دانلود کتاب Introduction to communication sciences and disorders : the scientific basis of clinical practice

فهرست مطالب :

Preface Acknowledgments Reviewers 1. Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders Introduction: Communication Sciences and Disorders as a Discipline Communication Sciences and Disorders: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts An Interdisciplinary Field Translational Research Does the Basic Science Work? Does the Clinic Work? Evidence-Based Practice A Typical Undergraduate Curriculum Who Are the Professionals in Communication Sciences and Disorders? Preparation for, and the Profession of, Speech-Language Pathology Preparation for, and the Profession of, Audiology Order of Chapters in the Text Chapter Summary References 2. The Nervous System: Language, Speech, and Hearing Structures and Processes Introduction Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems The Neuron The Synapse Tour of Gross Neuroanatomy Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Hidden Cortex Subcortical Nuclei Brainstem, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord The Auditory Pathways The Dominant Hemisphere and the Perisylvian Language Areas Arcuate Fasciculus (Dorsal Stream) and Ventral Stream Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Speech and Language Brain Activity Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diffusion Tensor Imaging Chapter Summary References 3. Language Science Introduction What Is Language? Language: A Conventional System Language: A Dynamic System Language Is Generative Language Uses Mental Representations Language Is Localized in the Brain Components of Language Form Social Use of Language (Pragmatics) Language and Cognitive Processes Why How When Chapter Summary References 4. Communication in a Multicultural Society Introduction Why It Matters Difference Versus Disorder Standardized Testing and Language Difference Versus Disorder Accent, Dialect, and Culture Accent Dialect Code Switching Foreign Accent Bilingualism and Multilingualism Chapter Summary References 5. Preverbal Foundations of Speech and Language Development Introduction Preparatory Notes on Developmental Chronologies 0 to 3 Months: Expression (Production) 0 to 3 Months: Perception and Comprehension 3 to 8 Months: Production 3 to 8 Months: Perception and Comprehension 8 to 12 Months: Production 8 to 12 Months: Perception and Comprehension Gesture and Preverbal Language Development Chapter Summary References 6. Typical Language Development Introduction 12 to 18 Months 18 to 24 Months Three Years (36 Months) Multiword Utterances, Grammatical Morphology Expanding Utterance Length: A Measure of Linguistic Sophistication Grammatical Morphology Typical Language Development in School Years Metalinguistic Skills Pragmatic Skill: Discourse Complex Sentences Sample Transcript Chapter Summary References 7. Pediatric Language Disorders I Introduction Specific Language Impairment/Developmental Language Disorder Language Characteristics of Children with SLI/DLD Summary of the Language Disorder in SLI/DLD What Is The Cause of SLI/DLD? The Role of Genetics in SLI/DLD Language Delay and Autism Spectrum Disorder Language Characteristics in ASD Language Delay and Hearing Impairment Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Language Characteristics in Hearing Impairment Speech and Language Development and Hearing Impairment Chapter Summary References 8. Pediatric Language Disorders II Introduction Criteria for a Diagnosis of ID Down Syndrome (DS): General Characteristics Epidemiology and the DS Phenotype Language Characteristics in DS Fragile X Syndrome: General Characteristics Epidemiology of FXS Language Characteristics in FXS Chapter Summary References 9. Language Disorders in Adults Introduction Review of Concepts for the Role of The Nervous System In Speech, Language, and Hearing Cerebral Hemispheres Lateralization of Speech and Language Functions Language Expression and Comprehension Are Represented in Different Cortical Regions of the Left Hemisphere Connections Between Different Regions of the Brain Perisylvian Speech and Language Areas of the Brain Adult Language Disorders: Aphasia Classification of Aphasia Aphasia Due to Stroke: A Summary Traumatic Brain Injury and Aphasia Nature of Brain Injury in TBI Language Impairment in TBI Dementia Brain Pathology in Dementia Language Disorders in Dementia Chapter Summary References 10. Speech Science I Introduction The Speech Mechanism: A Three-Component Description Respiratory System Component (Power Supply for Speech) The Respiratory System and Vegetative Breathing Speech Breathing Clinical Applications: An Example The Larynx (Sound Source for Speech) Laryngeal Cartilages Laryngeal Muscles and Membranes Phonation Characteristics of Phonation Clinical Applications: An Example Upper Airway (Consonants and Vowels) Muscles of the Vocal Tract Vocal Tract Shape and Vocalic Production Velopharyngeal Mechanism Valving in the Vocal Tract and the Formation of Speech Sounds Coarticulation Clinical Applications: An Example Chapter Summary References 11. Speech Science II Introduction The Theory of Speech Acoustics The Sound Source The Sound Filter Vowel Sounds Result From the Combination of Source and Filter Acoustics Resonant Frequencies of Vowels Are Called Formants: Spectrograms The Tube Model of Human Vocal Tract Makes Interesting Predictions and Suggests Interesting Problems A Spectrogram Shows Formant Frequencies and Much More Speech Synthesis Speech Recognition Speech Acoustics and Assistive Listening Devices Speech Perception The Perception of Speech: Special Mechanisms? The Perception of Speech: Auditory Theories Motor Theory and Auditory Theory: A Summary Top-Down Influences: It Is Not All About Speech Sounds Speech Intelligibility Chapter Summary References 12. Phonetics Introduction International