دانلود کتاب Introducing Blockchain Applications: Understand and Develop Blockchain Applications Through Distributed Systems

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Table of Contents About the Author About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introducing Blockchain Applications Through Distributed Systems 1.1 Blockchain Use Cases 1.2 What This Book Covers Chapter 2: An Introduction to Blockchain 2.1 A Short History of Blockchain 2.2 Applications Using Blockchain 2.3 Why Blockchain Matters 2.4 Summary Chapter 3: Bitcoin 3.1 The History of Bitcoin 3.1.1 Linked Timestamping and the Merkle Tree 3.1.2 Distributed Consensus 3.2 Proof of Work 3.2.1 Nakamoto’s Genius 3.3 Key and Address 3.3.1 Private Key 3.3.2 Public Key 3.3.3 Bitcoin Address 3.3.4 Digital Signature 3.3.4.1 Verifying a Digital Signature 3.3.4.2 Understanding the ECDSA Sign/Verify Math 3.4 The Transaction 3.4.1 The Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) 3.4.2 Input and Output (I&O) 3.4.3 Pay to Public Key Hash (P2PKH) 3.4.4 Looking at the Output Side 3.4.5 Looking at the Input Side 3.4.6 Validation Process 3.4.7 Transaction Structure 3.4.8 Transaction Fee 3.5 Transaction Flow 3.6 The Block 3.6.1 The Structure of a Block 3.6.2 The Block Header 3.7 The Nakamoto Consensus 3.7.1 Miner 3.7.2 Coinbase Transaction 3.7.3 Developing the Block Header 3.7.4 Difficulty Target 3.7.5 Proof of Work 3.7.6 Validating a New Block 3.7.7 The Blockchain Forks 3.8 Summary Chapter 4: Ethereum 4.1 Blockchain as a State Transition System 4.2 Ethereum Account 4.2.1 The Account State 4.2.2 Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) 4.2.3 Contract Accounts 4.2.4 Differences Between Externally Owned and Contract Accounts 4.2.5 Storing Key: Encrypted Keystore 4.3 World State 4.3.1 Trie 4.3.2 The Radix Tree 4.3.3 Patricia Trie 4.3.4 Ethereum Modified Merkle Patricia Trie 4.3.5 Storage Root 4.3.6 Why Merkle Trees? 4.4 Ethereum Virtual Machine 4.5 What Is a Gas? 4.5.1 Gas for Storing 4.5.2 The Purpose of Gas 4.6 Transactions and Messages 4.6.1 Transaction Structure 4.6.2 Transaction Digital Signature Flow 4.6.3 Recovery Public Key from Digital Signature 4.6.4 Three Types of Transactions 4.6.5 Messages 4.7 Ethereum State Transition Function 4.8 Transaction Flow in Ethereum Blockchain 4.9 Transaction State 4.10 Block Structure 4.10.1 Transaction Receipts 4.10.2 Ommer Blocks 4.11 Ethereum Simplified Ghost 4.12 Ethereum Consensus 4.12.1 The Proof of Work Algorithm (PWA) 4.13 Ethereum 2.0 4.14 Summary Chapter 5: Proof of Stake: Consensus of the Future 5.1 Chain-Based Proof of Stake 5.1.1 Committee-Based PoS 5.1.2 The Nothing at Stake Theory 5.1.2.1 Slasher 5.1.2.2 Dunkle 5.1.3 BFT-Based Proof of Stake 5.2 Ethereum Casper 5.3 Casper Implementation 5.4 Summary Chapter 6: Hyperledger Fabric 6.1 High-Level Perspective 6.2 Assets 6.3 Chaincode 6.4 Characteristics of the Ledger 6.5 Privacy 6.6 Identity 6.6.1 Infrastructure with Public Keys (PKI) 6.6.2 Digital Certificates 6.7 Certificate Authorities 6.8 Membership Service Provider (MSP) 6.8.1 Local MSP 6.8.2 Channel MSP 6.8.3 Storing MSP Data 6.9 Peers 6.9.1 Peers and Organizations 6.9.2 Peers and Identity 6.9.3 Peer, Consensus, and Order 6.10 Hyperledger Fabric Consensus 6.10.1 Stage 1: Proposal 6.10.2 Stage 2: Transactions Are Ordered and Packaged in Blocks 6.11 Ledger 6.11.1 Blockchain 6.11.2 Transaction 6.11.3 World State 6.12 Ordering Service Implementations 6.13 Summary Chapter 7: Consensus Algorithms for Blockchains 7.1 Consensus Algorithms and Cryptocurrency 7.2 Objectives of Consensus Models 7.3 Different Types of Consensus Algorithms 7.4 Types of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms 7.4.1 Proof-of-Work (PoW) 7.