دانلود کتاب Kratos & Krater: Reconstructing an Athenian Protohistory

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Cover
Copyright Page
Fig. 1. Athens National Museum 990 krater epitymbion, Irian Gate Cemetery
Bookmark 354
Contents
List of Figures
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Terms & Abbreviations
Kratos & Krater – Introduction & Summary
Kratos & Krater: Antecedents
The Kratos & Krater in Iron Age Athens
The Rule of the Melantho-Codrids
Synoikismos
A New Form of Kratos: The First Athenian Constitution
Constitutional Monarchy
Polis
The Medontid takeover
The Termination of the Life-King Constitution, the Decline of the Neleids
A Proposal for a New Kings’ List Chronology
Eupatrid Relocation
The Neleid Resurgence
The Geometric Life-King List
Nomenclature
The Bronze Age Antecedents
The Early & Middle Helladic Phase
Commensality & Burial
The Palatial Kratos & Krater
The Settlement: The Role of the Krater in Commensality
The Settlement: The Role of the Krater in Sacraments
Funerary Ritual on the Hagia Triada Sarcophagos
The Burial Ground: The Role of the Krater in Funerary Ritual
The Status Aspects of Mortuary Rituals
The Post-Palatial Kratos
Mycenae’s ‘Last Flower of Mycenaean Civilization’
Tiryns: Discontinuity and Continuity
The Evolution of the Basileis
The Post-Palatial Krater
Ritual Kraters
Warrior Kraters
Funerary Kraters
Kraters in an Age of Decline
Krater Rituals Introduced to Athens
Fig. 2. Mycenae Lion Gate, 13th c. BC
Fig. 3. Linear B Clay Tablet
Fig. 4. Pouring blood libation into a krater, Hagia Triada Sarcophagos, c.1400 BC
Fig. 5. Peloponnesian krater found in Cyprus, 14th c. BC
Fig. 6. Model of the Post-palatial Oberburg of Tiryns
Fig. 7. LHIIIC Middle Close Style hydria from Mycenae
Fig. 8. Large LHIIIC krater from Grotta, Naxos
Fig. 9. Ceremonial krater from Lefkandi, Euboea
Fig. 10. Cretan LHIIIB-C krater with birds
Fig. 11. Krater from Ugarit, Levant, with fish sacrificed on an altar
Fig. 13. Palatial-era Battle Fresco from Pylos
Fig. 14. Krater with prothesis scene, reportedly a grave marker, from Ayia Triadha, Elis, LHIIIC Late
The Kratos of the Transitional Era
New Immigrant Foundations: Melanthid Kings
Main Early Iron Age Sites in Athens
The Kerameikos Precinct XX Cemetery
Melanthos, Neleid King, 1126-1089
A Reassesment of the Foundation Date of the Precinct XX Cemetery
The Precinct XX Wild Style Pottery
The Sacred Gate Cemetery
The Pompeion
Speculation on Athenian Governance during the Transitional Era
Peloponnesian Influences: Messenia and the Argolid
The Prytaneion
Tiryns
Cult
The Ionian Migration
Fig. 15. Surviving and newly-founded immigrant sites of transitional era Athens
Fig. 16. Wild Style model tripod from Precinct XX Gr. SM 4
Fig. 17. Wild Style krateriskos 23 from Precinct XX Gr. SM 1
Fig. 18. Wild Style model dowry chest from Precinct XX Gr. SM 22
Fig. 19. Precinct XX transitional-era tombs aligned with tomb (?) feature (star at left)
Fig. 20. Precinct XX section with cut for the Great Trench at right
Fig. 21. The entrance to the tomb feature, blocked and unblocked
Fig. 22. Birdseye view of tomb feature (star at left)
Fig. 23. LHIIIC Late bird krater from Malthi, pierced through the base for libation use
Fig. 24. LHIIIC Late bird krater from Mycenae, similarly pierced, and another from Tiryns
Fig. 25. 12th c krater with central checker panel flanked by spirals, from Kition Cyprus
Fig. 26. Characteristic motifs of the transitional-era Athenian Wild Style
Fig. 27. Messenian Wild Style pyxis from Tragana
Fig. 28. Ker. 770 SM Wild-Style bowl of Peloponnesian type from Precinct XX Gr. SM 13
Fig. 29. SM bowl Ker. 518, from the Great Mound
Fig. 30. Above, arcade motif on the shoulder of a LHIIIC Late vessel from Tiryns Megaron W. Below, fragments of Ker. 11238 from two or more similar SM Wild Style amphorae, c. 1100 BC
Fig. 31. Reconstruction of amphorae Ker. 11238 from the Great Mound
Fig. 32. Similar arcade motif on a Cypriote Proto-White Painted Amphora
Fig. 33. Atticizing pottery found in the destruction layer over the Mycenaean fortification wall of Miletus, one of the destinations of the Ionian Migration
The Kratos of the Iron Age
The Medontid Kings
Who was Medon?
