دانلود کتاب Irish Late Iron Age Equestrian Equipment in its Insular and Continental Context

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Title Page
Copyright page
Contents
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Pseudo Irish Type E bit found in Transylvanian region of Romania.
Figure 3.1 Parts of a snaffle.
Figure 3.2 Modern snaffle types.
Figure 3.3 How single joint and double joint snaffles function.
Figure 3.4 Parts of a Y-piece.
Figure 3.5 How a bosal and mecate hackamore work (Image courtesy of Summer Jackson, modelled by Dancer).
Figure 3.6 Mechanical hackamore. Image from Wikicommons (CC BY 2.0).
Figure 3.7 Cannon styles of Irish Late Iron Age bits.
Figure 3.8 Types of central links: modern examples on top, Iron Age at bottom.
Figure 3.10 Stop stud types.
Figure 3.9 Use of link types on different types of Irish Iron Age snaffle.
Figure 3.11 Gold stater from Dover, FASAM-FCD3A2, showing a bosal-like structure under the horse’s jaw.
Figure 3.12 Kehlberge, Raddatz 639, R0639, Lau PG 123, Inv.-Nr. SH1858-1.34 (F.S. 6347) from Thorsberg Moor assemblage.
Figure 3.13 Finial types which define the various Y-pieces styles.
Figure 3.14 Use wear on bits and Y-pieces.
Figure 3.15 Hypothetical reconstruction of a Late Iron Age bridle, using use-wear to inform of fit.
Figure 3.16 How to measure a bit – detail shows why, with end of cannon outside of mouth.
Figure 3.17 Heights of animals in Ireland, using bit size as a loose gauge.
Figure 3.18 Diagram showing sizes of animals in hands high (hh).
Figure 4.1 Placement of decoration on Y-piece specimens.
Figure 4.2 Placement of decoration on bit specimens.
Figure 4.3 Styles of stop studs on bit types.
Figure 4.4 Iron ‘loop’ bits. Photograph by permission of National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden.
Figure 4.5 Detail of head decoration on Heidelberg carving, compared to stop stud decoration.
Figure 4.6 Comparison of Witham shield umbo (left) with Tara/Skryn Y-piece (right). After Maguire 2017: 187, fig. 3.
Figure 4.7 Comparison of objects.
Figure 4.8 Roman period harness pendant, incorporating the manu fichu and re-imagined La Tène derivative ‘eyes’.
Figure 5.1 General distribution of bits and Y-pieces.
Figure 5.2 Distribution of Irish La Tène derivative metalwork (Warner 2002a).
Figure 5.3. Distribution of Type A bits.
Figure 5.4. Distribution of Type B bits.
Figure 5.5 Distribution of Type C bits.
Figure 5.6 Distribution of Type D bits.
Figure 5.7 Distribution of Type E bits.
Figure 5.8 Distribution of uncategorised bits.
Figure 5.9 Distribution of sizes of bits, indicating sizes of equids.
Figure 5.10 Distribution of Type 1a Y-piece.
Figure 5.11 Distribution of Type 1b Y-piece.
Figure 5.12 Distribution of Type 1d Y-piece.
Figure 5.13 Distribution of Type 1e Y-piece.
Figure 5.14 Distribution of Type 2a Y-pieces.
Figure 5.15 Distribution of Type 2b Y-pieces.
Figure 5.16 Distribution of Type 2c Y-piece.
Figure 5.17 Distribution of uncategorised Y-pieces.
Figure 5.18. Breakdown of hoard distributions which include tack.
Figure 5.19 Hoards and associated finds.
Figure 5.20 Bits and Y-pieces within GIS kernel density ‘hotspot’ model.
Figure 5.21 Distribution of Irish tack compared to Roman finds.
Figure 5.22 Kernal density ‘hotspot’ model compared to projected routes of the ancient tracks, or sligheann.
Figure 5.23 Breakdown of landscape features to tack find spots.
Figure 5.24 Breakdown of bits (top) and Y-piece finds (bottom).
Figure 5.25 Percentages of provenanced Y-pieces.
Figure 5.26 Percentages of provenanced bits.
