دانلود کتاب Linguistic Mitigation in English and Spanish: How Speakers Attenuate Expressions

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Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Contents Acknowledgments Introduction How the Book Started The Aim of the Book How the Book Is Organized Note References 1 Linguistic Mitigation Introduction A Brief on Mitigation Mitigation in the Field of Socio-Pragmatics On Vagueness and Mitigation On Indirectness and Mitigation Summary Notes References 2 Empirical Research on Mitigation in English and Spanish Introduction Past and Present Connection Modulation Empirical Research on Mitigation in English Parentheticals and Reduced Parenthetical Clauses Earlier Research on Strategies and Devices Deictic Expressions ‘Sort of’, ‘kind of’ Mitigation in Institutional Discursive Settings Academic Lectures and Text; Internal and External Modifications Several Comparative Studies of English and Spanish Mitigation Silence and Discourse Markers Mitigation in Literature Other Interactions Parent-Child Interaction Sign Language Empirical Research on Mitigation in Spanish Operationalizing Attenuation in Spanish Un poquito (a little) Age of Acquisition Kinesic and Non-Verbal Behavior Passive Voice Power and Distance Dialect Variation The Use of Polysemic bastante (Enough, Too Much) Social or External Factors: Gender, Age, Generational Differences in Mitigated Linguistic Behavior Institutional Discourses and Mitigation Imposition and Certitude and Mitigation Suggested Universalized Taxonomy Summary Notes References 3 Several Theoretical Perspectives Introduction Politeness Theory and Mitigation Speech Acts Theory and Mitigation Psychological-Social-Affective Theory and Mitigation The Socio-Pragma-Rhetorical Cultural Aspect and Mitigation Pragmatic Variation and Mitigation Summary Notes References 4 Detecting Mitigation Devices and Strategies Introduction Discourse and Mitigated Messages: Institutional and Non-Institutional Talk Several Categories of Linguistic Devices, Features, and Strategies Employed to Mitigate Impersonal Constructions as Shields The Omission of Referents Passive Voice Construction Epistemic and Non-Epistemic Disclaimers Parenthetical Verbs Morphological Diminutives Deictic Expressions Other Linguistic Forms That Serve to Mitigate Discourse Markers Tense, Mood, and Aspect Tag Questions Cajolers Prosodic Features Proverbs and Sayings as Mitigating Devices El qué dirán (What Others Will Say) and guardar las apariencias (Guarding Our Image or Appearances) Summary Notes References 5 Putting It All Together Introduction Examining the Expression of Mitigated Utterances Intensification vs. Mitigation Summary Note References 6 Methodological Considerations Introduction The Benefits of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Identifying a Corpus and Data Collection Elicitation Methods Oral Narratives Conflict Talk Identifying Appropriate Data and Data Collection Metalinguistic Awareness Coding Data Summary Notes References 7 Teaching Language Learners How to Mitigate Introduction On Teaching Pragmatics Explicit Instruction Sample Presentation On Teaching Learners of Spanish and English How to Mitigate Assessing the Acquisition of Mitigation: Instructional Interventions Awareness Building Variability in Learner Behavior Summary Notes References 8 Bridging the Gap Introduction Digital Communications: An Initial Step Natural-Occurring Speech Institutional Discursive Settings A Model to Inform Instruction and Research Assessing Acquisition in Instructional Settings Suggested Initial Instructional Interventions Summary Note References 9 Concluding Thoughts Reference Bibliography Index