دانلود کتاب Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record

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Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Full contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion website
Chapter 1 Paleontology as a science
Introduction
Paleontology in the modern world
Paleontology as a science
What is science?
Speculation, hypotheses, and testing
Fact and fantasy – where to draw the line?
Paleontology and the history of images
Steps to understanding
Earliest fossil finds
Fossils as magical stones
Fossils as fossils
The idea of extinction
The vastness of geological time
Fossils and evolution
Progressionism and evolution
Darwinian evolution
Paleontology today
Dinosaurs and fossil humans
Evidence of earliest life
Macroevolution
Paleontological research
Review Questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 2 Stratigraphy
Introduction
How stratigraphy works
Leonardo’s legacy
On the ground: lithostratigraphy
Use of fossils: discovery of biostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy: the means of correlation
Dividing up geological time: chronostratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy: using transgressions and regressions
New techniques, new tools
Astrochronology and cyclostratigraphy: looking up to find the rhythm
Isotope stratigraphy: mixing the chemicals
Magnetostratigraphy: a useful attraction
Geological time scale: a common language
Geological time scales
Extraterrestrial stratigraphy
Fly me to the moon
Planets: remote but on the radar
Review Questions
Further Reading
References
Chapter 3 Paleogeography and paleoclimates
Paleobiogeography
How do we position plates?
Faunal and floral barriers
Island biogeography: alone and isolated?
Dispersal versus vicariance
The history of an ancient ocean
Biodiversity and geography
Provinces through time
Fossils in mountain belts
A Caledonian conundrum
Taking the strain and the heat
Paleoclimates
Climatic fluctuations through time
Biological feedbacks
The Anthropocene
Review Questions
Further Reading
References
Chapter 4 Paleoecology
Introduction
Taphonomic constraints: sifting through the debris
Populations: can groups of individuals make a difference?
Habitats and niches
Definitions
Trophic structures: bottom or top of the food chain?
Megaguilds
Controlling factors
Paleocommunities
Introduction
Describing fossil communities
Paleocommunity development through time
Ecological interactions
Evolutionary paleoecology
Communities and habitats through time
Jurassic park and deep-sea worlds
Ecological patterns and trends through time
Ecological ranking of mass extinctions
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 5 Taphonomy and the quality of the fossil record
Introduction
Fossil preservation
Fossilization
Hard parts and soft parts
Decay and scavenging
Preservation of biomolecules
Exceptional preservation
Breakage and transport
Burial and modification
Plant preservation
Impact of taphonomy on understanding
Quality of the fossil record
Incompleteness of the record
Bias and adequacy
Preservation bias or common cause?
Sampling and reality
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 6 Fossil form and function
Introduction
Growth and form
Variations in form within species
Allometry
Shape variation between species
Evolution and development
Ontogeny and phylogeny
Heterochrony: are human adults juvenile apes?
Developmental genes
Interpreting the function of fossils
Functional morphology
Comparison with modern analogs
Biomechanical modeling
Circumstantial evidence
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 7 Macroevolution and the tree of life
Introduction
Evolution by natural selection
Evolution and the fossil record
What is a species?
Speciation
Speciation and evolution in the fossil record
Trends and radiations
Trends and progress
The Red Queen
Body size evolution
Adaptive radiation
Biotic replacements
The tree of life
Tree thinking
Cladistics: reconstructing life’s hierarchy
The molecular revolution
The tree of life
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 8 Biodiversity, extinction, and mass extinction
Introduction
The diversification of life
Onward and upward
Interpreting global diversification patterns
Equilibrium or expansion?