Figure 6.1 Detail by author of horse head in bridle, Sanctuary of Apollo, Cyprus.
Figure 6.2 Detail of Baekkedal bridle, photograph by kind permission of Dr Torben Sarauw and Nordjyske Museer.
Figure 6.3 Single bar snaffle from Rise, Kingston on Hull, authors drawing.
Figure 6.4 Stanwick Hoard snaffle mouthpiece, authors drawing.
Figure 6.5 Polden Hill ‘fletchling’ cuff detail, compared to cheek ring detail from Siebenbürgen.
Figure 6.6 Hagbourne Hill snaffle detail, authors drawing.
Figure 6.7 Estimates of British equid sizes, using same method as used on Irish snaffles.
Figure 6.8 Distribution of bits, compiled from data in Palk 1984 and 1991.
Figure 6.9 Irish 2a Y-piece butt terminal, Kingston Deverill, Wiltshire. PAS WILT-9E5865.
Figure 6.10 Metal snaffle and rein rings from Thorsberg Moor.
Figure 6.11 Kehlberge.
Figure 6.12 Roman psalion/mechanical hackamore, reconstructed by Ala Batavorum group, Netherlands.
List of Tables
List of Plates
Plate 1. Type A bits. IB1A LlynCerrigBach. IB4A, IB5A both Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. Actual size.
Plate 2. IB2A Not to scale, from Rossknowlagh Museum. IB6A Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. Actual size.
Plate 3. IB3A, after Raftery 1983, fig. 1, no. 5. IB7A, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 4. IB1B. Ballina Costello, Mayo IB2B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 7, no. 11. Scale 1:2.
Plate 5. IB3B, Armagh. IB4B, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 6. IB5B, unknown. IB6B, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 7. IB7B, unknown. IB8B, Lough Beg after Raftery 1983, fig. 4, no. 8. Scale 1:2.
Plate 8. IB9B, Cotton Bog, Newtownards. IB12B, Annashanco, Fermanagh. Actual size.
Plate 9. IB10B. Meath. IB11B, Urraghry, Aughrim, Galway. Scale 1:2.
Plate 10. IB13B, unknown. IB20B, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 11. IB15B, unknown. IB18B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 12. IB14B, Leap, Offaly. IB21B, Armagh. IB23B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 13. IB24B. IB25B. Both Abbeyshrule, Longford. Scale 1:2.
Plate 14. IB28B, unknown. IB29B, Kilmore, Antrim. Actual size
Plate 15. IB32B, Tracton Abbey. IB33B, unknown. IB35B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 16. IB34B, unknown. IB38B, unknown. IB39B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 17. IB41B, unknown. IB42B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 18. IB43B, Navan, Meath. IB44B, Kinnefad, Offaly. Scale 1:2.
Plate 19. IB36B, unknown. IB37B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 20. IB45B, unknown. IB46B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 21. IB47B, unknown. IB48B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 22. IB49B, unknown. IB40B, unknown. IB50B. Scale 1:2.
Plate 23. IB53B, unknown. IB54B, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 24. IB51B, unknown. IB52B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 25. IB17B, Toomevara. IB26B, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 26. IB55B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 8, no. 59. IB. Scale 1:2.
Plate 27. IB22B, Glenleslie, Antrim. IB19B, Headfort, Kerry and IB31B, Dublin, after Raftery 1983, fig 13, no. 21 and fig. 15, no. 18. Actual size.
Plate 28. IB30B L Inchiquin, after Raftery 1983, fig. 8, no 14. IB16B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 3, no. 57. Scale 1:2.
Plate 29. IB27B, Ballynahinchafter Raftery 1983, fig. 10, no. 16. Scale 1:2.
Plate 30. IB1C, unknown. IB2C, unknown. IB3C, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 31. IB4C, Gortgole, Antrim. IB5C after Raftery 1983, fig. 22, no 68. Scale 1:2.
Plate 32. IB1D Streamstown, Westmeath after Raftery 1983, fig. 30, no. 83. IB3D, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 33. IB5D, Roscommon. IB6D, DurkIsland, Cormongan. Scale 1:2.
