دانلود کتاب Lightning Interaction with Power Systems: Applications (Volume 2) (Energy Engineering)

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Contents
About the editor
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the authors
1. Application of the Monte Carlo Method to Lightning Protection and Insulation Coordination Practices-Alberto Borghetti, Fabio Napolitano, Carlo Alberto Nucci and Fabio Tossani
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Description of the MC-based Procedure
1.3 Identification of the Lightning Current Functions
1.4 Stratified Sampling Technique
1.5 Application Results for a MV Overhead Line in Open Terrain
1.5.1 Influence of the Return Stroke Current Waveform
1.5.2 Application of the Recursive Stratified Sampling Technique
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Lightning interaction with power substations-Shigemitsu Okabe
2.1 Fundamental Concepts
2.1.1 Definition and Procedure of Insulation Coordination
2.1.2 Lightning Overvoltage in Insulation Coordination
2.1.3 Lightning Surge Analysis
2.2 Simplified Statistical Approach of Lightning Surge Analysis
2.2.1 Basics
2.2.2 Calculation of the Limit Distance
2.2.3 Estimation of the Lightning Overvoltage Amplitude
2.2.4 Simplified Method
2.2.5 Assumed Maximum Value of the Representative Lightning Overvoltage
2.3 Detailed Deterministic Approach of Lightning Surge Analysis
2.3.1 Basic Analysis Conditions
2.3.2 Analysis Conditions and Models
2.4 Failure Rate Evaluation Considering Front Time of Lightning Current
2.4.1 Crest Value and Wavefront Time of Lightning Stroke Current
2.4.2 Wavefront Time of Lightning Stroke Current and Amplitude of Lightning Surge
2.4.3 Lightning Failure Rates in Substations in Consideration of Lightning Current Waveforms
References
3. Lightning Interaction with Power Transmission Lines-William A. Chisholm
3.1 Lightning Attachment to Overhead Transmission Lines
3.1.1 Overhead Line Attachment Rates using Ground Flash Density and Typical Dimensions
3.1.2 Local Voltage Rise from Lightning Attachment to Transmission Line Phase Conductor
3.1.3 Role of Span Length and Nearby Arresters on Peak Insulator Voltage
3.1.4 Shielding of Transmission Line Phase Conductors using Overhead Groundwires
3.2 Lightning Impulse Flashover of Power Transmission Line Insulation
3.2.1 Lightning Impulse Voltage Test Waveshapes
3.2.2 Single Gap Full-wave Flashover Strength for Dry Arc Distance of 0.5 to 10 m
3.2.3 Strength of Multiple Air Gaps in Parallel under Shielding Failure Conditions
3.2.4 Strength of Multiple Air Gaps in Series
3.2.5 Evolution of Surge Protective Devices for Insulation Coordination
3.2.6 Design and Performance of Unshielded Power Transmission Lines
3.3 Bonding, Earthing and Equalisation of Potential differences on Transmission Lines
3.3.1 Analysis of Transient Voltage Rise on Connections from OHGW to Earthing Electrodes
3.3.2 Analysis of Transient Voltage Rise on Earthing Electrodes
3.3.3 Analysis of Transient Voltage Reduction from Adjacent Phases
3.3.4 Analysis of Transient Voltage Rise on Insulated Phases from Surge Impedance Coupling
3.3.5 The Backflashover from OHGW to Phase
3.3.6 Design and Performance of Shielded Power Transmission Lines
3.3.7 Methods for Increasing the Backflashover Critical Current
3.3.8 Methods for Improving the Equalisation of Potential Differences
3.4 Considerations in the Design Trade-off: Arresters versus Earthing
References
4. Lightning Interaction with Medium-Voltage Overhead Power Distribution Systems-Alexandre Piantini, Alberto Borghetti and Carlo Alberto Nucci
4.1 Flash Collection Rate
4.2 Effects of Various Parameters on Lightning Overvoltages
4.2.1 Direct Strokes
4.2.2 Indirect Strokes
4.3 Lightning Protection of MV Systems
4.3.1 Increase of the Line Withstand Capability
4.3.2 Use of Shield Wires
4.3.3 Application of Surge Arresters
4.4 Lightning Performance of Overhead Distribution Lines
4.4.1 Influence of the Environment around the Line
4.4.2 Lines Located above open Ground
4.4.3 Lines Surrounded by Buildings
