دانلود کتاب Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective

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Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 5
Editor......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Contents......Page 12
References......Page 14
Introduction of the Ecosystem Concept......Page 16
Metabolism in Lakes......Page 18
Food-Web Analysis......Page 20
Biogeochemistry......Page 22
Conclusion......Page 24
Glossary......Page 25
Horizontal Zonation: Littoral and Pelagic......Page 26
Vertical Zonation: Water Column, Sediments, and the Benthic Interface......Page 27
Seasonal Zonation: Vertical Layering Based on Density......Page 29
Zones with Dynamic Dimensions: Euphotic and Aphotic......Page 30
Overview......Page 31
Glossary......Page 32
Lake morphometry......Page 33
Wind patterns......Page 34
Retention capacity of the littoral zone......Page 35
The Biota of the Littoral Zone......Page 36
Macrophytes......Page 37
Terrestrial - Littoral Links......Page 38
Littoral - Pelagic Links......Page 39
Further Reading......Page 40
Composition and Biological Traits of the Lacustrine Zoobenthos......Page 42
Variation within Lakes......Page 45
Variation across Lakes......Page 49
Roles of the Lacustrine Zoobenthos......Page 50
Applied Issues......Page 52
Glossary......Page 54
Glossary......Page 55
Trophic Levels and Trophic Positions......Page 56
Use of Trophic Guilds to Analyze the Trophic Structure of Food Webs......Page 57
Trophic Transfer Efficiency......Page 58
Food Quality and Quantity......Page 59
Transfer Efficiency along the Size Gradient in Pelagic Food Webs......Page 60
Glossary......Page 61
Basics of Eutrophication......Page 62
Changes in Primary Producers......Page 63
Changes in Consumers......Page 64
Oligotrophication......Page 66
Case Study 1......Page 67
Case Study 2......Page 68
Further Reading......Page 69
Relevant Websites......Page 70
Sediments......Page 71
Retrieving Sediment Cores......Page 72
Dating Sediment Cores......Page 73
The 'Top-Bottom ' or 'Before and After' Approach......Page 74
Paleolimnological Indicators......Page 75
Determining the Environmental Optima of Indicators......Page 77
Paleolimnological Applications......Page 78
Relevant Websites......Page 79
Basin Integrity......Page 80
Ice Cover......Page 81
In-Lake Effects......Page 82
Vertical Habitat Structure......Page 83
Fish Communities and Migration......Page 84
Further Reading......Page 85
Introduction: Basic Concepts and Problems in Modeling of Lake Ecosystems......Page 86
Classical Lake Modeling: The Vollenweider Approach......Page 87
Recent Developments in Mass-Balance Modeling......Page 89
Improvement in Modeling Practices......Page 90
The Future of Lake Ecosystem Modeling......Page 91
Glossary......Page 92
Water Movements - The Concept of Scale......Page 94
Small-Scale Turbulence......Page 95
Physical Influences on the Size and Structure of Organisms......Page 96
Mixed Layer Depth and the Maintenance of Non-motile Plankton......Page 97
Nutrient Fluxes at the Microscale......Page 98
Further Reading......Page 100
Background......Page 101
Comparative Mixing Dynamics: The Upper Mixed Layer......Page 104
Comparison of arctic and tropical lakes......Page 106
Mixing during the stratified period in small temperate lakes......Page 107
Mixing Dynamics: Thermocline and Hypolimnion......Page 108
Further Reading......Page 109
Circulation Patterns......Page 111
Temperature Stratification......Page 112
Thermobaric Stratification......Page 113
Salinity Stratification......Page 114
Processes Forming Gradients of Dissolved Substances......Page 115
Nomenclature......Page 116
Stability......Page 117
Differential Quantities......Page 118
Bulk Quantities......Page 119
Further Reading......Page 120
Relevant Websites......Page 121
Density Stratification and Mixing - the Small Scale......Page 122
Turbulence Production in the Surface and Bottom Boundaries......Page 125
Internal Waves and Turbulence in the Stratified Interior......Page 127
Turbulent Energy Flux through the Water Column - Synthesis......Page 128
Further Reading......Page 129
The Turbulent BBL......Page 130
Effects of Bottom Roughness......Page 132
2-Dimensional Mixing Processes in Enclosed Basins......Page 133
The Diffusive Sublayer......Page 134
Effects of Small-Scale Sediment Topography......Page 136
Particle Dynamics......Page 137
