دانلود کتاب Long-Term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Decarbonisation Strategies

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Long-Term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Decarbonisation Strategies
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
List of boxes_
List of figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
Long-term operation: Supporting the sustainability, competitiveness and security of the electricity supply in ambitious decarbonisation strategies
Carbon management
Affordability and investment efficiency
Security and reliability of the electricity supply
Uncertainty
No major technical showstoppers for longer operations and adaptations
Supply chain capabilities: An emerging source of concern despite continuing improvements in nuclear operations
The role of government in enabling LTO of nuclear power
1. Introduction
1.1. The context: The challenge of decarbonisation efforts without the long-term operation of nuclear power plants
1.2. Motivation, methodology and structure of the report
References
Part 1: Analysis of the external environment for long-term operation
2. Energy policy aspects
2.1. Overview of the existing nuclear fleet
2.1.1. Status and configuration
2.1.2. Age distribution and nuclear capacity projections
2.1.3. Policy environment
2.2. LTO and energy policy making: Opportunities and challenges
2.2.1. Environmental protection
Carbon management
Safety and performance
Decommissioning, waste management and other environmental aspects
2.2.2. Economics and affordability of the electricity supply
Technology costs and market issues
Insights on policy making and economic performance
2.2.3. Security and reliability of the electricity supply
Nuclear fuel and dispatchability attributes
System adequacy considerations
2.2.4. The full value of the LTO option
References
3. Regulatory and legal aspects
3.1. LTO in nuclear regulations
3.1.1. Insights on the initial authorisation term
3.1.2. The LTO-review process
Approach
Safety assessment and its technical implications
Environmental impact assessment and transboundary notifications
Provision of information and public consultation and participation
3.2. Regulation and LTO economics
References
Part 2: Analysis of the internal capabilities of nuclear power facilities for long-term operation
4. Technical aspects
4.1. Materials challenges for LTO
4.1.1. Potential life-limiting components and associated ageing phenomena
Reactor pressure vessel (LWRs)
Reactor coolant system piping welds and core internals (LWRs, PHWRs)
Large, civil and concrete structures (LWRs, PHWRs)
Plant electrical cabling system (LWRs, PHWRs)
4.1.2. Ageing considerations during long-term shutdowns
4.1.3. Recent progress on operation beyond 60 years in LWRs
4.1.4. SSC ageing in other reactor systems
PHWRs
VVERs
4.2. The LTO programme
4.2.1. Feasibility studies and preconditions
4.2.2. LTO assessment
National and international experience on ageing management
4.2.3. LTO approval and implementation
4.3. Replacement, refurbishments and upgrades
4.3.1. Scope of LTO refurbishments
4.3.2. Plant enhancements for LTO
Power uprates
Flexible operations
I&C upgrades
Plant modernisation
References
5. Operational and human aspects
5.1. Insights on the performance of nuclear power plants
5.2. The role of the supply chain
5.2.1. The characteristics of the nuclear supply chain
5.2.2. Global trends and challenges for LTO
5.2.3. Enhancing supply chain capabilities for LTO
Increasing the number of industrial/commercial grade components
Higher collaboration and harmonisation levels
Supply chain management considerations
Reverse engineering and plant modernisation
5.3. Nuclear workforce and competence assessment
5.3.1. Nuclear knowledge and knowledge management
5.3.2. Global trends and challenges
5.3.3. Building skills for LTO
Human resource development and management
Communication and job advertisements
Know-how and know-why transfer
Research and development, and higher education activities
Apprenticeship opportunities
Industry development plan and international collaboration
References
6. Economic aspects
6.1. The generation costs of LTO
6.1.1. Breakdown and cost metrics
6.1.2. Economic and methodological considerations
OCC
O&M costs
Fuel costs
Refurbishment period
LTO period
Decommissioning costs
6.1.3. Evaluation of LTO generation costs
LTO OCC and LCOE analysis
Insights on risks and financing
Sensitivity analysis
6.2. Recovering the costs of LTO
6.2.1. Insights in the decision-making process for continuing operation
Short term
Long term
6.2.2. Market trends
Energy-only markets and their emerging shortcomings
Energy-only market reforms
 Capacity remuneration mechanisms
 Direct support mechanisms
 Carbon pricing
Flexible operations
Non-electric applications
References
7. Conclusions and policy recommendations: Enabling long-term operation
LTO is a safe and mature solution to foster ambitious decarbonisation strategies
Existing nuclear power plants can be enhanced to cope with a changing environment
The supply chain is critical in sustaining operational and economic performance
Recognising the full value of the LTO option in decarbonisation strategies
Appendix 1: List of experts
Members of the EGLTO expert group:
Country representatives
Representatives of international organisations
Observers and other experts
NEA PUBLICATIONS AND INFORMATION
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