4.4.4 Hybrid Configuration (MV and HV Lines Mounted on the Same Poles)
4.5 Concluding Remarks
References
5. Lightning Interaction with Low-voltage Overhead Power Distribution Networks-Alexandre Piantini
5.1 Typical Configurations of LV Networks
5.2 Lightning Surges on LV Power Systems
5.2.1 Cloud Discharges
5.2.2 Direct Strikes
5.2.3 Indirect Strikes
5.2.4 Transference from the MV Line
5.3 Lightning Protection of LV Networks
5.3.1 Distribution Transformers
5.3.2 LV Power Installations
5.4 Concluding Remarks
References
6. Lightning Protection of Structures and Electrical Systems Inside of Buildings-Fridolin Heidler
6.1 Lightning Currents
6.1.1 Current Components
6.1.2 Lightning Protection Level
6.1.3 Simulation of the Lightning Currents for Analytical Purpose
6.2 Lightning Protection of Buildings
6.2.1 Lightning Protection Zone
6.2.2 Lightning Protection System
6.2.3 Surge Protection Measure (SPM) System
6.3 Volume Protected against Direct Lightning Strike
6.3.1 Striking Distance
6.3.2 Rolling Sphere Method
6.3.3 Simplifications of the Rolling Sphere Method
6.4 Air-termination and Down-conductor System
6.4.1 Air-termination System
6.4.2 Down-conductor System
6.4.3 Materials and Dimensions
6.5 Earth-termination System
6.5.1 Earth-termination System for the Lightning Protection System (LPS)
6.5.2 Improved Earth-termination System for the Surge Protection Measure (SPM) System
6.6 Lightning Equipotential Bonding
6.6.1 Lightning Equipotential Bonding Required for LPS
6.6.2 Lightning Equipotential Bonding According to thE Surge Protection Measure (SPM) System
6.7 Separation Distance
6.7.1 Material Coefficient km
6.7.2 Current Steepness Coefficient ki
6.7.3 Configuration Coefficient kc
6.8 Currents and Voltages on Lines
6.8.1 Protection of Connection Lines at the Entrance into LPZ
6.8.2 Shielded Connection Lines
6.8.3 Lines in Reinforced Concrete Cable Duct
6.8.4 Current Share on Lines in Case of Direct Lightning
6.8.5 Reduction of the Induced Over-voltage on Internal Lines by Line Routing
6.9 Grid-like Spatial Shield
6.9.1 Magnetic Field inside LPZ 1 in the Case of a Direct Lightning Strike
6.9.2 Magnetic Field inside LPZ 1 in the Case of a Nearby Lightning Strike
6.9.3 Magnetic Field Inside LPZ 2 and Higher
References
7. Lightning Protection of Smart Grids-William A. Chisholm and Kenneth L. Cummins
7.1 Introduction: History of Power System Technologies
7.1.1 Electric Power Systems and Mathematics
7.1.2 Electric Power Systems and Communication
7.1.3 Electric power systems and Lightning Measurements
7.2 Smart Grid Functions and Technologies
7.2.1 Wide-area Monitoring and Visualization
7.2.2 Flow Control
7.2.3 Enhanced Fault Identification
7.2.4 Adaptive Protection and Automated Feeder Switching
7.2.5 Automated Islanding and Reconnection
7.2.6 Diagnosis and Notification of Equipment Condition
7.2.7 Dynamic Thermal Rating Capabilities
7.3 Lightning and Digital Recording Technology
7.3.1 Digital Recording Systems for Lightning Overvoltages
7.3.2 Voltage Sensors for Lightning Overvoltages
7.3.3 Combined Current and Voltage Sensor for Lightning Measurements
7.3.4 Non-contact Sensors for Impulse Voltage and Current
7.3.5 Commercial Current Sensors for Equipment Monitoring
7.4 Lightning Protection of Smart Grid Sensors
7.4.1 Reliability Requirements for Smart Grid sensors and Systems
7.4.2 Candidate Wiring Configurations for Smart Grid Sensors
7.4.3 Industry Standards for Lightning Protection of Smart Grid sensors
7.4.4 Industry Standards for Lightning Protection of Smart Grid Communication Systems
7.4.5 Case Study: EMC and Residential Smart Grid Interoperability
7.5 Conclusions
References
8. Lightning Protection of Wind Power Systems-Masaru Ishii and Joan Montanya
8.1 Wind Turbine Components and Overview of the Lightning Protection System
8.2 Lightning Phenomenology and Wind Turbines
8.2.1 Interaction with Downward Lightning
8.2.2 Upward Lightning
8.3 Lightning Damage to Wind Turbines due to Direct Impacts
8.3.1 Lightning Damage Mechanisms
