دانلود کتاب Lifespan Development in Context: A Topical Approach

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Part I: Foundations of Development
1 Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories
What Is Lifespan Human Development?
Development Is Multidimensional
Development Is Multidirectional
Development Is Plastic
Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary
Basic Issues in Lifespan Human Development
Continuities and Discontinuities in Development
Individuals Are Active in Development
Nature and Nurture Influence Development
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
Cognitive Theories
Sociocultural Systems Theory
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
Research in Human Development
The Scientific Method
Methods of Data Collection
Research Designs
Developmental Research Designs
Ethical Issues in Research
Responsibilities to Participants
Responsibilities to Society
Part II: Biological Development and Health
2 Biological and Environmental Foundations and Prenatal Development
Genetic Foundations of Development
Genetics
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
Chromosomal and Genetic Problems
Genetic Disorders
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Mutation
Predicting and Detecting Genetic Disorders
Heredity and Environment
Behavioral Genetics
Gene–Environment Interactions
Epigenetic Framework
Prenatal Development
Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks After Conception)
Embryonic Period (3 to 8 Weeks After Conception)
Fetal Period (9 Weeks to Birth)
Childbirth
Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Principles of Teratology
Types of Teratogens
Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors
3 Physical Development and Aging
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
Patterns of Growth
Growth in Infancy
Growth in Early and Middle Childhood
Biological and Contextual Influences on Growth
Physical Development in Adolescence
Growth in Adolescence
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
Biological and Contextual Influences on Pubertal Timing
Psychosocial Effects of Early and Late Puberty
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Changing Appearance
Body Shape, Muscle, and Bone
Reproductive Changes in Women
Reproductive Changes in Men
Theories of Aging
Eating and Exercise Over the Lifespan
Eating Behaviors in Infancy and Childhood
Eating Behaviors in Adolescence
Eating Behaviors in Adulthood
Obesity
Physical Activity and Exercise
4 Brain, Perception, and Motor Development
Brain Development
The Neuron
Experience and Brain Development
Brain Development in Infancy
Brain Development in Childhood
Brain Development in Adolescence
Brain Development in Adulthood
Motor Development
Gross Motor Development
Fine Motor Development
Biological and Contextual Determinants of Motor Development
Motor Development as a Dynamic System
Motor Development and Aging
Sensation and Perception
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Sensory Changes in Adulthood
5 Health
Common Health Issues in Infancy and Childhood
Infectious Disease and Immunization
Childhood Injuries
Child Maltreatment
Mortality in Infancy and Childhood
Common Health Issues in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Eating Disorders
Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse
Common Health Issues in Adulthood
Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Injuries
Dementia in Older Adulthood
Alzheimer’s Disease
Vascular Dementia
Parkinson’s Disease
Reversible Dementia
Part III: Cognitive Development
6 Cognitive Change: Cognitive–Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches
Piaget’s Cognitive–Developmental Perspective: Cognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
Processes of Development
Infancy: Sensorimotor Reasoning
Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning
Piaget’s Cognitive–Developmental Perspective: Cognition in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Middle Childhood: Concrete Operational Reasoning
Adolescence: Formal Operational Reasoning
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Scaffolding and Guided Participation
Zone of Proximal Development
Cultural Tools
Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Postformal Reasoning and Reflective Judgment
Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive–Emotional Complexity
Evaluating Cognitive–Developmental Approaches to Adult Development
7 Cognitive Change: Information Processing Approach
The Information Processing System
Information Processing in Infancy
Attention in Infants
Memory in Infants
Infants’ Thinking
Information Processing in Childhood
Attention in Children
Working Memory and Executive Function in Children
Long-Term Memory in Children
Children’s Thinking and Metacognition
Information Processing in Adolescence
Attention, Memory, and Executive Function in Adolescents
Thinking and Metacognition in Adolescence
Brain Development and Adolescent Cognition
Information Processing in Adulthood
Attention, Memory, and Processing Speed in Adults
Expertise, Problem Solving, and Wisdom
Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood
8 Intelligence
Psychometric Approach to Intelligence
Components of Intelligence
Measuring Intelligence
What Does IQ Predict?