The Medontid Nemeses: Eupatrids & the Areopagos Council
The Areopagos Council
The Iron Age Constitution
The Creation of the Constitution
The Context of the Constitution
The List of Athenian Life-Kings
The Credibility of the King List
The Search for Kings in the Burial Record
Speculation on the Non-Medontid Kings
The Non-Medontid Life Kings
Archippos (1012-993) and Thersippos (993-952)
The Early Alcmeonids
Phorbas (952-922), Alcmeonid?
Megacles (922-892)
Diognetos (892-864)
Pherecles (864-845)
Ariphron (845-825)
Thespieos (824-797)
Agamestor (796-778)
The Philaid Irian Gate Cemetery
Agamestor’s Burial, Irian Gate Precint Grave III
Aeschylus (778-755)
Alcmeon (753-752)
A Proposal for a New King List Chronology
Lower End Dating Support
The Termination of the Constitution
The Decline of the Neleids and their Krater Epitymbia
Fighting on Land & Sea: The Aeginetan Campaign, Pheidon, & Athenian Decline
The End of the Athenian ‘Renaissance’
The Aeginetan Campaign: The Destruction of Athenian Naval Power
The New York Sea Battle Krater
Grief, Anger and Destruction in Athens
Late Geometric II: The Second Medontid Rule
A New Burial Emplacment: The Plattenbau
Resurgent Eupatrids
The Alcmeonids’ New Archaic Burial Ground
The Kalaureian Amphictyony
Fig. 34. The Areopagos, its relationship with the Acropolis and geographical context
Fig. 35. Graph illustrating the rough prevalence of Kerameikos Iron Age kraters by phase
Fig. 36. Amphora urn adorned with a horse, from the ‘Phorbas’ burial Precinct XX Gr. PG 18
Fig. 37. Krater epitymbion 151 of the Jewel Workshop, found on Precinct Gr. G 2, assigned here to Life-King Megacles (922-892 BC)
Fig. 38. Tripod Stand of the Jewel Workshop found in Gr. G 2
Fig. 40. A Wild Style krater fragment from the fill of the 11th c. mausoleum of the ‘Hero of Lefkandi’
Fig. 41. MPG-LPG krater 67 found as an epitymbion on burial G 1 had seen settlement use
Fig. 42. Five-granary dowry chest and pendant gold earring from the Rich Lady Tomb on the Agora Areopagos slopes: Workshop of the Agora Rich Lady
Fig. 43. Foot of a large, LPG consortium krater of Athenian manufacture found at Eleusis
Fig. 44. Epitymbion Krater ANM 806 from Irian Gate elite precinct Gr. III, assigned here to Life-King Agamestor (797-778 BC). Pre-Dipylon Workshop
Fig. 45. Noblewoman’s Amphora ANM 805, found near the krater, and from the same workshop
Fig. 46. The lower zone of krater ANM 806, depicts likely funerary games: a chariot race with robed charioteers and apobates warriors in pursuit
Fig. 47. The Dipylon Vase, ANM 804, transitional from MGII-LGIa
Fig. 48. An Atticizing amphora neck imitative of the Dipylon Vase type from Euboea, depicting apobatase ‘war games’ similar to that on krater ANM 806, (specialized warriors practise leaping on and off the back of a speeding chariot during warfare)
Fig. 49. Chart comparing the traditional Coldstream and new Life-King chronologies
Fig. 50. The LGIb Dipylon Oinochoe, has an etched hexameter of poetry, the earliest datable Athenian inscription. Dated after 750 BC by Coldstream, and 755-752 BC by the Life-King Chronology