Glossary......Page 138
Characteristics of Density Currents......Page 139
River Inflows......Page 141
Interbasin Exchange......Page 142
Thermal Bar......Page 143
Thermal Baricity......Page 145
Impact of Changes in the Environmental Conditions on Density Currents and Deep-Water Renewal......Page 146
Further Reading......Page 147
Wind Set-Up of the Free Surface......Page 148
Wind Set-Up of the Internal Stratification......Page 149
Wedderburn and Lake Numbers......Page 151
Horizontal modes......Page 152
Vertical modes......Page 154
Internal Modes in a Continuous Stratification......Page 155
Degeneration of Basin-Scale Internal Waves in Lakes......Page 156
Regime 4: Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows......Page 157
Regime 2: Solitary Waves......Page 159
Shoaling of Nonlinear Internal Waves......Page 160
Progressive Internal Wave Rays in a Continuous Stratification......Page 161
Resonant and Forced Internal Waves......Page 162
Analysis of Timeseries Data......Page 163
Summary......Page 165
Further Reading......Page 167
Introduction......Page 168
Gravity Waves......Page 169
Current Structure and Measurement......Page 173
Vorticity Waves......Page 174
Nomenclature......Page 175
Glossary......Page 176
Introduction......Page 177
Lateral and Vertical Circulations......Page 178
Wind Setup......Page 179
Topographic Gyres in Homogenous Basins......Page 180
Topographic Waves in Homogenous Bodies......Page 181
Spatial Variability of Wind Forcing......Page 183
Vertical Circulation......Page 184
Circulation Patterns in Natural Systems (Lakes and Reservoirs)......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 190
Meromixis as a Pattern......Page 192
Cryogenic Meromixis (Type V)......Page 193
Selected Examples......Page 202
Further Reading......Page 203
Introduction......Page 206
Ice scour......Page 208
Ice dam......Page 209
Thaw......Page 210
Fault block......Page 211
Volcanic......Page 212
Volcanic dam......Page 213
Fluvial dam......Page 214
Landslide dam......Page 216
Further Reading......Page 217
Morphometric Parameters......Page 218
Lake Shapes......Page 220
Changes with Time......Page 221
Ancient Time plus Size......Page 222
Volcanic Lakes......Page 223
Aeolian Lakes......Page 224
Glossary......Page 225
Global Distribution of Reservoirs......Page 226
Recreational Reservoirs......Page 228
Hydrology of Reservoirs......Page 229
Ecological Development of Reservoirs......Page 230
Further Reading......Page 233
Relevant Websites......Page 234
Historical Estimates of Limnicity......Page 235
Modern Analyses of Limnicity and Lake Size Distribution......Page 238
Impoundments......Page 242
Conclusions......Page 243
Further Reading......Page 244
Salinity......Page 245
South America......Page 248
Africa......Page 249
Antarctica......Page 250
Fish......Page 251
Economic Uses......Page 252
The Aral Sea......Page 253
Other Saline Lakes......Page 254
Further Reading......Page 255
Formation and diversity......Page 256
Formation and diversity......Page 258
Formation and diversity......Page 259
Formation and diversity......Page 260
Location......Page 261
Formation and diversity......Page 262
Formation and diversity......Page 264
Conclusions......Page 265
Further Reading......Page 266
Relevant Websites......Page 267
History......Page 268
Arctic Lake Ecosystems......Page 269
Solar Radiation......Page 270
Major Ions......Page 271
Seasonal Variability......Page 272
Productivity......Page 274
The Future of Arctic Lakes......Page 276
Nomenclature......Page 278
Relevant Websites......Page 279
Formation, Diversity, and Distribution of Inland Waters North of the Sahara......Page 280
Daya......Page 281
Garaet......Page 282
Sebkha, Oglet, and Chott......Page 283
Birket (or Birkat)......Page 284
Oases......Page 285
Plankton......Page 286
Environmental Change in North African Lakes......Page 287
Further Reading......Page 289
Physical and chemical factors......Page 291
Algae......Page 292
Zooplankton......Page 293
Species diversity......Page 295
Biodiversity and Conservation......Page 296
Distribution......Page 297
Formation......Page 298
Diversity......Page 299
Algae......Page 301
Zooplankton......Page 302
Further Reading......Page 303
Relevant Websites......Page 304
Lakes and Reservoirs of Asia (Formation, Diversity, Distribution)......Page 305
Natural Lakes......Page 307
Further Reading......Page 316