8.3.2 Overview of Types of Lightning Damage to Wind Turbines
8.3.3 Statistics on Lightning Damage to Wind Turbines
8.4 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbine Components
8.4.1 Blades
8.4.2 Consideration of CFRP in Blades and Other Components
8.4.3 Other Components: Hub, Bearings and Nacelle
8.4.4 Overvoltages caused by Direct Lightning
8.5 Overvoltages in Wind Farms
8.5.1 Structure of Wind Farms
8.5.2 Sources of Lightning Overvoltages in Wind Farms: The Back-flow Surge
References
9. Renewable energy systems—photovoltaic systems-Kazuo Yamamoto and Yaru Mendez
9.1 Solar Energy: Solar Radiation, Parameters, Hourly and Daily Parameters
9.1.1 Daily Parameters
9.1.2 Second, Minute or Hourly based Parameters
9.1.3 Extraterrestrial and Terrestrial Solar Radiation
9.2 Photovoltaics: PV Cells, PV Modules, Partial Shading and its Effects
9.3 PV Systems: Off-grid and Grid-connected, Considerations of the Grid Connection
9.4 Earthing (Grounding) of PV-systems
9.4.1 The Importance of Earthing Characteristics
9.4.2 The Earthing Characteristics of Photovoltaic Systems
9.4.3 The Earthing Characteristics for Optimal Selection of SPDs
9.5 Internal and Overvoltage Lightning Protection
9.5.1 Protection at the PV Generator’s Side or DC Side
9.5.2 Protection at the AC Side
9.6 External Lightning Protection
9.6.1 Internal Lightning Protection
9.7 Mounting (Racking) Systems as Air-termination Systems
9.8 External Dedicated Mounting Systems (Non-isolated, Isolated)
9.9 Concluding Remarks
References
10. Measurement of Lightning Currents and Voltages-Ruy Alberto Correa Altafim, Wenxia Sima and Qing Yang
10.1 Historical Introduction
10.2 Lightning Current Measurements
10.2.1 Lightning Current Measurement Methodology on Transmission Lines
10.2.2 Lightning Current Measurement Methodology on High Towers
10.3 Measurement Method of Lightning Voltage
10.3.1 Voltage Divider
10.3.2 Capacitive Sensor Connected to Bushings
10.3.3 Noncontact Capacitive Voltage Divider
10.3.4 Integrated Optical Waveguide Voltage (Electric Field) Sensor
10.3.5 Crystal-based Batteryless and Contactless Optical Transient Overvoltage Sensor
10.3.6 Optical Voltage (Electric Field) Sensor based on Converse Piezoelectric Effect
10.4 Application of Various Lightning Overvoltage Sensors in Power Systems
References
11. Application of the FDTD Method to Lightning Studies-Yoshihiro Baba and Vladimir A. Rakov
11.1 Introduction
11.2 FDTD Method
11.2.1 Fundamentals
11.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
11.3 Representations of Lightning Source
11.3.1 Lightning Return-stroke Channel
11.3.2 Excitation Methods
11.4 Applications
11.4.1 Surges on grounding electrodes
11.4.2 Lightning Surges on Overhead Power Transmission Lines and Towers
11.4.3 Lightning Surges on Overhead Power Distribution and Telecommunication Lines
11.4.4 Lightning Electromagnetic Environment and Surges in Power Substation
11.4.5 Lightning Surges on Underground Distribution and Telecommunication Lines
11.4.6 Lightning Surges in Wind-turbine-generator Towers
11.4.7 Lightning Surges in Photovoltaic Arrays
11.4.8 Lightning Surges and Electromagnetic Environment in Buildings
11.4.9 Lightning Electromagnetic Fields at Close and Far Distances
11.4.10 Other Applications
11.5 Summary
References
12. Software Tools for the Lightning Performance Assessment-Alberto Borghetti, William A. Chisholm, Fabio Napolitano, Carlo Alberto Nucci, Farhad Rachidi and Fabio Tossani
12.1 Introduction
12.2 FLASH Program
12.2.1 Simplified Modelling of Shielding and Backflashover Calculations
12.2.2 Adoption of ‘Red book’ Method by IEEE, 1982–85
12.2.3 Adjustments of IEEE FLASH Program, 1985–93
12.2.4 Standardizing the IEEE FLASH Program, 1993–97
12.2.5 Maintaining the IEEE FLASH Program, 1997–2007
12.2.6 Developing the IEEE FLASH V2.0 program, 2007–19
12.3 Lightning-induced Overvoltages–electromagnetic Transients Program
12.3.1 Interfacing LIOV with EMTP
12.3.2 LIOV–EMTP Input Parameters
12.3.3 Application Examples
12.4 Application to a Real Distribution Network
References
Index