دانلود کتاب ISE Microbiology: A Systems Approach

فهرست مطالب :

Cover Title Copyright Brief Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments Table of Contents 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology 1.1 The Scope of Microbiology 1.2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect Microbial Involvement in Shaping Our Planet 1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms 1.4 Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition INSIGHT 1.1: CLINICAL: Infections of the Heroin Epidemic 1.5 The General Characteristics of Microorganisms Cellular Organization 1.6 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology The Development of the Microscope: " Seeing Is Believing" The Establishment of the Scientific Method Deductive and Inductive Reasoning INSIGHT 1.2: MICROBIOME: What Is a Microbiome? The Development of Medical Microbiology 1.7 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms Nomenclature: Assigning Specific Names Classification: Constructing Taxonomy The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms A Universal Tree of Life Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 2 The Chemistry of Biology 2.1 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics Bonds and Molecules INSIGHT 2.1: MICROBIOME: Thanks to the Sponge, and Its Microbiome, for Letting Us Breathe INSIGHT 2.2: CLINICAL: Acidic Blood in Diabetes The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds 2.2 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes Proteins: Shapers of Life The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs 2.3 Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life Fundamental Characteristics of Cells Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 3 Tools of the Laboratory Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms 3.1 Methods of Culturing Microorganisms: The Five I's Inoculation: Producing a Culture Incubation Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory Isolation: Separating One Species from Another Rounding Out the Five I's: Inspection and Identification 3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small? Magnification and Microscope Design Principles of Light Microscopy INSIGHT 3.1: CLINICAL: A New Human Organ? Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes INSIGHT 3.2: MICROBIOME: Diabetic Wounds and Their Microbiome as Seen by Microscopy Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 4 Bacteria and Archaea 4.1 The Bacteria The Structure of a Generalized Bacterial Cell Bacterial Arrangements and Sizes INSIGHT 4.1: CLINICAL: Biofilms Complicate Infections 4.2 External Structures Appendages: Cell Extensions Surface Coatings: The S Layer and the Glycocalyx 4.3 The Cell Envelope: The Boundary Layer of Bacteria Differences in Cell Envelope Structure Structure of the Cell Wall Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure The Gram- Negative Outer Membrane The Gram Stain Practical Considerations of Differences in Cell Envelope Structure 4.4 Bacterial Internal Structure Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage 4.5 The Archaea 4.6 Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea INSIGHT 4.2: MICROBIOME: Archaea in the Human Microbiome Taxonomic Scheme Diagnostic Scheme Species and Subspecies in Bacteria and Archaea Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 5 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 5.1 Overview of the Eukaryotes Becoming Eukaryotic 5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures and Boundary Structures Appendages for Movement: Cilia and Flagella The Glycocalyx Boundary Structures 5.3 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures The Nucleus: The Control Center Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus: Nature's Assembly Line Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network Survey of Eukaryotic Microorganisms 5.4 The Fungi Fungal Nutrition Organization of Microscopic Fungi Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation Fungal Identification and Cultivation The Effects of Fungi on Humans and the Environment INSIGHT 5.1: MICROBIOME: Are Eukaryotic Microorganisms Part of Our Microbiome? 5.5 The Protists The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists Biology of the Protozoa INSIGHT 5.2: CLINICAL: Eukaryotic Pathogens: Neglected Parasitic Infections Classification of Selected Important Protozoa Protozoan Identification and Cultivation Important Protozoan Pathogens 5.6 The Helminths General Worm Morphology Life Cycles and Reproduction A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm Helminth Classification and Identification Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 6 Viruses and Prions 6.1 The Search for the Elusive Viruses 6.2 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum 6.3 The General Structure of Viruses Size Range Viral Components: Capsids, Envelopes, and Nucleic Acids INSIGHT 6.1: MICROBIOME: Are Viruses Part of the Microbiome? 