دانلود کتاب Loose Leaf for The Living World

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Contents
0 Studying Biology
Learning
0.1 How to Study
A Closer Look: Pulling an All-Nighter
0.2 Using Your Textbook
0.3 Using Your Textbook\'s Internet Resources
0.4 Online Labs
Putting What You Learn to Work
0.5 Science Is a Way of Thinking
0.6 How to Read a Graph
UNIT ONE: THE STUDY OF LIFE
1 The Science of Biology
Biology and the Living World
1.1 The Diversity of Life
1.2 Properties of Life
1.3 Organization of Life
1.4 Biological Themes
The Scientific Process
1.5 How Scientists Think
1.6 Science in Action: A Case Study
1.7 Stages of a Scientific Investigation
Today\'s Biology: The Polar Ice Caps Are Disappearing
1.8 Theory and Certainty
A Closer Look: Where Are All My Socks Going?
Core Ideas of Biology
1.9 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science
UNIT TWO: THE LIVING CELL
2 The Chemistry of Life
Some Simple Chemistry
2.1 Atoms
2.2 Ions and Isotopes
2.3 Molecules
Water: Cradle of Life
2.4 Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties
2.5 Water Ionizes
Today\'s Biology: Acid Rain
3 Molecules of Life
Forming Macromolecules
3.1 Polymers Are Built of Monomers
Types of Macromolecules
3.2 Proteins
Today\'s Biology: Prions and Mad Cow Disease
3.3 Nucleic Acids
3.4 Carbohydrates
Answering Your Questions About Energy Drinks
3.5 Lipids
Biology and Staying Healthy: Anabolic Steroids in Sports
4 Cells
The World of Cells
4.1 Cells
4.2 The Plasma Membrane
A Closer Look: How Water Crosses the Plasma Membrane
Kinds of Cells
4.3 Prokaryotic Cells
4.4 Eukaryotic Cells
Today\'s Biology: When Membranes Don\'t Work Right
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
4.5 The Nucleus: The Cell\'s Control Center
4.6 The Endomembrane System
4.7 Organelles that Contain DNA
4.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell
4.9 Outside the Plasma Membrane
Transport Across Plasma Membranes
4.10 Diffusion
4.11 Facilitated Diffusion
4.12 Osmosis
4.13 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells
4.14 Active Transport
5 Energy and Life
Cells and Energy
5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things
5.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
5.3 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
5.4 How Enzymes Work
5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes
Biology and Staying Healthy: The Paleo Diet
How Cells Use Energy
5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell
6 Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun
Photosynthesis
6.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis
6.2 How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight
6.3 Organizing Pigments into Photosystems
6.4 How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy
6.5 Building New Molecules
Photorespiration
6.6 Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis
Answering Your Questions About Medical Marijuana
7 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
An Overview of Cellular Respiration
7.1 Where Is the Energy in Food?
Respiration Without Oxygen: Glycolysis
7.2 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP
Respiration with Oxygen: The Krebs Cycle
7.3 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds
A Closer Look: Metabolic Efficiency and the Length of Food Chains
7.4 Using Electrons to Make ATP
Harvesting Electrons Without Oxygen: Fermentation
7.5 Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen
A Closer Look: Beer and Wine—Products of Fermentation
Other Sources of Energy
7.6 Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule
Biology and Staying Healthy: Fad Diets and Impossible Dreams
UNIT THREE: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
8 Mitosis
Cell Division
8.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle
8.2 Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle
8.3 Chromosomes
8.4 Cell Division
8.5 Controlling the Cell Cycle
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
8.6 What Is Cancer?
8.7 Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle
Biology and Staying Healthy: Curing Cancer
Biology and Staying Healthy: Cancer and COVID
9 Meiosis
Meiosis
9.1 Discovery of Meiosis
9.2 The Sexual Life Cycle
9.3 The Stages of Meiosis
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
9.4 How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis
9.5 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex
Today\'s Biology: Tracing Your Family History with DNA
10 Foundations of Genetics
Mendel
10.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea
10.2 What Mendel Observed
10.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory
10.4 Mendel\'s Laws
From Genotype to Phenotype
10.5 How Genes Influence Traits
10.6 Some Traits Don\'t Show Mendelian Inheritance
Today\'s Biology: Does Environment Affect I.Q.?