Mass extinctions
Definition
Pattern and timing of mass extinctions
Selectivity and mass extinctions
The “big five” mass extinction events
The “big five” mass extinctions
The Permian-Triassic event
The Cretaceous-Paleogene event
Extinction then and now
Extinction events
Recovery after mass extinctions
Extinction today
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 9 The origin of life
Introduction
The origin of life
Scientific models
Testing the biochemical model
RNA world
Evidence for the origin of life
The Early Precambrian world
The oldest life on Earth
The two-step rise in oxygen levels
The universal tree of life
Biomarkers
Life diversifies: eukaryotes
Eukaryote characters
Basal eukaryotes
Multicellularity and sex
The late Neoproterozoic
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 10 Protists
Introduction
Microfossils
Protist history
Protozoa
Foraminifera
Radiolaria
Mystery protists of the proterozoic and paleozoic
Acritarchs
Chitinozoans
Phytoplankton
Dinoflagellates
Ciliophora
Coccolithophores
Diatoms
Review Questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 11 Origin and expansion of the metazoans
Origins and classification
Body fossil evidence
Trace fossil evidence
Embryo fossil evidence
Molecular evidence
Biomarker evidence
Invertebrate body and skeletal plans
Classification and relationships
Five key faunas
Ediacara biota
Small shelly fauna
Cambrian Explosion
Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
The Nekton revolution: lift-off from the seabed
Review Questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 12 The basal metazoans: sponges and corals
Introduction
Porifera
Morphology: dissecting a typical sponge
Autecology: life as a sponge
Synecology: sponges and sponge reefs through time
Stromatoporoidea
Archaeocyatha
Cnidaria
Morphology: the basic cnidarian
Classification: design and relationships of the main groups
Corals
Synecology: corals and reefs
Corals through time
Modern coral reefs under threat
Review Questions
Further Reading
References
Chapter 13 Lophophorates 1: brachiopods and bryozoans
Introduction
Brachiopoda
Introduction
Morphology: brachiopod animal
Ultramorphology: brachiopod shell
Distribution in time: extinctions and radiations
Ecology: life on the seabed
Brachiopods, functional morphology, and paradigms
Distribution in space: biogeography
Bryozoa
Introduction
Morphology: Amathia
Ecology: feeding and colonial morphology
Evolution: main fossil bryozoan groups
Ecology and life modes
Competition and replacement
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 14 Lophotrochozoans 2: mollusks and annelids
Mollusks
Introduction
Early mollusks
Class Bivalvia
Basic morphology
Main bivalve groups
Lifestyles and morphology
Bivalve evolution
Class Gastropoda
Main gastropod groups and their ecology
Gastropod evolution
Class Cephalopoda
Nautiloidea
Ammonoidea
Coleoidea
Class Scaphopoda
Class Rostroconcha
Evolutionary trends within the Mollusca
Annelids
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 15 Ecdysozoa: arthropods
Introduction
Early arthropod faunas
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (artiopoda)
Trilobite morphology
Trilobite diversity and lifestyles
Trilobite paleogeography and evolution
Trilobite abnormalities and injuries
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Barnacles, shrimps, and crabs
Ostracodes
Exceptional arthropod faunas through time
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 16 Deuterostomes: echinoderms and hemichordates
Introduction
Echinoderms
Crinoidea
Blastozoans
Echinoidea
Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea
Carpoidea
Hemichordates
Modern hemichordates
Graptolites
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 17 Fishes and basal tetrapods
Introduction
Origin of the vertebrates
The skeleton
Jawless fishes: slurping rather than biting
Conodonts: animals of mystery
Jaws and fish evolution
The first jaws
Bony fishes: ray fins and lobefins
The evolution of sharks: an arms race with their prey?
Tetrapods
The origin of tetrapods: fins to limbs
The amphibians: halfway land animals
Reign of the reptiles
Making the break: the origin of the reptiles
A world of synapsids
Dinosaurs and mammals
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 18 Dinosaurs and mammals
Introduction
Dinosaurs and their kin
The diapsids take over
The age of dinosaurs
Being a monster
Dragons of the deep
Bird evolution
Rise of the mammals
Primitive forms, and then success
Marsupials: the pouched mammals
Paleogeography and diversification of the placentals
Placentals in southern continents
The “northern” placentals
The monkey-rabbits
The line to humans
Early primates
Human evolution
Modern peoples
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 19 Fossil plants and fungi
Introduction
Terrestrialization of plants
Fungi
The greening of the land: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Relationships of green plants
Adapting to life on land
Plant reproductive cycles
Vascular plants in the Silurian and Devonian
The great coal forests
Lycopsids, small, and large
The horsetails
Ferns – fronds or leaves?
Seed-bearing plants
The origin of seeds
Seed ferns
Plant ecology of the Coal Measures
Conifers
Diverse gymnosperm groups
Flowering plants
Flowers and angiosperm success
The first angiosperms
Radiation of the angiosperms
Angiosperms and climate
Review questions
Further reading
References
Chapter 20 Trace fossils
Introduction
Understanding trace fossils
Types of trace fossils
Naming trace fossils: shapes not biological species
Preservation of trace fossils
Interpreting ancient behavior
Trace fossils in sediments
Trace fossils as environmental indicators
Organisms in sediments
Trace fossils and time
Trace fossils and the oil industry
Review questions
Further reading
References
Finale
Glossary
Appendix 1: Stratigraphic chart
Appendix 2: Paleogeographic maps
Index
EULA