دانلود کتاب Introduction to Formal Logic

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Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introducing Logic 1.1: Defining ‘Logic’ 1.2: Logic and Languages 1.3: A Short History of Logic 1.4: Separating Premises from Conclusions 1.5: Validity and Soundness Key Terms Chapter 2 Propositional Logic Syntax and Semantics 2.1: Logical Operators and Translation 2.2: Syntax of PL: Wffs and Main Operators 2.3: Semantics of PL: Truth Functions 2.4: Truth Tables 2.5: Classifying Propositions 2.6: Valid and Invalid Arguments 2.7: Indirect Truth Tables 2.8: Notes on Translation with PL Key Terms Chapter 3 Inference in Propositional Logic 3.1: Rules of Inference 1 3.2: Rules of Inference 2 3.3: Rules of Equivalence 1 3.4: Rules of Equivalence 2 3.5: Practice with Derivations 3.6: The Biconditional 3.7: Conditional Proof 3.8: Logical Truths 3.9: Indirect Proof 3.10: Chapter Review Key Terms Chapter 4 Monadic Predicate Logic 4.1: Introducing Predicate Logic 4.2: Translation Using M 4.3: Syntax for M 4.4: Derivations in M 4.5: Quantifier Exchange 4.6: Conditional and Indirect Proof in M 4.7: Semantics for M 4.8: Invalidity in M 4.9: Notes on Translation with M Key Terms Chapter 5 Full First-Order Logic 5.1: Translation Using Relational Predicates 5.2: Syntax, Semantics, and Invalidity in F 5.3: Derivations in F 5.4: The Identity Predicate: Translation 5.5: The Identity Predicate: Derivations 5.6: Translation with Functions 5.7: Derivations with Functions Key Terms Appendix A: Fallacies and Argumentation Appendix B: The Logical Equivalence of the Rules of Equivalence Summary of Rules and Terms Solutions to Selected Exercises Glossary/Index