Chromosomes and Heredity
10.7 Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance
10.8 Human Chromosomes
Today\'s Biology: The Y Chromosome—Men Really Are Different
Human Hereditary Disorders
10.9 Studying Pedigrees
10.10 The Role of Mutation
10.11 Genetic Counseling and Therapy
11 DNA: The Genetic Material
Genes Are Made of DNA
11.1 The Discovery of Transformation
11.2 Experiments Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
11.3 Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Replication
11.4 How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself
Today\'s Biology: DNA Fingerprinting
Altering the Genetic Message
11.5 Mutation
Today\'s Biology: The Father\'s Age Affects the Risk of Mutation
Biology and Staying Healthy: Protecting Your Genes
12 How Genes Work
From Gene to Protein
12.1 The Central Dogma
12.2 Transcription
12.3 Translation
12.4 Gene Expression
Regulating Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
12.5 How Prokaryotes Control Transcription
Regulating Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
12.6 Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes
12.7 Controlling Transcription from a Distance
12.8 RNA- Level Control
Biology and Staying Healthy: Silencing Genes to Treat Disease
12.9 Complex Control of Gene Expression
13 Genomics and Biotechnology
Sequencing Entire Genomes
13.1 Genomics
13.2 The Human Genome
Genetic Engineering
13.3 A Scientific Revolution
Today\'s Biology: Testing for COVID-19
Today\'s Biology: DNA and the Innocence Project
13.4 Genetic Engineering and Medicine
13.5 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
Answering Your Questions About Cloning Your Dog
The Revolution in Cell Technology
13.6 Reproductive Cloning
13.7 Stem Cell Therapy
13.8 Therapeutic Use of Cloning
13.9 Gene Therapy
13.10 Editing Genes
A Closer Look: CRISPR-Edited Human Babies
UNIT FOUR: THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE
14 Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution
14.1 Darwin\'s Voyage on HMS Beagle
14.2 Darwin\'s Evidence
14.3 The Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin\'s Finches: Evolution in Action
14.4 The Beaks of Darwin\'s Finches
14.5 How Natural Selection Produces Diversity
The Theory of Evolution
14.6 The Evidence for Evolution
Today\'s Biology: Darwin and Moby Dick
14.7 Evolution\'s Critics
A Closer Look: Putting Intelligent Design to the Test
How Populations Evolve
14.8 Genetic Change in Populations: The Hardy- Weinberg Rule
14.9 Agents of Evolution
Adaptation Within Populations
14.10 Sickle- Cell Disease
14.11 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism
14.12 Selection on Color in Fish
How Species Form
14.13 The Biological Species Concept
14.14 Isolating Mechanisms
15 How We Name Living Things
The Classification of Organisms
15.1 Invention of the Linnaean System
15.2 Species Names
15.3 Higher Categories
15.4 What Is a Species?
Inferring Phylogeny
15.5 How to Build a Family Tree
Today\'s Biology: DNA \"Bar Codes\"
Kingdoms and Domains
15.6 The Kingdoms of Life
15.7 Domain Bacteria
15.8 Domain Archaea
15.9 Domain Eukarya
16 Prokaryotes: The First Single-Celled Creatures
Origin of the First Cells
16.1 Origin of Life
16.2 How Cells Arose
Today\'s Biology: Has Life Evolved Elsewhere?
Prokaryotes
16.3 The Simplest Organisms
16.4 Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
16.5 Importance of Prokaryotes
Biology and Your Health: Drugs from Dirt
16.6 Prokaryotic Lifestyles
Viruses
16.7 The Structure of Viruses
16.8 How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells
16.9 How Animal Viruses Enter Cells
Today\'s Biology: SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle
16.10 Disease Viruses
Answering Your Questions About Pandemics
Today\'s Biology: Answering Your Questions About Wearing Masks to Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus
17 Protists: Advent of the Eukaryotes
The Evolution of Eukaryotes
17.1 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
17.2 The Evolution of Sex
The Protists
17.3 General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes
17.4 Classifying the Protists
17.5 Excavata Are Flagellated, and Some Lack Mitochondria
17.6 Chromalveolata Originated by Secondary Symbiosis
17.7 Rhizaria Have Hard Shells
17.8 Archaeplastida Include Red and Green Algae
17.9 Unikonta, the Road to Animals
18 Fungi Invade the Land
Fungi as Multicellular Organisms
18.1 Complex Multicellularity
18.2 A Fungus Is Not a Plant
18.3 Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi
Fungal Diversity
18.4 Kinds of Fungi
18.5 Microsporidia Are Unicellular Parasites
18.6 Chytrids Have Flagellated Spores
18.7 Zygomycetes Produce Zygotes
18.8 Glomeromycetes Are Asexual Plant Symbionts
18.9 Basidiomycetes Are the Mushroom Fungi
18.10 Ascomycetes Are the Most Diverse Fungi
The Ecology of Fungi
18.11 Ecological Roles of Fungi
Today\'s Biology: Mycoremediation to Rid the World of Plastic Waste?
UNIT FIVE: PLANT LIFE
19 Evolution of Plants
Plants
19.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living
19.2 Plant Evolution
Seedless Plants
19.3 Nonvascular Plants
19.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue
19.5 Seedless Vascular Plants
The Advent of Seeds
19.6 The Evolution of Seed Plants
19.7 Gymnosperms
The Evolution of Flowers
19.8 Rise of the Angiosperms
19.9 Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers?