Fig. 51. East-west section through Precinct XX Grs. G 23, 24, 25, 26
Fig. 52. North-south section through Precinct XX Grs. G 13, 25, 26
Fig. 53. Kerameikos Precinct XX, Cemetery of the Melantho-Codrids and Alcmeonids, c. 1125-713 BC
Fig. 54. The 60-gallon consortium krater of Alcmeon 279 suggests the authority wielded by the Neleids prior to their decline. Erected as epitymbion on his burial Gr. G 24, it was soon thrown aside to remove his body from the burial
Fig. 55. Alcmeon’s remains in Gr. G 24 were cut off at the knee-caps, leaving only the lower sections of his legs in situ
Fig. 56. Brückner and Pernice’s representation of the original status of the Irian Gate Gr. III burial attributed here to Philaid Life-King Agamestot (796-778 BC)
Fig. 57. Kerameikos Sacred Way burial hS 290, with krater 284 shoved into the tomb on its side
Fig. 58. Fragments of LGIb-LGII funerary vessels found on the Acropolis
Fig. 59. Epitymbion krater ANM 295 with depiction of interior prothesis, found on the Acropolis
Fig. 60. The New York Metropolitan Museum Land and Sea Battle Krater
Fig. 61. Details of the New York battle krater. Above Side A has the ship still beached under assault, with fighting on deck man-to man, while the mast and sail are still stowed. Side B, the ship is readied to sail: a token swordsman, archer, and lancer,
Fig. 62. LGIa krater Louvre. A 530, may depict the same scene at the beach, with a warrior assisting the seated sailor
Fig. 63. A Mourning-cum-embarkation scene on a LGIIa Athenian oinochoe in Tasmania. Oinochoae became the canvas for scenes of warfare when figural krater eptymbia ceased in Athens following LGIb
Fig. 64. A reduced version of the NY battle krater scene on a LGII oinochoe in Karlsruhe
Fig. 65. ANM 810, a LGII funerary cauldron adorned with funerary games, demonstrates the revival of the Philaids elite funerary and pottery traditions at the end of the 8th c.
Fig. 66. A new Archaic extension from the Precinct XX site and the erection once more of kraters and steles on burials, demonstrates the resurgence of the Alcmeonids’ funerary traditions, which were more reliant on oriental decorative motifs
Fig. 67. The Alcmeonid Precinct XX Iron Age cemetery, and its Archaic successor. The spread of the ancestral Alcmeonid Precinct XX burial ground at right, across the intermediate Plattenbau to the Archaic cemetery at left, monumentalized by the erection o
The Athenian Iron Age Krater
An Introduction to the Krater
The Krater in Bronze Age Athens
Graves and Strayfinds
The Kerameikos Precinct XX Kraters
Reconstruction of the Krater Style and Sequence
The Iron Age Krater in Context
The Krater in the Settlement
Two Types of Krater
Krater Sizes & Uses
The Krater in Funerary Context
The Expansion of the Precinct XX Cemetery
Krater Libation
The Homeric Associations of Libation & Pyre Dousing
The Evolution of the Krater Epitymbion
Geometric Krater Epitymbia found in Situ
Kerameikos Strayfind Krater ‘Epitymbia’
The Mourner Krater: The Earliest Athenian Funerary Monument
‘Open Burial’