Phonetic Alphabet Vowels and Their Phonetic Symbols Consonants and Their Phonetic Symbols Clinical Implications of Phonetic Transcription Chapter Summary References 13. Typical Phonological Development Introduction Phonetic and Phonological Development: General Considerations Phonetic and Phonological Development Phonetic Development Phonological Development Typical Speech Sound Development Determination of Speech Sound Mastery in Typically Developing Children Possible Explanations for the Typical Sequence of Speech Sound Mastery Phonological Processes and Speech Sound Development Phonological Development and Word Learning Chapter Summary References 14. Motor Speech Disorders in Adults Introduction Classification of Motor Speech Disorders Dysarthria Subtypes of Dysarthria The Mayo Clinic Classification System for Motor Speech Disorders The Dysarthrias: A Summary Apraxia of Speech Chapter Summary References 15. Pediatric Speech Disorders I Introduction Speech Delay Diagnosis of Speech Delay Quantitative Measures of Speech Delay and Speech Intelligibility Speech Delay: Phonetic, Phonological, or Both? Additional Considerations in Speech Delay and Residual and Persistent Speech Sound Errors Speech Delay and Genetics Childhood Apraxia of Speech CAS Compared With Adult Apraxia of Speech (AAS) CAS: Prevalence and General Characteristics CAS: Speech Characteristics CAS and Overlap With Other Developmental Delays CAS and Genetics Chapter Summary References 16. Pediatric Speech Disorders II Introduction Childhood Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy Subtypes of Cerebral Palsy Dysarthria in Cerebral Palsy Childhood Motor Speech Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury and Tumors Traumatic Brain Injury Brain Tumors Treatment Options and Considerations Chapter Summary References 17. Fluency Disorders Introduction Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering Genetic Studies Diagnosis of Developmental Stuttering The Natural History of Developmental Stuttering Stage I: Typical Dysfluencies Stage II: Borderline Stuttering Stage III: Beginning Stuttering Stage IV: Intermediate Stuttering Stage V: Advanced Stuttering Recovery of Fluency Possible Causes of Stuttering Psychogenic Theories Learning Theories Biological Theories Acquired (Neurogenic) Stuttering Symptoms of Neurogenic Stuttering Compared With Developmental Stuttering Treatment Considerations Chapter Summary References 18. Voice Disorders Introduction Epidemiology of Voice Disorders Initial Steps in the Diagnosis of Voice Disorders Case History Perceptual Evaluation of the Voice Viewing the Vocal Folds Measurement of Basic Voice Parameters Classification/Types of Voice Disorders The Hypo-Hyperfunctional Continuum Phonotrauma Organic Voice Disorders Functional Voice Disorders Neurological Voice Disorders Pediatric Voice Disorders Prevalence of Childhood Voice Disorders Types of Childhood Voice Disorders Treatment of Childhood Voice Disorders Chapter Summary References 19. Craniofacial Anomalies Introduction Definition and Origins of Craniofacial Anomalies Embryological Development of the Upper Lip and Associated Structures Embryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the Lip Embryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the Palate Cleft Lip With or Without a Cleft Palate; Cleft Palate Only (Isolated Cleft Palate) Epidemiology of Clefting Speech Production in CL/P and CPO Diagnosis of VPI VPI and Hypernasality VPI, Consonant Articulation, and Speech Intelligibility Clefting and Syndromes Cleft Palate: Other Considerations Chapter Summary References 20. Swallowing Introduction Anatomy of Swallowing Esophagus Stomach The Act of Swallowing Oral Preparatory Phase Oral Transport Phase Pharyngeal Phase Esophageal Phase Overlap of Phases Breathing and Swallowing Nervous System Control of Swallowing Role of the Peripheral Nervous System Role of the Central Nervous System Variables That Influence Swallowing Bolus Characteristics Development Age Measurement and Analysis of Swallowing Videofluoroscopy Endoscopy Client Self-Report Health Care Team for Individuals With Swallowing Disorders Chapter Summary References 21. Hearing Science I: Acoustics and Psychoacoustics Introduction Oscillation Waveform Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum Resonance Psychoacoustics Pitch Loudness Sound Quality Chapter Summary References 22. Hearing Science II: Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Temporal Bone Peripheral Anatomy of the Ear Outer Ear (Conductive Mechanism) Middle Ear Inner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism) Chapter Summary References 23. Diseases of the Auditory System and Diagnostic Audiology Introduction Hearing Evaluation Case History Otoscopy Immittance Tympanometry Acoustic Reflex Threshold Audiometric Testing Physiological Responses Vestibular Assessment Audiometric Results Type, Degree, and Configuration of Loss Hearing and Balance Disorders Patient Examples Chapter Summary References 24. Assistive Listening Devices Introduction Hearing Aids Steps in Selecting and Fitting a Hearing Aid Types of Hearing Aids Hearing Aid Components Auditory Implantable Devices Bone-Anchored Implant Middle Ear Implant Cochlear Implant Chapter Summary Hearing Aids Auditory Implantable Devices References 25. Aural Habilitation and Rehabilitation Introduction Aural Habilitation Assessment of Communication Needs in Children Pediatric Intervention Components of a Family-Centered Intervention Auditory Training in Aural Habilitation Communication Options Outcome Measures for Children Aural Rehabilitation Assessment of Communication Needs in Adults Adult Intervention Auditory Training in Aural Rehabilitation Communication Strategies Speechreading Outcome Measures for Adults Group Aural Rehabilitation Chapter Summary Aural Habilitation Aural Rehabilitation References Index