Plate 34. IB4D, unknown. IB10D and IB11D, Ballymoney, Garry Bog. Actual size.
Plate 35. IB8D, Killucan, Westmeath. IB12D, Bushmills, Antrim. IB13D, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 36. IB20D, Aghivey, Derry. IB22D, Ballynaminton, Offaly. Scale 1:2.
Plate 37. IB15D, unknown. IB18D, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 38. IB32D, Dolgellau, Wales after Raftery 1983, fig. 33, no. 136. IB16D, Streamstown after Raftery 1983, fig. 30, no. 84. Scale 1:2.
Plate 39. IB21D, unknown. IB23D, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 40. IB7D, Loughan Island, Derry. IB14D, Co. Dublin, after Raftery 1983, fig. 24, no. 76. IB9D Clongill, Meath after Raftery 1983 fig. 27, no 98. Scale 1:2.
Plate 41. IB24D, unknown. IB25D, Loughan Island. Scale 1:2.
Plate 42. IB26D, Tara/Skryn Valley, Meath. IB27D, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 43. IB28D, unknown. IB29D, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 44. IB31D, Tensbury Wells, England. After Raftery 1983, fig. 26., 96. Scale 1:2.
Plate 45. IB17D, unknown. After Raftery 1983, fig. 32, no. 92. IB33D after Raftery 1983, fig. 32, no. 85. Scale 1:2.
Plate 46. IB1E, unknown. IB6E, ‘Northern Ireland’. Scale 1:2.
Plate 47. IB4E and IB5E. Both Attymon, Galway. Scale 1:2.
Plate 48. IB9E, unknown. IB11E, Galway. Scale 1:2.
Plate 49. IB7E, Cong, Mayo, from Raftery 1983, fig. 34, no. 106. Scale 1:2.
Plate 50. IB10E, unknown. IB13E, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 51. IB12E, unknown. IB14E, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 52. IB15E, Co. Wicklow. IB16E, Co. Antrim. Scale 1:2.
Plate 53. IB17E, Glenleslie, Antrim. IB19E, unknown, Scale 1:2.
Plate 54. IB20E, unknown. IB23E, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 55. IB22E, unknown. IB27E, Roscommon, near Tulsk. Scale 1:2.
Plate 56. IB25E, Ummeracam, Armagh. IB18E, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 57. IB26E, unknown. IB28E, Tulsk, Roscommon. Scale 1:2.
Plate 58. IB29E, unknown. IB30E, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 59. IB31E, Newgrange, Meath. IB32E, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 60. UCB1, Derryhollagh, Antrim. UCB3 and UCB4 unknown. UCB7, Kilmallock, Limerick. Actual size.
Plate 61. UCB2 Killeevan, Monaghan. UCB5, Loughan Island. Scale 1:2.
Plate 62. UCB8 , unknown. UCB9, Dundrum, Down. Scale 1:2.
Plate 63. UCB10, DrumloughMoss, Down. UCB12, possibly Dungannon (Bell Collection). Scale 1:2.
Plate 64. UCB13, Transylvania. After Rustoiu 2005.
Plate 65. Y1A: 001, Portnelligan, Armagh. Y1A:002, Navan Fort, Armagh. Actual size.
Plate 66. Y1A: 003 Knockmanycairn, Tyrone. YIA:005, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 67. Y1A:004, Ballina Costello, after Raftery 1983, fig 54, no. 146. Scale 1:2.
Plate 68. Y1A:006, Co. Limerick. Y1A:007, Co. Limerick. Scale 1:2.
Plate 69. Y1A:009, Aughrim, Galway. Y1A:010, Ardee, Louth. Scale 1:2.
Plate 70. Y1A:011, unknown. After Raftery 1983 fig. 58, no. 162. Y1A:012, Co. Sligo. Scale 1:2.
Plate 71. Y1A:013, Ballina Costello, Co. Mayo, Y1A:014, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 72 . Y1A:015, unknown. Y1A:016, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 73. Y1A:017, unknown. After Raftery 1983, 56, no. 152. Y1A:018, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 74. Y1A: 019. Moyfin, Co. Meath. Y1A:020, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 75. Y1A:021, unknown. Y1A:022, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 76. Y1A: 023, Creggan, Co. Roscommon. Y1A:024, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 77. Y1A:025, unknown. Y1A:027, Mullingar, Westmeath. After Raftery 1983, 55, no. 151. Scale 1:2.