19.10 Double Fertilization
19.11 Fruits
20 Plant Form and Function
Structure and Function of Plant Tissues
20.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant
20.2 Plant Tissue Types
The Plant Body
20.3 Roots
20.4 Stems
20.5 Leaves
Biology and Staying Healthy: Air-Cleaning Plants
Plant Transport and Nutrition
20.6 Water Movement
Today\'s Biology: Marijuana—A Cash Crop?
20.7 Carbohydrate Transport
21 Plant Reproduction and Growth
Flowering Plant Reproduction
21.1 Angiosperm Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
21.2 Structure of the Flower
21.3 Gametes Combine Within the Flower
21.4 Seeds
21.5 Fruit
21.6 Germination
21.7 Growth and Nutrition
Regulating Plant Growth
21.8 Plant Hormones
21.9 Auxin
Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
21.10 Photoperiodism and Dormancy
A Closer Look: Biological Clocks
21.11 Tropisms
UNIT SIX: EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS
22 Evolution of the Animal Phyla
Introduction to the Animals
22.1 General Features of Animals
22.2 The Animal Family Tree
22.3 Six Key Transitions in Body Plan
The Simplest Animals
22.4 Sponges: Animals Without Tissues
22.5 Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization
The Advent of Bilateral Symmetry
22.6 Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry
The Advent of a Body Cavity
22.7 The Evolution of a Body Cavity
22.8 Mollusks: Coelomates
22.9 Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation
22.10 Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates
22.11 Arthropods: The Advent of Jointed Appendages
Redesigning the Embryo
22.12 Protostomes and Deuterostomes
A Closer Look: Diversity Is Only Skin Deep
22.13 Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes
22.14 Chordates: Improving the Skeleton
A Closer Look: Evolutionary Trends Among the Animals
Today\'s Biology: Fish Out of Water
23 History of the Vertebrates
Overview of Vertebrate Evolution
23.1 The Paleozoic Era
23.2 The Mesozoic Era
23.3 The Cenozoic Era
The Parade of Vertebrates
23.4 Fishes Dominate the Sea
23.5 Amphibians Invade the Land
23.6 Reptiles Conquer the Land
A Closer Look: Dinosaurs
23.7 Birds Master the Air
A Closer Look: Are Birds Dinosaurs?
23.8 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times
24 How Humans Evolved
The Evolution of Primates
24.1 The Evolutionary Path to Humans
24.2 How the Apes Evolved
The First Hominids
24.3 Walking Upright
24.4 The Hominid Family Tree
The First Humans
24.5 African Origin: Early Homo
24.6 Out of Africa: Homo erectus
Modern Humans
24.7 Homo sapiens Also Evolved in Africa
Today\'s Biology: Meet Our Hobbit Cousin
24.8 The Only Surviving Hominid
Today\'s Biology: Race and Medicine
UNIT SEVEN: ANIMAL LIFE
25 The Animal Body and How It Moves
The Animal Body Plan
25.1 Innovations in Body Design
25.2 Organization of the Vertebrate Body
Tissues of the Vertebrate Body
25.3 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue
25.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body
Biology and Staying Healthy: Losing Bone—Osteoporosis
25.5 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move
25.6 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
25.7 Types of Skeletons
25.8 Muscles and How They Work
A Closer Look: A Day in the Life of Your Body
26 Circulation
Circulation
26.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
26.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System
26.3 The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid
26.4 Blood
Evolution of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
26.5 Fish Circulation
26.6 Amphibian and Reptile Circulation
26.7 Mammalian and Bird Circulation
Biology and Staying Healthy: Heart Disease Will Kill Many of Us
27 Respiration
Respiration
27.1 Types of Respiratory Systems
27.2 Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates
A Closer Look: On Being a Whale
27.3 Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates
27.4 The Mammalian Respiratory System
27.5 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange
Answering Your Questions About About Vaping
Lung Cancer and Smoking
27.6 The Nature of Lung Cancer
28 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body
Food Energy and Essential Nutrients
28.1 Food for Energy and Growth
Answering Your Questions About Food Labels
Digestion
28.2 Types of Digestive Systems
Answering Your Questions About Test-Tube Hamburgers
28.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems
28.4 The Mouth and Teeth
28.5 The Esophagus and Stomach
28.6 The Small and Large Intestines
28.7 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems
28.8 Accessory Digestive Organs
29 Maintaining the Internal Environment
Homeostasis
29.1 How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis
Osmoregulation
29.2 Regulating the Body\'s Water Content
Osmoregulation in Vertebrates
29.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney
29.4 The Mammalian Kidney
Biology and Staying Healthy: How Hormones Control Your Kidney\'s Functions
29.5 Eliminating Nitrogenous Wastes
30 How the Animal Body Defends Itself
Three Lines of Defense
30.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense
Answering Your Questions About Plastic Microbeads
30.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense
30.3 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense
The Immune Response
30.4 Initiating the Immune Response
30.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response
30.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response
30.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection
30.8 Vaccination
Today\'s Biology: Inventing a Vaccine for COVID-19
Today\'s Biology: Why Do We Have a COVID Vaccine but Still Do Not Have One for HIV?
