دانلود کتاب Land Use Change and Mountain Biodiversity

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Front Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
Anthropogenic Highland Ecosystems......Page 18
Drivers of Highland Ecology (with Special Reference to the Tropics and Subtropics)......Page 20
Grazing the Highlands: The Two Sides of the Coin......Page 23
The Nature and Cause of Tussock Grass Dominance......Page 27
Biomass and Productivity......Page 29
Functional Diversity......Page 30
Needed Next Steps......Page 31
Summary......Page 32
References......Page 33
Effects of Fire on Mountain Biodiversity......Page 38
Geology and Climate......Page 40
Incidence of Fire......Page 42
Plant Communities......Page 43
Density and Frequency of Treeline Species......Page 44
Relations between Distribution and Ecological Characters of Treeline Species and Their Environmental Factors......Page 47
Recent Incidence of Fire......Page 48
Implications of Incidence of Fire to Vegetation Dynamics......Page 49
Summary......Page 50
References......Page 53
Introduction......Page 54
Study Area......Page 55
Data Analysis......Page 56
Results......Page 57
Discussion......Page 60
References......Page 62
Introduction......Page 66
Land Use and Vegetation......Page 67
Recent Frequency of Fires......Page 74
Influence of Fire on Low-Altitude Forests......Page 75
Influence of Fire on High-Altitude Forests......Page 76
Discussion......Page 80
Summary......Page 81
References......Page 82
Study Area......Page 84
Proportions of Subfamilies within Geometridae......Page 85
Alpha-Diversity......Page 86
Beta-Diversity......Page 87
Summary......Page 89
References......Page 90
Introduction......Page 92
Geographical Setting and Methods......Page 93
Food Availability (Rodentia)......Page 94
Order of Recolonization of Small Mammals in the Burned Forest......Page 96
Insight into Small-Mammal Communities of the Control and Burned Areas......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 100
References......Page 101
Introduction......Page 104
Sampling Design and Data Analysis......Page 105
Results......Page 106
Discussion......Page 110
Summary......Page 112
References......Page 113
Effects of Grazing on Mountain Biodiversity......Page 116
Introduction......Page 118
Expression of the Biota and the Distribution of Species Richness of Spermatophytes in the Páramo Belts......Page 119
Floristic Communities......Page 121
Humid Páramo......Page 122
Ranking of the Páramo Biota in Colombia......Page 123
Endangered Species and Vegetation Types......Page 125
Transformation of the Habitat......Page 126
Future of the Colombian Páramo - Alternatives for Its Preservation......Page 128
Summary......Page 129
References......Page 130
Introduction......Page 134
Study Area......Page 135
Analysis of the Data......Page 136
Plant Biomass, Vegetation Height, and Percentage of Bare Soil......Page 137
Plant Species Richness......Page 140
Response of Individual Species......Page 141
Discussion......Page 146
Summary......Page 148
References......Page 149
Introduction......Page 152
Methods......Page 153
Grazing Areas and Animal Management......Page 154
Use of Pastoral Space......Page 155
Grazing and Vegetation Patterns......Page 157
The Use of Pastoral Space and Its Grazing Impact......Page 159
Summary......Page 163
References......Page 164
Introduction......Page 168
Livestock Holding......Page 170
Grazing Systems......Page 171
Methods......Page 172
Range Condition......Page 174
Carrying Capacity and Actual Land Use......Page 176
Relationship between Spatial Distribution of Plant Species and Microenvironmental Variables......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
References......Page 179
Introduction......Page 182
Methods......Page 183
Vegetation......Page 184
The Ecological Condition of Rangelands......Page 185
Results and Discussion......Page 186
Diversity Indices......Page 187
Socioeconomic Characteristics and Forage Balance......Page 189
Study Zone......Page 191
Restoration of Bofedales......Page 193
Summary......Page 197
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 202
Study Area......Page 203
Results......Page 204
Discussion......Page 209
References......Page 210
Introduction......Page 214
Study Area......Page 215
Methods......Page 217
Physiognomy and Vegetation Characteristics......Page 218
Forage Availability, Utilization, and Assessment of Grazing Lands......Page 219
Discussion......Page 221
Summary......Page 223
References......Page 224
Introduction......Page 226
The Snowy Mountains Case History......Page 227
Impacts on Biodiversity......Page 229
Impacts on Soils and Waterways......Page 231
History of Recovery......Page 232
Costs and Opportunity Costs......Page 233
Summary......Page 234
References......Page 235
Flora and Vegetation......Page 240
Land Use and Desertification......Page 242
Deforestation of Juniper Woods......Page 243
Grazing and Desert Pastures of the West Pamir......Page 244
The Teresken Syndrome in Eastern Pamir......Page 245
Desertification and Loss of Species......Page 248
Acknowledgments......Page 250
References......Page 252
Pastures and Grazing Areas......Page 254
Survey of Pasture Types......Page 255
Summer Cryophilic (Alpine) Pastures and Heath......Page 256
Summer Steppe (Mountain and High- Mountain Pastures)......Page 257
Swamp and Meadow Summer Pastures......Page 258
Autumn-Winter Desert Pastures with Artemisia and Ceratoides in High Mountains......Page 259
Conclusions and Future Aspects......Page 260
References......Page 261
Study Site......Page 264
Structure and Species Composition of Grazed and Ungrazed Forests......Page 265
Impact of Cattle on Young Trees......Page 266
Impact of Cattle on Young Trees......Page 267
Discussion......Page 268
References......Page 272
Effects of Grazing on Mountain Forests......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
Data Analysis......Page 279
Results......Page 282
Discussion......Page 283
References......Page 286
Introduction......Page 290
Collection and Processing of Samples......Page 291
Variation in Precipitation......Page 292
Discussion......Page 294
Acknowledgments......Page 296
References......Page 297
Land Use Effects on Mountain Biodiversity: Socioeconomic Aspects......Page 298
Introduction......Page 300
Case Study 1: Mnweni Mountain Catchment......Page 302
Case Study 2: Communal Grazing in Okhombe......Page 303
Summary......Page 305
References......Page 306
Introduction......Page 308
Pasture Management......Page 310
Livestock Grazing......Page 311
Wildlife-Livestock Competition......Page 313
Biodiversity Loss and Habitat Degradation......Page 316
Harvesting Pressure......Page 317
Conclusion......Page 318
References......Page 319
Introduction......Page 322
Methods......Page 323
Páramo Ecological Belts and Water Supply......Page 324
Agricultural Intensification and Successional Dynamics in the High- Andean Páramo......Page 325
Scale Integration: Rural Development and Wetland Conservation in the High-Andean Belt......Page 330
Summary......Page 331
References......Page 332
Introduction......Page 334
Methods......Page 335
Land Use Impact......Page 336
Cultivated Land Distribution and Diversity......Page 338
Wealth Distribution and Nutrition......Page 339
Species Richness and Distribution of Cultivated Species......Page 340
Historical Perspective......Page 341
Population and Land Use......Page 342
Threatened Species......Page 343
References......Page 344
Appendix I......Page 347
Synthesis......Page 350
Fire and Diversity in the Highlands......Page 352
Grazing and Mountain Biodiversity......Page 355
Conclusion......Page 359
References......Page 361
Highland Cropping, Hunting and Gathering, and Medicinal Plants......Page 364
Research Implementation......Page 365
E......Page 366
L......Page 367
R......Page 368
Z......Page 369
B......Page 370
D......Page 371
G......Page 372
M......Page 373
P......Page 374
T......Page 375
Z......Page 376
U......Page 377