Plate 78. Y1A:026, unknown. Y1B:01, unknown. Actual size.
Plate 79. Y1B:02, Armagh. Scale 1:2.
Plate 80. Y1A:08, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 81. Y1B:04, Kilbeg, Westmeath. Y1B:05, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 82. Y1B:06, unknown. Y1B:07 and Y1B:08, ‘River Shannon’. Actual size.
Plate 83. Y1B:09, unknown. Y1B:10, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 84. Y1B:11, unknown. Y1B:12, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 85. Y1B:13, unknown. Scale 1:2. Y1B: 14 Lisnacannonfort, Antrim. MS from Raftery 1983, no. 167. Scale unknown.
Plate 86. Y1B:15, unknown. Y1B:16, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 87. Y1B:17, unknown. Y1B:18, Kishawanny, Kildare, after Raftery 1983, fig. 45, no. 169. Scale 1:2.
Plate 88. Y1B:19, Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. Y1B:20, Lesser Garth Cave, Wales. Scale uncertain as both from MS sketches, with actual objects missing.
Plate 89. Y1C:01, unknown. Y1C:02, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 90. Y1C:03, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 91. Y1D:02, Ballykean Bog, Offaly. Scale 1:2.
Plate 92. Y1D:03 and Y1D:04, Ballykean Bog, Offaly. Scale 1:2.
Plate 93. Y1D:05, Ballykean Bog, Offaly. Y1D:06, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 94. Y1D:07, unknown. Y1D:08, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 95. Y1E:01, Co. Clare. Y1E:02, Fish Loughan, near Coleraine. Scale 1:2.
Plate 96. Y1E:03, Lough Fea, Monaghan. Y1E:04, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 97. Y1F:01, Limerick. Y2A:01, Co. Antrim. Actual size.
Plate 98. Y2A:02 and Y2A:03, ‘Near Galway’. Scale 1:2.
Plate 99. Y2A:04, unknown, Y2A:05, Roscommon. Scale 1:2.
Plate 100. Y2A:06 and Y2A:07. Attymon, Galway. Scale 1:2.
Plate 101. Y2A:08, Ballyalla, Clare. After Raftery 1983, no. 198, Scale 1:2.
Plate 102. Y2A:09, Inishowen Barony, Donegal. Y2A:10, Cormongan, Leitrim. Scale 1:2.
Plate 103. Y2A:11, Drumanone, Roscommon. Y2A:12, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 104. Y2A:13, unknown. Y2A:14, Tara/Skryn, after Raftery 1983, fig. 83, no. 207. Scale 1:2.
Plate 105. Y2A:15, Ballybrown, Limerick. After Raftery 1983, fig. 82, no. 206. Scale 1:2.
Plate 106. Y2A:16, Clonetrace, Antrim. Y2A:17, Mullingar, Westmeath. Scale 1:2.
Plate 107. Y2A:19, ‘Northern Ireland’, Scale 1:2. Y2A:20, Kingston Deverill, Wiltshire. Actual size.
Plate 108. Y2B:01, unknown. Y2B:02, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 109. Y2B.03, Loughan Island, Derry. Scale 1:2.
Plate 110. Y2B:04, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 111. Y2B:05, unknown. Y2B:06, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 112. Y2B:07, unknown. Y2B:08, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 113. Y2B:09, Derlangan, Meath. Y2B:10 Clongill, Meath. Scale 1:2.
Plate 114. Y2B:11, unknown. Y2B:12, Coolgreaney, Wexford. Scale 1:2.
Plate 115. Y2B:13, unknown. Y2B:14, Cloonconra, Roscommon. Scale 1:2.
Plate 116. Y2B:15, Emlagh Abbey, Tipperary. Y2B:16, unknown. Scale 1:2.
Plate 117. Y2C:01, Binchester Roman Fort, Durham. Scale 1:2.