6.4 How Viruses Are Classified and Named 6.5 Modes of Viral Multiplication Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses Viruses That Infect Bacteria INSIGHT 6.2: CLINICAL: Phage Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis 6.6 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses Using Live Animal Inoculation Using Bird Embryos Using Cell ( Tissue) Culture Techniques 6.7 Viruses and Human Health 6.8 Prions and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 7 Microbial Nutrition and Growth 7.1 Microbial Nutrition Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm Sources of Essential Nutrients How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types How Microbes Feed: Nutrient Absorption The Movement of Molecules: Diffusion and Transport The Movement of Water: Osmosis Active Transport: Bringing in Molecules Against a Gradient 7.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes Temperature INSIGHT 7.1: CLINICAL: Inducing Fever to Treat Infections Gases pH Osmotic Pressure Radiation and Hydrostatic Pressure and Moisture INSIGHT 7.2: MICROBIOME: The Great Oxidation Event and Earth’s Microbiome Other Organisms 7.3 The Study of Microbial Growth The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission The Rate of Population Growth The Population Growth Curve Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 8 Microbial Metabolism 8.1 The Metabolism of Microbes Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways 8.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy Energy in Cells A Closer Look at Oxidation and Reduction Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money 8.3 Catabolism: Getting Materials and Energy Overview of Catabolism Aerobic Respiration Pyruvic Acid: A Central Metabolite The Krebs Cycle: A Carbon and Energy Wheel The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Summary of Aerobic Respiration INSIGHT 8.1: CLINICAL: NADH Treats a Variety of Diseases Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation Catabolism of Noncarbohydrate Compounds 8.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism The Efficiency of the Cell Anabolism: Formation of Macromolecules Assembly of the Cell 8.5 Photosynthesis: It All Starts with Light INSIGHT 8.2: MICROBIOME: Electricity Eaters Light-Dependent Reactions Light-Dependent Reactions Other Mechanisms of Photosynthesis Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 9 Microbial Genetics 9.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity The Nature of the Genetic Material The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message The Significance of DNA Structure DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On 9.2 Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation The Gene-Protein Connection The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation INSIGHT 9.1: CLINICAL: Micro RNA: Tiny but Mighty Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different The Genetics of Animal Viruses 9.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria A Repressible Operon Phase Variation Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation 9.4 DNA Recombination Events Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria Pathogenicity Islands: Special " Gifts" of Horizontal Gene Transfer? 9.5 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code Causes of Mutations Categories of Mutations INSIGHT 9.2: MICROBIOME: Customizing the Microbiome Repair of Mutations The Ames Test Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 10 Genetic Analysis and Genetic Engineering 10.1 Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering DNA: The Raw Material Systems for Dicing, Splicing, and Reversing Nucleic Acids Analysis of DNA INSIGHT 10.1: MICROBIOME: Host Genetics and the Microbiome Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature 10.2 Products of Recombinant DNA Technology Genetically Modified Organisms 10.3 Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body Gene Therapy Small RNAs as Medicine CRISPR INSIGHT 10.2: CLINICAL: Gene Therapy Restoring Sight 10.4 DNA Analysis: Maps and Profiles Genome Sequencing Profiling Measuring Gene Expression: Microarrays Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes 11.1 Controlling Microorganisms General Considerations in Microbial Control Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms Methods of Microbial Control What Is Microbial Death? How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action 11.2 Methods of Physical Control Heat as an Agent of Microbial Control The Effects of Cold and Desiccation Radiation as a Microbial Control Agent INSIGHT 11.1: CLINICAL: Hospitals Using New Tools Against Bacteria Decontamination by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes Osmotic Pressure 11.3 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control Selecting a Microbicidal Chemical Factors Affecting the Microbicidal Activity of Chemicals Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group INSIGHT 11.2: MICROBIOME: Hand Hygiene Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 12 Antimicrobial Treatment 12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs Starting Treatment Identifying the Agent Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms The Art and Science of Choosing an Antimicrobial Drug 12.2 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe Mechanisms of Drug Action 12.3 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups Antibacterial Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Folic Acid Synthesis Antibacterial Drugs Targeting DNA or RNA Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Cell Membranes Antibiotics and Biofilms Agents to Treat Fungal Infections Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Treatment Antiviral Agents 12.4 Antimicrobial Resistance Interactions Between Microbes and Drugs: The Acquisition of Drug Resistance The Human Role in Antimicrobial Resistance An Urgent Problem INSIGHT 12.1: CLINICAL: Using Viruses as Antibiotics New Approaches to Antimicrobial Therapy 12.5 Interactions Between Drug and Host Toxicity to Organs Allergic Responses to Drugs Suppression and Alteration of the Microbiota by Antimicrobials INSIGHT 12.2: MICROBIOME: Do Antibiotics Make Us Fat? Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 13 Microbe–Human Interactions 13.1 The Human Host and Its Microbiome Colonization, Infection, Disease— A Continuum The Human Microbiome Project INSIGHT 13.1: MICROBIOME: Breast Cancer and the Breast Microbiome 13.2 When Colonization Leads to Disease Becoming Established: Step One— Portals of Entry Becoming Established: Step Two— Attaching to the Host and Interacting with the Microbiome Becoming Established: Step Three— Surviving Host Defenses Step Four— Causing Disease Step Five— Vacating the Host: Portals of Exit Long-Term Infections and Long- Term Effects The Course of an Infection 13.3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents Healthcare- Associated Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch's Postulates to Determine Etiology INSIGHT 13.2: CLINICAL: Cell Phones in Hospitals Tracking Disease in a Population Global Issues in Epidemiology Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 14 Host Defenses I Overview and Nonspecific Defenses 14.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host: An Overview Tissues, Organs, and Cells Participating in Immunity 14.2 The First Line of Defense Physical or Anatomical Barriers at the Body's Surface Nonspecific Chemical Defenses 14.3 The Second Line of Defense Phagocytosis: Cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity Inflammation: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury INSIGHT 14.1: MICROBIOME: Are We Treating Autoimmune Diseases Correctly? The Stages of Inflammation Fever: An Adjunct to Inflammation INSIGHT 14.2: CLINICAL: Fever: To Treat or Not to Treat? Antimicrobial Products Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 15 Host Defenses II Specific Immunity and Immunization 15.1 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense A Brief Overview of the Major Immune System Components Entrance and Presentation of Antigens Antigen Challenge and Clonal Selection 15.2 Step I: The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity Specific Events in T-Cell Development Specific Events in B-Cell Development Building Immunologic Diversity Clonal Deletion and Selection 15.3 Step II: Presentation of Antigens Characteristics of Antigens Encounters with Antigens The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation 15.4 Step III: Antigenic Challenge of T Cells and B Cells The Activation of T Cells and Their Differentiation into Subsets The Activation of B Cells: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production Step IV (1): The T-Cell Response T Helper (TH) Cells Regulatory T ( TR) Cells: Cells That Maintain the Happy Medium Cytotoxic T ( TC) Cells: Cells That Kill Other Cells INSIGHT 15.1: MICROBIOME: Cancer and the Microbiome Gamma- Delta T Cells Additional Cells with Orders to Kill 15.6 Step IV (2): The B-Cell Response The Structure of Immunoglobulins Antibody-Antigen Interactions and the Function of the Fab Functions of the Fc Fragment Accessory Molecules on Immunoglobulins The Classes of Immunoglobulins Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens 15.7 Specific Immunity and Vaccination Artificial Passive Immunization: Immunotherapy Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination Development of New Vaccines Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines Vaccinating: Who and When? INSIGHT 15.2: CLINICAL: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 16 Disorders in Immunity 16.1 The Immune Response: A Two- Sided Coin Hypersensitivity: Four Types 16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis INSIGHT 16.1: MICROBIOME: Asthma and the Airway—and Gut—Microbiome Who Is Affected, and How? The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms IgE-and Mast-Cell- Mediated Allergic Conditions Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction Diagnosis of Allergy Treatment of Allergy INSIGHT 16.2: CLINICAL: Take Two Hookworms and Call Me in the Morning 16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types Antibodies Against A and B Antigens The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance Other RBC Antigens 16.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease Types of Immune Complex Disease 16.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions Delayed Hypersensitivity to Microbes Contact Dermatitis T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation 16.6 An Inappropriate Response Against Self: Autoimmunity Possible Causes of Autoimmune Disease The Origins of Autoimmune Disease Examples of Autoimmune Disease 16.