دانلود کتاب Logic

فهرست مطالب :

Consistency 13 1. Consistent Sets of Beliefs 13 Expressing Beliefs in Sentences 17 2. Beliefs and Words 17 ~3. Declarative Sentences 19 4. Ambiguity 23 When is a Sentence True? 27 5. Truth and References 27 6. Borderline Cases and Bizarre Situations 31 7. Misleading Statements 36 8. Possible Situations and Meanings 38 Testing for Consistency and Validity 42 9. Consistent Sets of Short Sentences 42 10. The Tableau Technique 45 11. Arguments · 53 How are Complex Sentences Built Up? 61 12. Phrase-classes 61 13. Phrase-markers 68 14. Scope 76 15. Context-free Grammars 80 Logical Analysis 86 16. Sentence-functors and Truth-functors 86 17. Some Basic Truth-functors 92 18. Special Problems with '~ 'and ' A ' 100 19. Analysis of Complex Sentences 104 Sentence Tableaux 109 20. Sentence Tableaux 109 21. Interpretations 115 Propositional Calculus 122 22. A Formal Language 122 23. Truth-tables 124 24. Properties of Semantic Entailment 132 25. Formal Tableaux 142 Designators and Identity 149 26, Designators and Predicates 149 27. Purely Referential Occurrences 156 28. Two Policies on Reference 162 29. Identity 163 Relations 169 30. Satisfaction 169 31. Binary Relations 174 32. Same, at least and more 181 33. Equivalence Relations 186 Quantifiers 191 34. Quantification 191 35. All and some 197 36. Quantifier Rules 202 Predicate Logic 210 37. Logical Scope 210 38. Analyses. Using Identity 217 39. Predicate Interpretations 222 40. Predicate Tableaux ·225 41. Formalization Again 236 Horizons of Logic 238 42. Likelihood 238 43. Intension 244 44. The Quest for Ingredient X 250 Answers to Exercises 255 Tableau Rules 321 A Note on Notation 323 Further Reading 325