دانلود کتاب Introduction to Limnology

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Title Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Limnology Limnology Defined Early Landmarks in Limnology Key Early Inventions and Techniques Aquatic Organisms Plankton Nets Vertical Temperature Profile Oxygen Concentration Contour Maps Limnological Textbooks Names of Bodies of Inland Water Environmentalism and/or Traditional Science in Limnology The Role of Modeling and Statistical Thinking in Limnology Modeling Descriptive Models Predictive Models Hypothesis Testing Mesocosms and Whole-Lake Experiments The Role of Field Stations The Role of Journals and Associations The Organizational Scheme of the Presentation of Limnology in This Text Measuring Units Used in Limnology Study Guide Chapter 2 Setting the Stage: Water as an Environment The Diversity of Limnological Organisms Fundamental Characteristics of Water as a Substance Molecular Shape Polarity Viscosity Surface Tension Solvent Solubility of Gases Dissociation and pH Redox Potential Chemicals Dissolved in Water Density Heat Cooling and Evaporation Summary of Critical Limnological Numbers Vertical Stratification in Lakes Vertical Profiles of Temperature Measurement of Temperature in Lakes Patterns of Vertical Temperature Profiles Annual Mixing Patterns Ice Cover and Lake Size Vertical Profiles of Oxygen Measurement of Oxygen in Lakes Patterns of Vertical Oxygen Profiles Vertical Profiles of Light Measurement of Light in Lakes Pigments Scattering Absorbance Vertical Profiles of Living Organisms Algae Patterns Macrophyte Patterns Bacteria Patterns Zoobenthos Patterns Zooplankton Patterns Fish Patterns Vertical Profiles of Primary Productivity Interaction of Heat and Light with Organisms Water Movements Diffusion Mass Transport Laminar Flow and Zero Flow Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number Horizontal Currents Periodic Movements Surface (Progressive) Waves Seiches (Standing Waves) Lunar Tides Study Guide Chapter 3 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: The Single-Celled and Colonial Organisms Size Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) Taxomony and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Protista Taxomony and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Ciliophora Rhizopoda Actinopoda Zoomastigophora Euglenophyta Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads) Dinoflagellata Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown Algae) Apicomplexa Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Fungi Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Study Guide The Diversity of Limnological Organisms Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Chapter 4 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: Rotifers, Annelids, and Arthropods The Small Invertebrates Rotifers Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Annelida (Oligochaeta) Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Branchiopods Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Copepods Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Malacostracans Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Insects Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Study Guide Chapter 5 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: Larger Organisms The Larger Aquatic Animals and Plants Mollusks—Phylum Mollusca Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Fishes—Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Feeding Preferences Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Other Vertebrates—Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Plants—Aquatic Macrophytes Taxonomy and Diversity External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat Swimming and Escape Behavior Feeding Preferences and Behavior Life Cycle and Diapause Economic Importance and Management Study Guide Chapter 6 Population Dynamics in Limnology: Population Size Changing with Time Change in Limnology Definition of Population Dynamics Distribution of a Population Estimating Population Size Stability Models of Population Dynamics Individual-Based Models The Exponential Population Growth Model Population Data Calculation Don Hall’s Surprise Age-Specific Models Exponential Population Growth and Invasion The Egg (or Seed) Bank Population Growth Model Biological Fitness and Population Growth Rate Life-History Strategy Seasonal Timing of Life History, Including Reproduction Size and Number of Offspring Age-Specific Energy Allocation Patterns— Reproduction, Growth, and Body Maintenance Rate of Population Growth versus Resting Egg Production Age of First Reproduction and Size- or Age- Selective Predation Life Span Life-History Adaptations Transition Study Guide Chapter 7 Community Ecology: Species Interactions and Community Structure The Community Concept General Community Definitions Community Building Blocks Guild Concept Functional Species Group Concept Morphological Species Concept Biological Species Concept Molecular Species Concept Clone Concept Major Aquatic Communities Lake Communities Stream Communities Food Web Models Community Interactions Competition for Limited Resources