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 17 Diagnosing Infections 17.1 Preparation for the Survey of Microbial Diseases Phenotypic Methods Immunologic Methods Genotypic Methods 17.2 First Steps: Specimen Collection INSIGHT 17.1: MICROBIOME: The Human Microbiome Project and Diagnosis of Infection Overview of Laboratory Techniques 17.3 Phenotypic Methods Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen Methods Requiring Growth Determining Clinical Significance of Cultures 17.4 Immunologic Methods Different Kinds of Antigen- Antibody Interactions In Vivo Testing General Features of Immune Testing 17.5 Genotypic Methods Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR): The Backbone of New Diagnostics Hybridization: Probing for Identity Whole- Genome Sequencing Pulsed- Field Gel Electrophoresis: Microbial Fingerprints 17.6 Additional Diagnostic Technologies Lab on a Chip Mass Spectrometry INSIGHT 17.2: CLINICAL: Quick Test for Zika Imaging Entirely New Diagnostic Strategies Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes 18.1 The Skin and Its Defenses 18.2 Normal Biota of the Skin INSIGHT 18.1: MICROBIOME: C-Section Babies vs. Vaginally Delivered Babies 18.3 Skin Diseases Caused by Microorganisms INSIGHT 18.2: CLINICAL: Skin, Staph, and Strep 18.4 The Surface of the Eye and Its Defenses 18.5 Normal Biota of the Eye 18.6 Eye Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System 19.1 The Nervous System and Its Defenses 19.2 Normal Biota of the Nervous System 19.3 Nervous System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms INSIGHT 19.1: CLINICAL: Mysterious Polio-Like Disease INSIGHT 19.2: MICROBIOME: This Is Your Brain on Toxo Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 20.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Their Defenses The Cardiovascular System The Lymphatic System Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 20.2 Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 20.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms INSIGHT 20.1: CLINICAL: Ebola INSIGHT 20.2: MICROBIOME: Gut Microbiome and High Blood Pressure Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System 21.1 The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses 21.2 Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract INSIGHT 21.1: MICROBIOME: The Lungs Are Not Sterile 21.3 Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms 21.4 Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Affecting Both the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts INSIGHT 21.2: CLINICAL: Influenza: A Time Line 21.5 Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 22 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract 22.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Defenses 22.2 Normal Biota of the Gastrointestinal Tract INSIGHT 22.1: MICROBIOME: Crohn’s Disease and the Gut Microbiome 22.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms ( Nonhelminthic) 22.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Helminths General Clinical Considerations INSIGHT 22.2: CLINICAL: Right Here at Home: Neglected Parasitic Infections Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 23 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System 23.1 The Genitourinary Tract and Its Defenses 23.2 Normal Biota of the Genitourinary Tract Normal Biota of the Male Genital Tract Normal Biota of the Female Genital Tract INSIGHT 23.1: MICROBIOME: Save the World with the Vaginal Microbiome 23.3 Urinary Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms 23.4 Reproductive Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms INSIGHT 23.2: CLINICAL: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Infertility Before You Are Ready to Conceive Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Summing Up Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 24 Microbes and the Environment 24.1 Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life The Organization of Ecosystems Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems INSIGHT 24.1: CLINICAL: Microbiome of Decomposing Bodies Can Catch a Murderer 24.2 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements Atmospheric Cycles Sedimentary Cycles Other Forms of Cycling 24.3 Microbes on Land and in Water Environmental Sampling in the Genomic Era Soil Microbiology Deep Subsurface Microbiology Aquatic Microbiology INSIGHT 24.2: MICROBIOME: Novel Hot Spring Viruses Migrate on Water Droplets 24.4 The Concept of "One Health" Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study 25 Applied Microbiology and Food and Water Safety 25.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology INSIGHT 25.1: MICROBIOME: Bioremediation 25.2 Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment INSIGHT 25.2: CLINICAL: Preventing Diarrhea by Cleaning Up Muddy Water Water Monitoring to Prevent Disease 25.3 Microorganisms Making Food and Spoiling Food Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants Microbes in Milk and Other Dairy Products Microorganisms as Food Microbial Involvement in Foodborne Diseases Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage 25.4 Using Microorganisms to Make Things We Need From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories Substance Production Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up Study Smarter: Better Together Chapter Summary SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking Visual Connections High Impact Study APPENDIX A: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions inSmartGrid APPENDIX B: Exponents APPENDIX C: An Introduction to Concept Mapping Glossary Index