and Outlook References 23 Energy Carriers for Future Mobility Abstract Kurzfassung Challenges for Energy Transition in Transport Energy Storage for Transport E-Fuels: Indirect Electrification The E-Fuels Pyramid Functional E-Fuels E-Fuels Example: DMC + MeFo References 24 Refining the Vision for a 2035 Heavy-Duty Engines Portfolio 1 Introduction 2 The (new) Target: Net-Zero at 2050 3 The Pivot: 2035 4 The Bigger Picture 5 Next Steps 6 Acknowledgements 7 Notation References 25 Zero Impact – Objective and Significance for Vehicle Powertrains and Air Quality Introduction and Status Zero-impact on the basis of pollutant emissions Zero-impact on the basis of climate-relevance Summary Literature: Acknowledgments: Model Based xEV Test and Calibration – Benefits and Limitations Systems Engineering and Validation How to generate these testcases automated? Automated Testcase Generation – based on formalized Requirements Simulation models as backbone for testing and calibration environments Calibration The validation of the application quality Summary and Outlook Bibliography: 26 Model Based xEV Test and Calibration – Benefits and Limitations Systems Engineering and Validation How to generate these testcases automated? Automated Testcase Generation – based on formalized Requirements Simulation models as backbone for testing and calibration environments Calibration HSO usage for pre-calibration & Optimization Balancing CO2 & Drivability Hybrid powertrain calibration Safety Calibration The validation of the application quality Validation on the virtual test bench (VTB) Validation on the drive train test bench Summary and Outlook Bibliography: 27 AI-Driven Gasoline Direct Injection Development: A Knowledge-Discovery Framework for Comprehensible Evaluations of Complex Physical Phenomena 1 Introduction 2 Dataset 2.1 Input Variables 2.2 Output Variables 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Exploration and Preprocessing 3.2 Model Selection and Validation 3.3 Model Exploration and Exploitation 4 Results 4.1 Models Accuracy 4.2 Knowledge Discovery 4.3 Knowledge Validation 5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgment References 28 Heavy-Duty Combustion Engine 2030: Which Concepts can Contribute to Achieving the CO2 Targets for Commercial Vehicles? 1 Introduction 2 Boundaries & Fleet Considerations 2.1 CO2 reduction is a global topic 2.2 Fleet considerations 3 Powertrain System Technologies 4 Future Combustion Engine Concept 4.1 Optimal selection of compression ratio and peak firing pressure 4.2 Power density 4.3 Holistic development of engine and EAT emission concept for future legislations 4.4 Base engine design 4.5 Efficiency measures at the base engine 4.6 Advanced Thermal Management (ATM) 5 Alternative Fuels 6 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgement References 29 50% Efficiency on a Combustion Engine - Status and Measurement Result 1 Motivation 2 Engine Concepts in View of BTE 50% 3 Latest Technology Developments in View of Highly Efficient Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems 4 Experimental Investigations 4.1 Test Engine Specification 4.2 Schematic Engine Layout and Test Bed Setup 4.3 Baseline Measurements and Combustion System Optimization 4.4 Variation of Boundary Conditions 5 Discussion of the Approaches for BTE 50% With and Without the Use of EGR 5.1 Building Blocks for Concept Optimization 5.2 DOE Optimization for Both Engine Concepts 6 Friction Reduction Potential 7 Conclusions 8 References: 30 Operation of OME in a single cylinder research engine and a series engine - An Analysis of efficiency and ultralow emissions by an OME-specific application 1 Introduction 2 Fuel 3 Engine Concepts 4 Experimental results 4.1 Results of an industrial serial engine 5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 31 The road to a low CO2 mobility - New perspectives on the transport and energy transition in Germany 1 There is a need for a holistic perspective on e-mobility 2 Legislation is forcing a strong increase in electric vehicle registrations 3 Electric vehicles’ contribution to CO2 savings in Germany until 2030 3.1 Electric vehicle emissions in the base scenario 3.2 Electric vehicle emissions in the extreme scenario 3.3 Overall effect of EVs on CO2 emissions in Germany 3.4 Can energy storage and nuclear power help EVs to contribute to CO2 reduction? 4 Cost of EVs in Germany until 2030 5 Alternatives to e-mobility 5.1 Hydrogen can contribute to considerable CO2 savings – however, the technology is associated with high costs and implementation risks 5.2 Synthetic fuels are the most efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector 5.3 The alternatives in comparison: synthetic fuels with the highest potential 6 The analysis shows the need for new thinking 32 Application of Life Cycle Analyses to assess the Efficency of Car Drive Systems 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical description 3 LCA for drive systems vs. LCA for power plants 4 EROI for drive systems 4.1 System boundaries 4.2 Cumulated energy demand 4.3 EROI Results 5 Discussion and conclusion References 33 Potential Analysis of a DMC/MeFo Mixture in a 4-Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 2.1 Engine under test 2.2 Fuel 3 Experimental Procedure 3.1 Compensation of the LHV 3.2 Variation of parameters in relevant operating points 3.3 Parametrize entire engine map 3.4 Dynamic response and driving cycles 4 Summary and Conclusions References Acknowledgment 34 reFuels – rethinking fuels: Performance of regenerative fuels 1 Introduction 2 Performance of diesel reFuels 2.1 Test bench and engine setups 2.2 Regenerative fuels 2.3 Results 3 Performance of gasoline reFuels 3.1 Test bench and engine setups 3.2 Regenerative fuels 3.3 Results 4 Conclusion 5 Acknowledgement References 35 Fluorination of Methanol Catalysts to improve Productivity and Selectivity 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Heterogenous Catalysis for Methanol Synthesis 1.3 Fluorinated Catalysts 1.4 Synthesis of the Catalyst 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Synthesis and Characterization 2.2 Catalysis 3 Conclusion References Untitled 36 Fridays For Future demands climate neutral mobility and a complete mobility revolution 1 Introduction of Fridays For Future 1.1 Who are we? 1.2 Our demands 2 Facts about climate change 3 Our demands in more detail 3.1 That’s why we demand… 3.2 Our demands especially regarding mobility 4 Our vision of a better world and a better life regarding mobility References