The Iron Age Krater Style
Bronze Age Predecessors
Kraters of the Transitional Years
Athenian Alltagsware
Athenian Nobelkeramik: the Wild Style of Precinct XX
Select Wild Style Vessels
The Earliest Athenian Krater Remains
The Early Protogeometric Kraters
The Munich Krater
The Culmination of the Protogeometric Style
Middle Protogeometric Kraters
MPG Kraters in Athens
Kraters at Lefkandi
The ‘Phorbas’ Krater
Late Protogeometric Kraters
The LPG Standard Type I Krater
The Late Protogeometric Kantharoid Krater (Type II)
Early Geometric Kraters (922-864)
The EG Type I Krater
The EG Type II Krater
Middle Geometric Kraters
The MG Type I Krater
The MG Type II Krater
Late Geometric Kraters
The LG Krater Type I
Other Krater Types
The LG Krater Type II
Geometric Krater Workshops
The Jewel Workshop (LPG-EGI)
The Rich Lady Workshop (EGII-MGII)
The Group of Ker. 1247 (205, MGI-II)
The Pre-Dipylon Workshop
The Transitional Dipylon Workshop MGII-LGIa
The Dipylon Workshop
Type II krater 279 (Fig. 54)
Workshop Continuity
Fig. 68. The Athenian Kerameikos excavation site
Fig. 69. Reconstruction: photo and graphic elements are combined to recreate krater 176 from its fragments
Fig. 70. Newly found fragments of the Mourner Krater 193 allow recovery of the decorative scheme of its lower bowl
Fig. 71. The Iron Age repaired valuable kraters with lead clamps to retain them in service
Fig. 72. Size comparisons for the largest Bronze Age krater, the Grotta krater from Naxos and three Athenian kraters of the Iron Age (LPG 67, MG 200, LG 279)
Fig. 73. Decanting from a large bronze krater, its brilliance represented by the radiating lines emanating from its surface. Depiction on a vase from Kaloriziki Cyprus
Fig. 74. Remains of epitymbia on Precinct XX burials, kraters for noble males and amphorae for females
Fig. 75. Top of krater foot 129, slashed to aid adhesion during the fabrication process
Fig. 76. Three Attic epitymbion kraters with mourning figures in the spandrel above the handle: Krater 193 from Precinct XX, a krater from Attic Trachones, and the New York battle krater
Fig. 77. The Mourner Krater 193 detailing special epitymbion features in the fabrication of its foot
Fig. 78. Protogeometric amphora fragment Ker. 11515b with remains of a horse motif, found probably as an insignia of rank and descent on Neleid vases
Fig. 79. Section of a krater in an open burial trench, with the cremation ash and urn below
Fig. 80. Remains of three krater epitymbia feet: 201 with intact base, 59 and 253 with interior weathering, exterior glaze pristine
Fig. 81. To protect epitymbion kraters from water damage, holes were often broken through the bases to allow drainage. At right, Late Geometric figural krater 284 fabricated to stand as an epitymbion, with a hole neatly cut in its base by the potter befor
Fig. 82. Cross section of the mid-12th c. Warrior Vase of Mycenae, the antecedent of the ancestral Type I Iron Age krater
Fig. 83. Symbolic dowry chest and lekythos in Wild Style, from the transitional Precinct XX burial of a noblewoman buried in Gr. SM 22
