دانلود کتاب ISE General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry (ISE HED WCB CHEMISTRY)

فهرست مطالب :

Cover page
Title page
Copyright page
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Matter and Measurement
1.1 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday Experience
1.2 States of Matter
1.3 Classification of Matter
1.4 Measurement
1.5 Significant Figures
1.6 Scientific Notation
1.7 Problem Solving Using Conversion Factors
1.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Problem Solving Using Clinical Conversion Factors
1.9 Temperature
1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
2 Atoms and the Periodic Table
2.1 Elements
2.2 Structure of the Atom
2.3 Isotopes
2.4 The Periodic Table
2.5 Electronic Structure
2.6 Electronic Configurations
2.7 Valence Electrons
2.8 Periodic Trends
3 Ionic Compounds
3.1 Introduction to Bonding
3.2 Ions
3.3 Ionic Compounds
3.4 Naming Ionic Compounds
3.5 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
3.6 Polyatomic Ions
4 Covalent Compounds
4.1 Introduction to Covalent Bonding
4.2 Lewis Structures
4.3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
4.4 Resonance
4.5 Naming Covalent Compounds
4.6 Molecular Shape
4.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
4.8 Polarity of Molecules
4.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Covalent Drugs and Medical Products
5 Chemical Reactions
5.1 Introduction to Chemical Reactions
5.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
5.3 Types of Reactions
5.4 Oxidation and Reduction
5.5 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
5.6 Mass to Mole Conversions
5.7 Mole Calculations in Chemical Equations
5.8 Mass Calculations in Chemical Equations
5.9 Percent Yield
5.10 Limiting Reactants
6 Energy Changes, Reaction Rates, and Equilibrium
6.1 Energy
6.2 Energy Changes in Reactions
6.3 Energy Diagrams
6.4 Reaction Rates
6.5 Equilibrium
6.6 Le Châtelier’s Principle
6.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Body Temperature
7 Gases, Liquids, and Solids
7.1 The Three States of Matter
7.2 Gases and Pressure
7.3 Gas Laws That Relate Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
7.4 Avogadro’s Law—How Volume and Moles Are Related
7.5 The Ideal Gas Law
7.6 Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures
7.7 Intermolecular Forces, Boiling Point, and Melting Point
7.8 The Liquid State
7.9 The Solid State
7.10 Specific Heat
7.11 Energy and Phase Changes
7.12 Heating and Cooling Curves
8 Solutions
8.1 Mixtures
8.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
8.3 Solubility—General Features
8.4 Solubility—Effects of Temperature and Pressure
8.5 Concentration Units—Percent Concentration
8.6 Concentration Units—Molarity
8.7 Dilution
8.8 Colligative Properties
8.9 Osmosis and Dialysis
9 Acids and Bases
9.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
9.2 The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base
9.3 Acid and Base Strength
9.4 Equilibrium and Acid Dissociation Constants
9.5 The Dissociation of Water
9.6 The pH Scale
9.7 Common Acid–Base Reactions
9.8 The Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
9.9 Titration
9.10 Buffers
9.11 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Buffers in the Blood
10 Nuclear Chemistry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nuclear Reactions
10.3 Half-Life
10.4 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity
10.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
10.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
10.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Imaging Without Radioactivity
11 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
11.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
11.2 Characteristic Features of Organic Compounds
11.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules
11.4 Drawing Organic Molecules
11.5 Functional Groups
11.6 Properties of Organic Compounds
11.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Vitamins
12 Alkanes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Simple Alkanes
12.3 An Introduction to Nomenclature
12.4 Alkane Nomenclature
12.5 Cycloalkanes
12.6 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Methane and Other Fossil Fuels
12.7 Physical Properties
12.8 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Combustion
12.9 Halogenation of Alkanes
13 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes
13.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes
13.3 Cis–Trans Isomers
13.4 Interesting Alkenes in Food and Medicine
13.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Oral Contraceptives
13.6 Reactions of Alkenes
13.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Margarine or Butter?
