دانلود کتاب Introduction to fluid mechanics

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Introduction 1 Fundamental Concepts 1.1 Dimensions and Units 1.2 Properties of Fluids 1.2.1 Density 1.3 Viscosity 1.3.1 Time-Independent Fluids 1.3.2 Time-Dependent Fluids 1.3.3 Viscoelastic Fluids 1.3.4 Kinematic Viscosity 1.3.5 Pressure 1.3.6 Surface Tension 1.3.7 Specific Heat 1.3.8 Internal Energy 1.3.9 Enthalpy 1.3.10 Compressibility Factor/Bulk Modulus 1.3.11 Ideal Gas Law 1.4 Liquids and Gases 1.5 Continuum Problems Miscellaneous Properties 2 Fluid Statics 2.1 Pressure and Pressure Measurement 2.2 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces 2.3 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 2.4 Equilibrium of Accelerating Fluids 2.5 Forces on Submerged Bodies 2.6 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies 2.7 Summary Internet Resources Problems 3 Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics 3.1 Kinematics of Flow 3.2 Control Volume Approach 3.3 Continuity Equation 3.4 Momentum Equation 3.4.1 Linear Momentum Equation 3.5 Energy Equation 3.6 Bernoulli Equation 3.7 Summary Internet Resources Problems 4 Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude 4.1 Dimensional Homogeneity and Analysis 4.1.1 Rayleigh Method 4.1.2 Buckingham PI Method 4.2 Dimensionless Ratios 4.2.1 Flow in a Pipe or Conduit 4.2.2 Flow over Immersed Bodies 4.2.3 Open-Channel Flow 4.2.4 Unbounded Flows 4.3 Dimensional Analysis by Inspection 4.4 Similitude 4.4.1 Geometric Similarity 4.4.2 Dynamic Similarity 4.4.3 Modeling 4.5 Correlation of Experimental Data 4.6 Summary Internet Resources Problems 5 Flow in Closed Conduits 5.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 5.2 Effect of Viscosity 5.2.1 Entrance Effects 5.3 Pipe Dimensions and Specifications 5.4 Equation of Motion 5.5 Friction Factor and Pipe Roughness 5.6 Simple Piping Systems 5.7 Noncircular Ducts 5.7.1 Flow through Noncircular Cross Sections 5.7.2 Flow through an Annulus 5.7.3 Miscellaneous Geometries 5.8 Minor Losses 5.9 Pipes in Parallel 5.10 Pumps and Piping Systems 5.11 Summary Internet Resources Problems 6 Flow over Immersed Bodies 6.1 Flow Past a Flat Plate 6.1.1 Boundary Layer Growth 6.1.2 Separation 6.2 Flow Past Various Two-Dimensional Bodies 6.3 Flow Past Various Three-Dimensional Bodies 6.4 Applications to Ground Vehicles 6.4.1 Bicycle–Rider Combinations 6.4.2 Automobiles 6.4.3 Tractor–Trailer Trucks 6.5 Lift on Airfoils 6.6 Summary Internet Resources Problems 7 Flow in Open Channels 7.1 Types of Open-Channel Flows 7.2 Open-Channel Geometry Factors 7.3 Energy Considerations in Open-Channel Flows 7.3.1 Flow through a Venturi Flume 7.3.2 Flow under a Sluice Gate 7.4 Critical Flow Calculations 7.5 Equations for Uniform Open-Channel Flows 7.5.1 Laminar Open-Channel Flow 7.5.2 Reynolds Number and Transition 7.5.3 Turbulent Open-Channel Flow 7.6 Hydraulically Optimum Cross Section 7.7 Nonuniform Open-Channel Flow 7.7.1 Gradually Varied Flow 7.7.2 Rapidly Varied Flow 7.8 Summary Internet Resources Problems 8 Compressible Flow 8.1 Sonic Velocity and Mach Number 8.2 Stagnation Properties and Isentropic Flow 8.3 Flow through a Channel of Varying Area 8.4 Normal Shock Waves 8.5 Compressible Flow with Friction 8.6 Compressible Flow with Heat Transfer 8.7 Oblique Shock Waves 8.7.1 Equations of Motion for a Straight Oblique Shock Wave 8.8 Summary Internet Resources Problems 9 Turbomachinery 9.1 Equations of Turbomachinery 9.2 Axial-Flow Turbines 9.3 Axial-Flow Compressors, Pumps, and Fans 9.4 Radial-Flow Turbines 9.5 Radial-Flow Compressors and Pumps 9.6 Dimensional Analysis of Turbomachinery 9.7 Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps 9.8 Performance Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines 9.9 Impulse Turbine (Pelton Turbine) 9.10 Summary Problems 10 Measurements in Fluid Mechanics 10.1 Measurement of Viscosity 10.2 Measurement of Static and Stagnation Pressures 10.3 Measurement of Velocity 10.4 Measurement of Flow Rates in Closed Conduits 10.5 Measurements in Open-Channel Flows 10.6 Summary Problems 11 The Navier–Stokes Equations 11.1 Equations of Motion 11.2 Applications to Laminar Flow 11.2.1 Flow in a Circular Duct 11.2.2 Flow down an Inclined Plane 11.2.3 Flow through a Straight Channel 11.2.4 Plane Couette Flow 11.2.5 Flow between Two Rotating Concentric Cylinders 11.3 Graphical Solution Methods for Unsteady Laminar Flow Problems 11.3.1 Suddenly Accelerated Flat Plate 11.3.2 Unsteady Plane Couette Flow 11.3.3 Unsteady Flow between Concentric Circular Cylinders 11.3.4 Unsteady Flow in a Plane Channel (Start-Up Flow) 11.4 Introduction to Turbulent Flow 11.5 Summary Problems 12 Inviscid Flow 12.1 Equations of Two-Dimensional Inviscid Flows 12.1.1 Continuity Equation 12.1.2 Momentum Equation 12.2 Stream Function and Velocity Potential 12.3 Irrotational Flow 12.4 Laplace’s Equation and Various Flow Fields 12.4.1 Uniform Flow 12.4.2 Source Flow 12.4.3 Sink Flow 12.4.4 Irrotational Vortex Flow 12.5 Combined Flows and Superpositions 12.5.1 Flow about a Half-Body 12.5.2 Source and Sink of Equal Strengths 12.5.3 Flow about a Doublet 12.5.4 Flow about a Rankine Body 12.5.5 Flow about a Circular Cylinder 12.5.6 Flow about a Circular Cylinder with Circulation 12.6 Inviscid Flow Past an Airfoil 12.7 Summary Problems 13 Boundary-Layer Flow 13.1 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow 13.2 Equations of Motion for the Boundary Layer 13.3 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate 13.4 Momentum Integral Equation 13.5 Momentum Integral Method for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate 13.6 Momentum Integral Method for Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate 13.7 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate 13.8 Summary Problems Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Properties of Substances Appendix B: Geometric Elements of Plane Areas Appendix C: Pipe and Tube Specifications Appendix D: Compressible Flow Tables Appendix E: Miscellaneous Bibliography Index