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 7.4.2.1 Proof of Stake Delegated (PoSD) 7.4.2.2 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 7.4.3 Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) 7.4.4 Practical-BFT 7.4.5 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT) 7.4.6 Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) 7.4.7 Proof of Capacity (PoC) 7.4.8 Proof-of-Burn (PoB) 7.4.9 Proof-of-Identity (PoI) 7.4.10 Proof-of-Activity (PoA) 7.4.11 Proof-of-Elapsed Time (PoET) 7.4.12 Proof-of-Importance (PoI) 7.5 Consensus in Distributed Systems and Blockchain Technology 7.6 Review Questions 7.7 Review Answers 7.8 Summary Chapter 8: The Consensus Algorithms for Blockchains Project 8.1 Starting the Project 8.2 The Python Code 8.3 Example 2: Using Flask in Python 8.3.1 Step 1: Create a Simple Proof of Work 8.3.2 Step 2: Create an API Endpoint for Blockchain 8.3.3 Step 3: Create a Blockchain Miner 8.3.4 Step 4: Run Your Blockchain Project 8.4 Review Questions 8.5 Review Answers 8.6 Summary Chapter 9: Real-Time Systems 9.1 Understanding Real-Time Systems 9.2 Real-Time System Reference Model 9.2.1 Fail-Safe vs. Fail-Operational Systems 9.2.2 Guaranteed Timeliness vs. Best Effort Systems 9.3 RT System Categorization 9.3.1 Resource Adequacy 9.3.2 Predictability in Rare Event Situations 9.3.3 The State and Event 9.3.4 Time Triggered vs. Event Triggered Systems 9.4 Temporal Requirements 9.5 Classification of the Scheduling Algorithm 9.5.1 Hard Real-Time and Soft Real-Time Scheduling 9.5.2 Dynamic and Static Schedulers 9.5.3 Scheduler With/Without Preemption 9.5.4 Static Scheduling 9.5.5 Dynamic Scheduling 9.5.6 Independent Task Scheduling 9.6 Review Questions 9.7 Review Answers 9.8 Summary Chapter 10: Scheduling in Real-Time Systems 10.1 The Concept of Scheduling 10.2 Types of Constraints 10.2.1 Independent Task Scheduling Constraints 10.2.2 Scheduling Dependent Tasks 10.3 Review Questions and Answers 10.3.1 Review Questions 10.3.2 Answers 10.4 Summary Chapter 11: Engineering Based on Models 11.1 Model-Driven Approach to Blockchain 11.2 Model-Driven Development 11.2.1 The Blockchain Layer Model 11.2.2 Models and Metamodels 11.2.3 The Model 11.2.4 The Metamodel 11.3 Building the Metamodel and Model 11.4 A Modeling Language’s Category 11.5 Designing a Metamodel for CPSs 11.6 CPS Metamodel Examples 11.6.1 Meta-Object Facility 11.7 Review Questions 11.8 Review Answers 11.9 Summary Chapter 12: BLOCKLY 4SOS 12.1 SOS Modeling 12.2 Environment for SoS Behavior Simulation 12.3 Review Questions 12.4 Review Answers 12.5 Summary Chapter 13: Cyber-Physical Systems Project 13.1 Using Kilobots 13.1.1 The Kilobots Movements 13.2 Project Requirements 13.2.1 Architecture 13.2.2 Project Communication 13.2.3 Time 13.2.4 Dynamicity 13.2.5 Dependability 13.3 Blockly4SoS Model 13.4 Implementing the Project 13.5 Executing the Project 13.6 Project Code 13.7 Summary Chapter 14: Using a MATLAB Smart Farm Project 14.1 Description of the Smart Farm Project 14.1.1 Project Requirements 14.1.2 Solution Hints 14.2 Implementing the Project 14.2.1 Environment Models 14.2.2 Sensor Models 14.2.3 Multi-Robot Lidar Sensor 14.3 The System Architecture 14.4 System Modeling 14.4.1 Robot Visualizer and Lidar Sensor 14.4.2 Obstacle Avoidance Logic and 2 PC Protocol Concept 14.4.3 Architecture of North and South Farm and Storehouse 14.5 Implementing the Two-Phase Commit Protocol 14.5.1 Requirements 14.5.2 Problems Encountered 14.6 Summary Chapter 15: The Platoon Project 15.1 The Game Environment 15.1.1 SoS Organization 