General Concepts Competition Avoidance Predator-Prey Interactions Selective Predation Strategies Defenses Against Predation Chemical Induction of Predator Defenses Comparison of Ecological Importance of Competition and Predation Indirect Effects of Predation Keystone Predation Mutualisms and Symbiosis Community Structure Diversity Species Area Curves Pesticides and Diversity Spatial Heterogeneity and Diversity Community Composition Species Associations Size-Spectrum Study Guide Chapter 8 Community Ecology: Freshwater Communities Changing Through Time Community Origins Community Dynamics Community Dynamics on a Daily Basis Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of Zooplankton Other Groups that Show Diel Vertical Migration Stream Drift Seasonal Ecological Succession in the Pelagic (Peg Model) Long-Term Changes in Communities “Island” Biogeography Extinctions Invasion Fish Invasions of the Laurentian Great Lakes A Molluscan Invader in Aquatic Communities A Plant Invader in Aquatic Communities Resistance Resilience Biomanipulation-Trophic Cascades Cultural Eutrophication Biomanipulation Alternate Stable States Study Guide Chapter 9 Aquatic Ecosystems and Physiology: Energy Flow The Ecosystem Concept Models of Energy Flow Space-Time Diagrams Primary Productivity Photosynthetic Organisms Light Inhibition of Photosynthesis Primary Productivity in Lakes and Streams Measuring Primary Productivity Tropical Productivity Energy Inputs Other than Sunlight Nonphotosynthetic Primary Productivity Wave Energy and Productivity Secondary Production Ecological Efficiencies Fishes and Primary Productivity Microbial Loop Allochthonous Inputs Introduction to Physiological Ecology Surface-to-Volume Ratios Metabolic Rate and Body Size Metabolic Rate and Temperature Scope for Growth and Temperature Preferences Interaction of Temperature and Body Size Metabolic Rate and Other Factors Balanced Bioenergetic Model Study Guide Chapter 10 Aquatic Ecosystems: Chemical Cycles Chemical Cycles in Water and Biogeochemical Cycles The Carbon Cycle in Water Forms of Carbon Carbon Reservoirs The CO2, Bicarbonate, Carbonate Equilibrium pH, Inorganic Carbon Equilibrium, and Photosynthesis Acid Deposition Buffers Titration The Dark Side of CO2 The Oxygen Cycle in Water Forms of Oxygen Oxygen Reservoirs Metabolic Adaptations to Low Oxygen Concentrations Breathing in Water Circulatory Systems Behavioral Adaptations to Low Oxygen Concentrations Hemoglobin The Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes Forms of Phosphorus Reservoirs of Phosphorus Phosphate as a Limiting Nutrient Stratification Luxury Consumption Recycling Limiting Nutrient Cultural Eutrophication Environmental Protection The Nitrogen Cycle in Water Forms of Nitrogen Reservoirs of Nitrogen Nitrogen Fixation Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation Nitrogen Excretion Ecosystem Manipulations and the Nitrogen Cycle Silicon in Water Ecological Stoichiometry Toxic Chemicals Heavy Metals in Freshwater Systems Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals in Freshwater Systems Ecological Effects of Toxic Chemicals Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Clear Lake Example: Bioaccumulation and Evolution of Pesticide Resistance Study Guide Chapter 11 Water in Landscapes The Landscape Concept Shapes and Sizes of Lakes and Streams Shape Shore Length Area Depth Volume Watershed or Catchment Basin Stream Morphometry Velocity Gradient Cross-Sectional Area Discharge Landscape Position Lake Position Stream Order and River Continuum Concept Interactions Between Surface and Ground Waters: The Hydrological Cycle Ground Water Lakes Streams Reservoirs Wetlands Estuaries Atmosphere Lake Origins: How Lakes Are Made Glaciation Alpine Glaciation Glacial Dams and Moraines Kettle Pond Alluvial Dam Plunge Basin Glacial Scouring Oxbow Lakes Sinkholes in Karst Regions Rock Pools Frost Polygons Tectonic Activity Volcanic Activity Meteorites Biological Activity Beaver Ponds Wallows Human Activity Stream Origins Development of Lakes and Streams Over Time Sedimentation Stream Development Dam Removal Dam Failure Paleolimnology Study Guide Chapter 12 The Citizen Limnologist Limnology and Society Observation An Observation Model Citizen Perspectives Sense of Place Contrasting Cultural Perspectives The Limnological Perspective Freshwater Management Biological Integrity Adaptive Management Step 1-Assembly Step 2-Monitoring Step 3-Adaptation Lake Powell Example Restoration of Aquatic Communities Study Guide Chapter 13 Field and Laboratory Exercises Background Statistical Analysis Supplement Supplemantal Reading Field Exercise Protocol Lab 1: Vertical Patterns in a Lake Lab 2: Zooplankton in a Lake Lab 3: Becoming Familiar with Rotifers Lab 4: Becoming Familiar with Cladocerans Lab 5: Becoming Familiar with Copepods Lab 6: Aquatic Insects in a Stream Lab 7: Aquatic Macrophytes and Multivariate Techniques Lab 8: Fishes in Lakes and Streams Lab 9: Chemistry and Productivity of a Sewage Pond Lab 10: Aquatic Resource Integrity Appendix 1 Spearman Rank Correlation Test Appendix 2 The X2 Test of Independence, with Emphasis on the X2 Median Test Literature Cited Index