Fig. 84. LHIIIC Late Octopus Style stirrup jar ANM 5649, from the Kerameikos Dipylon Gate
Fig. 85. Wild Style krateriskoi 8, 23
Fig. 86. Wild Style transitional fragments of krater ANM 212 and amphora ANM 213 from the Acropolis
Fig. 87. Transitional-era Wild Style motifs
Fig. 88. Late Wild Style situla Ker. 543 from the Great Mound at Precinct XX
Fig. 89. Transitional-era Wild Style krater 11 and reconstruction
Fig. 90. Transitional-era Wild Style krater ANM 273 found on the Acropolis
Fig. 92. Ker. 11238 transitional-era Wild Style amphora with arcade motif reconstruction based on fragments
Fig. 93. SM 17 neck profile
Fig. 95. Transitional strayfind Kerameikos krater fragments
Fig. 96. Bilingual amphora Ker. 233 combines manual semicircles with compass drawn circles
Fig. 97. The Late Wild Style Munich Krater 6157
Fig. 98. Fragment of a large Attic krater from Paros
Fig. 99. Kerameikos strayfind remains of common Protogeometric circles kraters
Fig. 102. Krater fragments and reconstruction of 39, from pyre of Gr. MPG 30
Fig. 103. Kerameikos strayfind sherds of LPG date
Fig. 104. Krater fragments from the fill of the tenth c chieftain’s house tomb at Lefkandi, where the Wild Style lasted longer than in Athens
Fig. 106. British Museum 1950.2-28.3, a LPG pithoid form of the Jewel Workshop
Fig. 107. A large LPG kantharoid krater of the Jewel Workshop, ANM 18114, which anticipates the Geometric Type II krater
Fig. 108. Type I Krater ANM 272, LPG transitional to EGI, from the Acropolis
Fig. 110. A selection of EG krater sherds
Fig. 111. Early Geometric Attic or Atticizing Type II krater from Argos
Fig. 112. Reconstruction of an imported, Attic EGII, Type II krater found in the Lefkandi cemetery
Fig. 113. Reconstruction of MGI, Type I Krater 176 of the Agora Rich Lady Workshop
Fig. 114ab Section profile and bowl sherds of krater 176
Fig. 115. Hypothetical reconstruction of Type I krater 205, Ker. 1247, of the Group of Kerameikos 1247
Fig. 116. MGI-II, Athenian Type II krater from Eleusis
Fig. 117ab MGI-II, Type II Krater 200 of the early Pre-Dipylon Workshop and its profile section
Fig. 118. Generic profile based on the smaller, spouted LGII domestic krater remains 291-300
Fig. 119. Early Geometric giant oinochoe of the Jewel Workshop c. 900 BC, found on Piraeus St. Athens
Fig. 120. Agora P 27629, eponymous amphora of the Workshop of the Early Geometric Agora Rich Lady
Fig. 121ab Hypothetical Reconstruction of the large Type II krater 239-240, of the MGII Intermediate Pre-Dipylon Workshop
Fig. 122ab Reconstruction of Large Type II, MGII krater 232 of the Intermediate Pre-Dipylon Workshop
Fig. 123ab MG II ovoid krater and profile reconstruction
Fig. 124ab Hypothetical reconstruction of the large, Type I, LGIa epitymbion krater 284
Fig. 125. LGIb-II epitymbion krater New York Metropolitan Museum 14.13.15.1
Fig. 126. LGII epitymbion krater from Trachones, Piraeus Museum
Fig. 127. Kerameikos Cat. 3, Inv. 5400
Fig. 128. Kerameikos Cat. 8, Inv. 9046
Fig. 129. Kerameikos Cat. 9, Inv. 9752
Fig. 130. Kerameikos Cat. 11, Inv. 5414