Features and Origins of Natural Lakes......Page 317
Lake Facts in Brief......Page 319
Hydro-Electricity in Tasmania, Australia......Page 320
Lake Manapouri, New Zealand......Page 321
Lake Pedder and the Fight for Conservation......Page 322
Lake Ecology......Page 323
Eutrophication......Page 324
Lake Rotoiti - a Large Volcanic Lake in Central North Island......Page 325
Contaminants of Concern......Page 326
Further Reading......Page 327
Climate......Page 328
Land Use......Page 331
Atmospheric Deposition......Page 332
Lakes in the Boreal Region......Page 333
Lakes in the Alpine Region......Page 334
European Lakes of Special Interest......Page 336
Further Reading......Page 337
The Great Lakes Region......Page 338
Tectonic basins......Page 341
Unglaciated interior plains......Page 342
Hydroelectric power in Canada......Page 343
Transformation of the North American Hydrologic Landscape......Page 345
Relevant Websites......Page 346
Climate......Page 347
Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 348
Temperate mountain lakes......Page 350
Temperate lowland lakes......Page 353
Reservoirs......Page 354
Highlights......Page 356
Further Reading......Page 357
Definition of Shallow Lakes and Ponds and World Distribution......Page 358
Alternative States Hypothesis......Page 359
Functioning of Shallow Lakes and Ponds: Nutrient Dynamics and Retention......Page 361
Trophic Interactions in the Pelagial......Page 362
Littoral-Pelagic Coupling: Horizontal Migration of Zooplankton......Page 363
Benthic-Pelagic Coupling......Page 364
Functioning of Shallow Waters in Different Climatic Regions......Page 365
Cold Lakes......Page 366
Mediterranean Lakes......Page 367
Further Reading......Page 368
General introduction......Page 369
Criteria for assessment......Page 371
General introduction......Page 376
Criteria for assessment......Page 377
Quality criteria for pollutants recommended by US EPA......Page 385
Criteria for assessment......Page 386
General introduction......Page 387
Criteria for assessment......Page 388
Conclusion......Page 389
Relevant Websites......Page 390
Similarities and Differences among Shallow Lakes, Deep Lakes, and Reservoirs......Page 391
Physico-Chemical Methods......Page 392
Aluminum, iron, and calcium treatment......Page 394
Hypolimnetic oxidation......Page 397
Water level alterations......Page 400
Combating nuisance plant growth......Page 401
Mussels and lake restoration......Page 402
Differences in Lake Restoration Strategies in Cold and Warm Climate Regions......Page 403
Further Reading......Page 404
Major Emergent Patterns in the Matrix......Page 406
Biological Invasions......Page 409
Further Reading......Page 410
Simple Theory Versus Complex Real Ecosystems......Page 411
The risk of increased recruitment of young fish......Page 412
Expansion of submerged macrophytes......Page 413
Benthic invertebrates and waterfowl......Page 414
What is a Successful Biomanipulation?......Page 415
Synthesis - What Happens after a Biomanipulation?......Page 416
Further Reading......Page 417
Human Diseases and Freshwater Vectors......Page 418
Insect Vectors of Human Disease......Page 419
Snails and Crustacenas as Intermediate Hosts of Human Disease......Page 420
Habitats of Human-Disease Vectors......Page 421
Vector Control Strategies......Page 422
Human Culture, Freshwater Vectors and Disease......Page 424
Glossary......Page 425
Glossary......Page 426
Status of Freshwater Biodiversity......Page 427
Major Threats......Page 428
Conservation Strategies......Page 431
Integrated Water Resources Management and Integrated River Basin Management......Page 432
Protected Areas......Page 433
Restoration......Page 434
Relevant Websites......Page 435
Classification of Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital......Page 437
Rivers and Estuaries......Page 439
Issues in Ecosystem Service Assessment and Valuation......Page 440
Conclusions......Page 441
Glossary......Page 442
Water Conflict and Cooperation......Page 443
Overcoming the Costs of Non- Cooperation: From Rights to Needs to Interests......Page 444
From Rights and Needs to Interests: 'Baskets of Benefits'......Page 445
Conventions, Declarations, and Organizational Developments......Page 446
Legal Principles......Page 447
Institutional Developments in Basin-level Transboundary Water Management......Page 448
Further Reading......Page 450
Subject Index......Page 452