13.8 Polymers—The Fabric of Modern Society
13.9 Aromatic Compounds
13.10 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
13.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Aromatic Drugs, Sunscreens, and Carcinogens
13.12 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Phenols as Antioxidants
13.13 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structure and Properties of Alcohols
14.3 Nomenclature of Alcohols
14.4 Interesting Alcohols
14.5 Reactions of Alcohols
14.6 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ethanol, the Most Widely Abused Drug
14.7 Structure and Properties of Ethers
14.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ethers as Anesthetics
14.9 Alkyl Halides
14.10 Organic Compounds That Contain Sulfur
15 The Three-Dimensional Shape of Molecules
15.1 Isomers—A Review
15.2 Looking Glass Chemistry—Molecules and Their Mirror Images
15.3 Chirality Centers
15.4 Chirality Centers in Cyclic Compounds
15.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Chiral Drugs
15.6 Fischer Projections
15.7 Optical Activity
15.8 Compounds with Two or More Chirality Centers
15.9 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: The Sense of Smell
16 Aldehydes and Ketones
16.1 Structure and Bonding
16.2 Nomenclature
16.3 Physical Properties
16.4 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones
16.5 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
16.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: The Chemistry of Vision
16.8 Acetal Formation
17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
17.1 Structure and Bonding
17.2 Nomenclature
17.3 Physical Properties
17.4 Interesting Carboxylic Acids in Consumer Products and Medicines
17.5 Interesting Esters and Amides
17.6 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
17.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Aspirin
17.8 The Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Esters and Amides
17.9 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
17.10 Synthetic Polymers in Modern Society—Polyamides and Polyesters
17.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Penicillin
18 Amines and Neurotransmitters
18.1 Structure and Bonding
18.2 Nomenclature
18.3 Physical Properties
18.4 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Caffeine and Nicotine
18.5 Alkaloids—Amines from Plant Sources
18.6 Amines as Bases
18.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ammonium Salts as Useful Drugs
18.8 Neurotransmitters
18.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Epinephrine and Related Compounds
18.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Histamine and Antihistamines
19 Lipids
19.1 Introduction to Lipids
19.2 Fatty Acids
19.3 Waxes
19.4 Triacylglycerols—Fats and Oils
19.5 Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols
19.6 Phospholipids
19.7 Cell Membranes
19.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Cholesterol, the Most Prominent Steroid
19.9 Steroid Hormones
19.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
19.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
20 Carbohydrates
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Monosaccharides
20.3 The Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
20.4 Reduction and Oxidation of Monosaccharides
20.5 Disaccharides
20.6 Polysaccharides
20.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Useful Carbohydrate Derivatives
20.8 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Blood Type
21 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Amino Acids
21.3 Acid–Base Behavior of Amino Acids
21.4 Peptides
21.5 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Biologically Active Peptides
21.6 Proteins
21.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Common Proteins
21.8 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
21.9 Enzymes—Characteristics and Classification
21.10 How Enzymes Work
21.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Using Enzymes to Diagnose and Treat Diseases
22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
22.1 Nucleosides and Nucleotides
22.2 Nucleic Acids
22.3 The DNA Double Helix
22.4 Replication
22.5 RNA
22.6 Transcription
22.7 The Genetic Code
22.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis
22.9 Mutations and Genetic Diseases
22.10 Recombinant DNA
22.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Viruses
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
23.1 Introduction
23.2 An Overview of Metabolism
23.3 ATP and Energy Production
23.4 Coenzymes in Metabolism
23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
23.6 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
23.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Hydrogen Cyanide
24 Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Understanding Biochemical Reactions
24.3 Glycolysis
24.4 The Fate of Pyruvate
24.5 The ATP Yield from Glucose
24.6 Gluconeogenesis
24.7 The Catabolism of Triacylglycerols
24.8 Ketone Bodies
24.9 Amino Acid Metabolism
25 Body Fluids 25-1
25.1 Types of Body Fluids
25.2 Composition of the Blood
25.3 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
25.4 Buffers in the Body
25.5 The Blood–Brain Barrier
25.6 The Role of the Kidneys
Appendices
A The Elements
B Periodic Table of the Elements
C Useful Prefixes, Conversion Factors, Physical Constants, and Common Element Colors
D Useful Mathematical Concepts
Glossary
Index
List of How To’s (Online)
List of Selected Applications (Online)