Fig. 131. Kerameikos Cat. 12a, Inv. 5485a
Fig. 132. Kerameikos Cat. 12b, Inv. 5485b
Fig. 133. Kerameikos Cat. 13, Inv. 5445
Fig. 134. Kerameikos Cat. 14, Inv. 916
Fig. 135. Kerameikos Cat. 17, Inv. 9054
Fig. 135. Kerameikos Cat. 18, Inv. 5415
Fig. 135. Kerameikos Cat. 19, Inv. 7723
Fig. 135. Kerameikos Cat. 22, Inv. 5402
Fig. 136. Kerameikos Cat. 23, Inv. 532
Fig. 137. Kerameikos Cat. 24, Inv. 5432
Fig. 138. Kerameikos Cat. 36, Inv. 7727
Fig. 139. Kerameikos Cat. 37, Inv. 7716
Fig. 140. Kerameikos Cat. 40, Inv. 5417
Fig. 141. Kerameikos Cat. 43, Inv. 11515
Fig. 142-3. Kerameikos Cat. 55, Inv. 5448; Cat. 56, Inv. 5449
Fig. 144. Kerameikos Cat. 57, Inv. 739a
Fig. 145. Kerameikos Cat. 58, Inv. 5443
Fig. 146. Kerameikos Cat. 59, Inv. 5444
Fig. 147. Kerameikos Cat. 62, Inv. 5440ab
Fig. 148. Kerameikos Cat. 66, Inv. 609
Fig. 149. Kerameikos Cat. 68, Inv. 5428
Fig. 150. Kerameikos Cat. 80, Inv. 5420
Fig. 151. Kerameikos Cat. 84, Inv. 5426
Fig. 152. Kerameikos Cat. 85, Inv. 5416
Fig. 153. Kerameikos Cat. 91, Inv. 6314
Fig. 154. Kerameikos Cat. 104, Inv. 5466
Fig. 155. Kerameikos Cat. 105, Inv. 6313
Fig. 156. Kerameikos Cat. 117, Inv. 5472
Fig. 157. Kerameikos Cat. 123, Inv. 919
Fig. 158. Kerameikos Cat. 125, Inv. 6446
Fig. 159. Kerameikos Cat. 126, Inv. 5447
Fig. 160. Kerameikos Cat. 129, Inv. 10578
Fig. 161. Kerameikos Cat. 130, Inv. 5469
Fig. 162. Kerameikos Cat. 132, Inv. 930
Fig. 163. Kerameikos Cat. 138, Inv. 1291
Fig. 164. Kerameikos Cat. 139, Inv. 5492
Fig. 165. Kerameikos Cat. 141, Inv. 1294
Fig. 166. Kerameikos Cat. 142, Inv. 1292
Fig. 167. Kerameikos Cat. 147, Inv. 5425
Fig. 168. Kerameikos Cat. 152, Inv. 5431
Fig. 169. Kerameikos Cat. 156, Inv. 5453, 5467
Fig. 170. Kerameikos Cat. 161, Inv. 5462
Fig. 171. Kerameikos Cat. 162, Inv. 5494
Fig. 172. Kerameikos Cat. 163, Inv. 5487
Fig. 173. Kerameikos Cat. 169, Inv. 5486
Fig. 174. Kerameikos Cat. 171, Inv. 5488
Fig. 175. Kerameikos Cat. 172, Inv. 5499
Fig. 176. Kerameikos Cat. 174, Inv. 1187
Fig. 177. Kerameikos Cat. 177, Inv. 5471
Fig. 178. Kerameikos Cat. 178, Inv. 7773
Fig. 179. Kerameikos Cat. 194, Inv. 7771
Fig. 180. Kerameikos Cat. 195, Inv. 871
Fig. 181. Kerameikos Cat. 198, Inv. 8811
Fig. 182. Kerameikos Cat. 199, Inv. 5500
Fig. 183. Kerameikos Cat. 201, Inv. 865
Fig. 184. Kerameikos Cat. 202, Inv. 8833
Fig. 185. Kerameikos Cat. 203, Inv. 7757
Fig. 186. Kerameikos Cat. 204, Inv. 8848
Fig. 187. Kerameikos Cat. 221, Inv. 5489
Fig. 188. Kerameikos Cat. 223, Inv. 5490
Fig. 189. Kerameikos Cat. 227, Inv. 7765
Fig. 192. Kerameikos Cat. 246, Inv. 8872
Fig. 193. Kerameikos Cat. 289, Inv. 8893
Fig. 194. Kerameikos Cat. 291, Inv. 789
Fig. 195. Kerameikos Cat. 292, Inv. 1143
Fig. 196. Kerameikos Cat. 294, Inv. 1329
Fig. 198. Kerameikos Cat. 300, Inv. 1336
Fig. 199. Kerameikos Cat. 307, Inv. 8814
The Krater Catalogue
Kerameikos Krater Sites
Precinct XX & the Hagia Triada Great Mound
The Character & Source of the Finds
Submycenaean Wild Style Amphorae
The Kraters
Concordance:
Concordance, Kraters & Kerameikos Locations
Bibliography
Iilustration Sources & Credits
Endplate Captions