دانلود کتاب Life Cycle Assessment in the Chemical Product Chain: Challenges, Methodological Approaches and Applications

فهرست مطالب :

Foreword\n The Italian LCA Network\n The Working Group ‘Chemical Processes and Products’\nPreface\n Part I—Transversal Modelling Issues in LCA for Chemicals\n Part II—Application of LCA in Chemicals Process Modelling\nContents\nTransversal Modelling Issues in LCA for Chemicals\n1 The Availability of Suitable Datasets for the LCA Analysis of Chemical Substances\n Abstract\n 1.1 Introduction\n 1.2 Life Cycle Inventory Approaches for Chemicals\n 1.3 Bottom-Up Approaches\n 1.3.1 Direct Data Collection and Existing LCI Databases\n 1.3.2 Process-Based Methods\n 1.3.2.1 Process Chemistry\n 1.3.2.2 Conceptual Process Design and Scale-Up Methods\n 1.3.2.3 Process Simulation\n 1.3.3 Dedicated LCI Software\n 1.4 Top-Down Approach\n 1.4.1 Economic Input–Output Analysis\n 1.4.1.1 Mathematical Structure of Economic Input-Output Life-Cycle Assessment\n 1.4.1.2 EIO-LCA Applied to Chemicals\n 1.4.2 Data Mining, Web Mining and Big Data Applied to Chemicals\n 1.5 Hybrid Approach Applied to Chemicals\n References\n2 Comparison of the LCIA Methods Used for the Evaluation of Chemicals\n Abstract\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Review of LCIA Methods Used to Assess the Environmental Impact of Chemicals\n 2.3 Critical Issues in the Choice of the Methods\n 2.4 An Overview of Selected Methods for Impact Categories of Interest for Environmental Evaluation of Chemicals\n 2.5 Assessment of Toxicity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment\n References\n3 LCA Integration Within Sustainability Metrics for Chemical Companies\n Abstract\n 3.1 Sustainable Green Chemical Industry\n 3.2 Metrics in Green Chemistry\n 3.3 Life-Cycle Approach to Develop a Green Chemical Industry\n 3.4 Bio-based Industry and Life-Cycle Approach\n 3.5 Social-LCA in the Chemical Industry\n References\n4 The LCA Modelling of Chemical Companies in the Industrial Symbiosis Perspective: Allocation Approaches and Regulatory Framework\n Abstract\n 4.1 Introduction\n 4.2 Overview on Literature for Allocation in the Chemical Sector\n 4.2.1 Allocation Procedures for Industrial Symbiosis\n 4.2.2 Renewable Energy Directive\n 4.2.3 Circular Footprint Formula (CFF)\n 4.3 Life Cycle Based IS Method\n 4.3.1 50/50 Method\n 4.4 Case Study\n 4.4.1 Bio-Refinery Plant Symbiotic Flows\n 4.5 Modelling\n 4.5.1 Model Settings\n 4.5.2 Model Output\n 4.6 Analysis Roadmap\n References\nApplication of LCA in Chemicals Process Modelling\n5 LCA Application to Chemical Synthesis at Laboratory Scale\n Abstract\n 5.1 Introduction\n 5.1.1 Overview of the Existing Green Chemistry Metrics\n 5.1.2 Overview of the Existing Tools for Easy Calculation and Visualization of Green Chemistry Metrics\n 5.2 Guidelines for the Application of LCA Methodology to the Laboratory-Scale Preparation of Chemicals: Why, When, and How?\n 5.3 Case Studies\n 5.3.1 Chemical Synthesis of a Lactose Derivative to Be Employed in an Innovative Degreasing Formulation for the Tanning Cycle of the Leather Manufacturing\n 5.3.2 Direct Organic Synthesis Versus Extraction from Natural Matrix: The Case of Curcumin Molecule\n 5.3.3 Inorganic Synthesis of Engineered Nanomaterials\n References\n6 LCA as a Support Tool for the Evaluation of Industrial Scale-Up\n Abstract\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.2 Methodological Issues\n 6.2.1 Scale-Up Procedure: Goal and Scope\n 6.2.1.1 Functional Unit\n 6.2.1.2 System Boundary\n 6.2.1.3 Allocation Procedure\n 6.2.1.4 Data Requirement\n 6.2.1.5 Impact Assessment\n 6.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory\n 6.3 Practical Applications\n 6.3.1 Physico-Chemical Screening\n 6.3.2 Prognosis Method\n 6.3.3 Scaling Relationships\n 6.3.4 Systematic Scale-Up Framework\n 6.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of Methodological Approaches: Lesson Learned from Practical Application\n References\n7 Phosphate Recovery from Exhausted Extinguishing Powders: A Case Study of Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry\n Abstract\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.2 Fertilizers’ Production Industry\n 7.3 Literature Review\n 7.3.1 LCA of Extinguishing Powders\n 7.3.2 LCA of Fertilizer Production and Use\n 7.3.2.1 State of the Art\n 7.3.2.2 Available Data in Commercial Databases\n 7.3.2.3 PCR and EPD on Fertilizers\n 7.4 LCA of the Fertilizer Production from Exhausted Extinguishing Powders (EEPs)\n 7.4.1 Goal and Scope Definition\n 7.4.2 Data Source, Quality and Allocation\n 7.4.3 Impact Assessment Methods\n 7.4.3.1 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)\n 7.4.3.2 Transport of EEP Entering the System\n 7.4.3.3 Storage of EEP\n 7.4.3.4 Mechanical Treatment\n 7.4.3.5 Treatment with Acetone\n 7.4.3.6 Biological Treatment\n 7.4.3.7 Granulation\n 7.4.3.8 Packaging\n 7.4.3.9 Treatment of Emissions to Air\n 7.4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)\n References