30.9 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis
Defeat of the Immune System
30.10 Overactive Immune System
30.11 AIDS: Immune System Collapse
Biology and Staying Healthy: AIDS Drugs Target Different Phases of the HIV Infection Cycle
31 The Nervous System
Neurons and How They Work
31.1 Evolution of the Animal Nervous System
31.2 Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses
31.3 The Synapse
31.4 Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses
The Central Nervous System
31.5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain
Answering Your Questions About the Opioid Crisis
31.6 How the Brain Works
A Closer Look: A Sense of Where You Are
31.7 The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
31.8 Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems
32 The Senses
The Sensory Nervous System
32.1 Processing Sensory Information
Sensory Reception
32.2 Sensing Gravity and Motion
32.3 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell
32.4 Sensing Sounds: Hearing
32.5 Sensing Light: Vision
32.6 Other Vertebrate Senses
A Closer Look: How the Platypus Sees with Its Eyes Shut
33 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body
The Neuroendocrine System
33.1 Hormones
33.2 How Hormones Target Cells
The Major Endocrine Glands
33.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary
33.4 The Pancreas
Biology and Staying Healthy: The Type II Diabetes Epidemic
33.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands
Biology and Staying Healthy: Why Don\'t Men Get Breast Cancer?
33 Reproduction and Development
Vertebrate Reproduction
34.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
34.2 Evolution of Vertebrate Sexual Reproduction
The Human Reproductive System
34.3 Males
34.4 Females
34.5 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle
The Course of Development
34.6 Embryonic Development
34.7 Fetal Development
A Closer Look: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Infections
34.8 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Infections
UNIT EIGHT: THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
35 Populations and Communities
Ecology
35.1 What Is Ecology?
Populations
35.2 Population Range
35.3 Population Distribution
35.4 Population Growth
35.5 The Influence of Population Density
35.6 Life History Adaptations
35.7 Population Demography
How Competition Shapes Communities
35.8 Communities
35.9 The Niche and Competition
A Closer Look: Character Displacement Among Darwin\'s Finches
Species Interactions
35.10 Coevolution and Symbiosis
Today\'s Biology: The War Against Urban Deer
35.11 Predator- Prey Interactions
Today\'s Biology: How to Stop Cars from Hitting Deer? Add Wolves!
35.12 Mimicry
Today\'s Biology: Invasion of the Killer Bees
Community Stability
35.13 Ecological Succession
36 Ecosystems
The Energy in Ecosystems
36.1 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
36.2 Ecological Pyramids
Materials Cycle Within Ecosystems
36.3 The Water Cycle
36.4 The Carbon Cycle
36.5 Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles
How Weather Shapes Ecosystems
36.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation
36.7 Latitude and Elevation
36.8 Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean
Major Kinds of Ecosystems
36.9 Ocean Ecosystems
36.10 Freshwater Ecosystems
36.11 Land Ecosystems
37 Behavior and the Environment
Some Behavior Is Genetically Determined
37.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior
37.2 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns
37.3 Genetic Effects on Behavior
Behavior Can Also Be Influenced by Learning
37.4 How Animals Learn
37.5 Instinct and Learning Interact
37.6 Animal Cognition
Evolutionary Forces Shape Behavior
37.7 Behavioral Ecology
37.8 A Cost- Benefit Analysis of Behavior
37.9 Migratory Behavior
37.10 Reproductive Behaviors
Social Behavior
37.11 Communication Within Social Groups
A Closer Look: The Dance Language of the Honeybee
37.12 Altruism and Group Living
37.13 Animal Societies
37.14 Human Social Behavior
38 Human Influences on the Living World
Global Change
38.1 Pollution
38.2 Acid Precipitation
38.3 The Ozone Hole
38.4 Global Warming
Answering Your Questions About Global Warming
38.5 Loss of Biodiversity
Today\'s Biology: The Global Decline in Amphibians
Saving Our Environment
38.6 Reducing Pollution
38.7 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources
38.8 Curbing Population Growth
Solving Environmental Problems
38.9 Preserving Endangered Species
38.10 Finding Cleaner Sources of Energy
38.11 Individuals Can Make the Difference
Appendix
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