Plate 118. YUC:01, Co. Clare. YUC:04, Kilbeg, Westmeath. Scale 1:2.
Plate 119. YUC:03, Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. YUC:05, Drombo, Monaghan. Actual size.
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Chapter 1 ‘For want of a horse, the rider was lost’: An introduction to Irish Iron Age tack
Introducing the Iron (Age) horse
Research questions: aims and objectives
Chapter 2 The Irish Iron Age horse in context: Literature and legend
A horse with no name: unknown breeds of the Iron Age
Introducing the issues
Horses and heroes: status and deposition practices
Into the mystic: druids, scholars, and political agendas
Lost in translation: The Ulster Cycle and Irish equitation
Ancient problems, modern times
Looking to Europe
Chapter 3 The Irish Iron Age bridle: Form, function, use-wear, and fit
A practical introduction to bitting
Summary of methods used in analysis
Understanding the function of the bits and hackamore types of the Irish Iron Age
Identifying the Irish Iron Age bit types
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
Centre links
Stop-studs
Cheek rings
Description, background, and function of the Irish Y-piece
Y-piece types
Examining use-wear on bits and Y-pieces
Use-wear results: Bits
Repairs
Use-wear results: Y-pieces
The Dead Pony Club: reconstructing the Irish Iron Age bridle
Methods used to estimate sizes of horses present in the Irish Iron Age
Chapter 4 Decoration, symbolism, and evolution of Irish Iron Age tack
Designs on Celtic Identity?
La Tène-derivative styles in Ireland.
The beginnings of insular La Tène art styles.
Looking at the pictures: analytical methods used
Analysis of symbol use on Y-pieces
Analysis of symbol use on bits
Stop stud design
Symbolism and morphology as identity
Mouthpiece morphology of Irish bits
Recurring decorative relief themes on Irish La Tène-derivative bits and Y-pieces
Irish bit morphology: Societal change and superstition
Chapter 5 ‘Horses make a landscape look more beautiful’: Distribution, deposition, and landscape
A landscape of objects?
Methods of analysis
Distribution
Landscape analysis
Pastures new: where were the grazing lands of the Late Iron Age horses?
Distribution of Irish Iron Age tack in Ireland, England and Wales
Distribution of Bits
Distribution of Y-pieces
Hoard locations
Find clusters
Landscape features and commonalities
Dry-land depositions: commonage
Water depositions: rivers and lakes
Re-use of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites
‘Heroic’ and folkloric sites
All roads lead to Rome: tracks, memorials and roadside gods
Sites replaced by Early Medieval ecclesiastical installations
Chapter 6 Under the influence: Looking for the regional and cultural origins of Late Iron Age Irish tack
Finding a context
British Tack: form and function
Summarised comparison
British single-bar bits
Summarised comparison
British single-jointed bits
Summarised comparison
British double-joint bits
Of unknown origins: iron loop bits
British bit types: distribution and estimated animal size
Hackamores and Y-pieces in England, Scotland, and Wales
Look homewards, angel: tracing Irish tack through Europe
The Netherlands: the psalion/mechanical hackamore and bits
Identity, militarism and ritual deposition of tack
Early equestrian influences on Germanic/Scandinavian tack
Thorsberg Moor war booty depositions as a template for Baltic Iron Age tack
The Thorsberg bits
Comparison to Ireland
Tack comparisons from the Roman Empire
Comparison to Ireland
The Thorsberg kehlbergen
Comparison to Ireland
Chapter 7 Conclusions and future directions
Jumping the hurdles: assessing the achievement of aims and objectives
The road goes ever on: future research directions
A clear round: concluding thoughts on Ireland’s equitation
Bibliography
Catalogue
Foreword
Type A bits
Type B bits
Type C bits
Type D bits
Type E bits
Unclassified bit types
Y-Pieces
Type 1a
Type 1b
Type 1c
Type 1d
Type 1e
Type 1f
Type 2a
Type 2b
Type 2c
Uncategorised specimens
Lists and Indices
Plate Index
Site Index
Unknown Provenance
Museum Index
Hoard associations including bits and Y-pieces
Plates