New Approaches to Intelligence
Intelligence as Information Processing
Neurological Approach to Intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Development of Intelligence
Infant Intelligence
Stability and Change in Intelligence in Childhood and Adolescence
Intellectual Change in Adulthood
Group Differences in IQ
Genetics and IQ
Context and IQ
Reducing Cultural Bias in IQ Tests
Giftedness, Intellectual Disability, and Special Needs
Giftedness
Intellectual Disability
Learning Disabilities
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Special Education
9 Language Development
Foundations of Language
From Sounds to Symbols: Language Development in Infancy
Early Preferences for Speech Sounds
Prelinguistic Communication
First Words
Learning Words: Semantic Growth
Two-Word Utterances: Emerging Syntax and Pragmatics
Language Development Over the Lifespan
Advances in Language During Early Childhood
Language Development in School-Age Children and Adolescents
Language Development During Adulthood
Perspectives on Language Development
Learning Theory and Language Development
Nativist Theory and Language Development
Interactionist Perspective on Language Development
Contextual Influences on Language Development
Infant-Directed Speech
Culture and Language Development
Poverty and Language Development
Bilingualism and Learning a Second Language
Part IV: Socioemotional Development
10 Emotional Development
Emotional Development in Infancy
Infants’ Emotional Experience
Emotion Regulation
Social Interaction and Emotional Development
Contextual Influences on Emotional Development
Emotional Development in Childhood
Emotional Understanding
Emotion Regulation
Contextual Influences on Children’s Emotional Development
Emotional Development in Adolescence and Adulthood
Adolescent Moods
Adults’ Emotional Experience
Stress, Coping, and Hardiness
Attachment
Bowlby’s Ethological Perspective on Attachment
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Promoting Secure Attachment in Infancy
Cultural Variations in Attachment Classifications
Attachment-Related Outcomes in Childhood and Adolescence
Adult Attachment
Temperament
Styles of Temperament
Stability of Temperament
Context and Goodness of Fit
Cultural Differences in Temperament
11 Self, Identity, and Personality
Self-Concept
Self-Concept in Infancy
Children’s Self-Concept
Self-Concept in Adolescence
Adult Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Children’s Self-Esteem
Adult Self-Esteem
Identity
Identity Status
Influences on Identity Development
Developmental Shifts in Identity
Outcomes Associated With Identity Development
Ethnic Identity
Personality
Trait Approach to Personality
Personality as Psychosocial Stages
12 Moral Development
Moral Reasoning
Children’s Understanding of Rules: Piaget’s Perspective
Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
Contextual Influences on Moral Reasoning
Understanding Social Conventions
Prosocial Behavior
Development of Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Influences on Prosocial Behavior
Moral Socialization
Self-Control
Social Learning
Discipline
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
Development of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
Aggression and Peer Victimization
Antisocial and Delinquent Behavior
Influences on Aggression
Religion and Spirituality
Religion and Spirituality in Childhood
Adolescent Religion and Spirituality
Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood
13 Gender and Sexuality
Gender Stereotypes, Gender Differences, and Gender Development
Gender Stereotypes and Gender Role Norms
Sex Differences
Gender Development in Infancy
Gender Development in Childhood
Gender Development in Adolescence
Gender Roles in Adulthood
Influences on Gender Development
Biological Explanations
Cognitive-Developmental Explanations
Contextual Explanations
Emerging Sexuality
Childhood Sexuality
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexual Orientation
Sexuality and Sexual Activity
Sexual Activity in Adolescence
Sexual Activity in Emerging Adulthood
Sexual Activity in Adulthood
Sexuality and Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood
Part V: Contexts of Development
14 Social Relationships: Family and Peers
Social Transitions and Family Formation
Singlehood
Cohabitation
Marriage
Same-Sex Marriage
Divorce
Childbearing
Childlessness
Family Constellations
Single-Parent Families
Cohabiting Families
Same-Sex-Parented Families
Divorced and Divorcing Families
Blended Families
Parenting
Parenting Styles
Culture, Context, and Parenting
Parent–Child Relationships, Conflict, and Monitoring
Family Relationships in Adulthood
Parent–Adult Child Relationships
Grandparenthood
Caring for Aging Parents
Peer Relationships
Peer Relationships in Childhood
Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Peer Relationships in Adulthood
15 School, Achievement, and Work
Early Childhood and Elementary Education
Child–Centered and Academically Centered Programs
Early Childhood Education Interventions
Transition to First Grade
Grade Retention and Social Promotion
Reading and Mathematics
Secondary and Postsecondary Education
Transition to Junior High or Middle School and High School
Contextual Influences on Adjustment at School
School Dropout
Developmental Impact of Attending College
Nontraditional College Students
The Forgotten Third
Achievement Motivation
Mastery Motivation
Achievement Attributions and Outcomes
Contextual Influences on Achievement Attributions and Motivation
Career Development, Work, and Retirement
Career Development
Work
Retirement
Part VI: Endings
16 Death and Dying
Patterns of Mortality and Defining Death
Mortality
Defining Death
End-of-Life Issues
Conceptions of Death Across the Lifespan
Children’s Understanding of Death
Adolescents’ Understanding of Death
Adults’ Understanding of Death
Dying and the Experience of Death
The Dying Process
Emotional Reactions to Dying
The Experience of One’s Death
Bereavement and Grief
Grief Process
Models of Grieving
Contextual Influences on the Grief Process
Adjusting to the Death of a Loved One
Bereavement in Childhood and Adolescence
References
Glossary
Index