15.1.2 CS-Level 15.1.3 SOS-Level 15.1.4 Viewpoint Emergence 15.1.5 Viewpoint Dynamicity 15.1.6 Viewpoint Time 15.2 The Cyber-Physical Systems 15.3 Kilobot Source Code 15.4 Kilobots Movement 15.5 Cyber-Physical Modeling 15.6 Summary Chapter 16: Blockchain Technology and Distributed System Future Scope and B-Coin Project 16.1 Blockchain and IoT Security 16.1.1 Blockchain Implementations and Use Cases in IoT 16.1.2 Challenges with Integrating Blockchain Into IoT 16.2 Safety Recommendations 16.3 Blockchain Security and Privacy 16.4 The Future Scope 16.4.1 Blockchain Architecture: Private, Public, or Hybrid-Public Blockchain Design 16.4.2 Inducement 16.4.3 Data Privacy 16.5 Having Realistic Expectations of Blockchain 16.6 Food Certification 16.7 Smart Contracts and Notaries 16.7.1 Applying Blockchain Technology to Smart Contracts 16.7.2 Developing Blockchain in the Market 16.7.3 The Geopolitics of the Blockchain 16.7.4 Books, Whitepapers, and Blockchains 16.8 Bitcoin (B-Coin) Sample Project 16.8.1 The Project Code 16.8.2 Changing the Blockchain into Cryptocurrency 16.8.3 GET 16.8.4 POST 16.9 Functions of the Nodes 16.9.1 Create a New Candidate Block by Combining Valid Transactions 16.9.2 Computing Power on the Defensive Wall (Hash Rate) 16.10 Creating New Bitcoins 16.10.1 The Concept of Decentralization 16.11 Summary Chapter 17: AI and Blockchain Monitoring Autonomous Vehicles Management Project 17.1 The Connection Between Blockchain and Artificial intelligence 17.1.1 AI and Blockchain in Applications 17.1.2 AI’s Role in Making Real-Time Intelligent and Decision-Making Machines 17.2 Blockchain for Information Sharing and Exchange 17.3 Dependability and Safety 17.4 Tracking the System 17.5 Motivation and Goal of This Work 17.6 Automotive Applications 17.6.1 Autonomous Cars as Cyber-Physical Systems 17.7 Safety and Self-Controlled Vehicles 17.8 Controller: The Problem with the Checker 17.9 System Analysis Method 17.9.1 Preliminary Rounds and Introduction 17.10 The Experimental Method 17.10.1 Controller Test 17.10.2 Monitor or Observation Testing 17.10.3 Controller Retraining 17.11 Method Implementation and Results 17.12 The Tools and Software 17.12.1 CARLA Simulator 17.12.2 Controller Settings 17.12.3 Safety Monitor Implementation 17.13 Experimental Activity 17.14 Results 17.14.1 Testing the Controller (Phase 1) 17.14.2 Monitor Assessment (Phase 2) 17.14.3 Retraining and Rechecking (Phase 3) 17.15 Summary Chapter 18: Summary 18.1 Blockchain in the Policy Context 18.1.1 Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons 18.2 Transforming Industry and Markets 18.2.1 Government and the Public Sector 18.2.2 Data Management 18.3 Secure Recommendations 18.3.1 Privacy Policy 18.3.2 Smart Contracts 18.3.3 Distributed Computing Systems 18.3.4 Distributed Information Systems 18.3.5 Distributed Pervasive Systems 18.4 Client and Server Anatomy 18.4.1 Client 18.4.2 Server 18.5 Questions About Distributed Systems 18.5.1 What Is the Role of Middleware in a Distributed System? 18.5.2 What Is Meant By Transparency (of Distribution)? 18.5.3 Why Is it Sometimes Difficult to Hide the Occurrence of a Failure and Its Recovery in a Distributed System? 18.5.4 Is It Okay to Have Two Different Programming Languages for the Development of Distributed Systems? 18.5.5 What Is the Difference Between Cache and Replication? 18.5.6 When Is It Appropriate To Use a Cluster Rather Than a Grid Computer? 18.5.7 How Do You Differentiate Between Different Types of Distributed Systems? 18.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Blockchain 18.7 Blockchain Technology and Cost Cutting 18.8 Summary Index