دانلود کتاب Magnetospheric Current Systems

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Title Page\r......Page 3
Copyright\r......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
DEDICATION......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
INTRODUCTION......Page 12
COLLISIONLESS PLASMA......Page 15
PARTIALLY IONIZED GAS......Page 17
CURRENT INTERRUPTION......Page 19
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
INTRODUCTION......Page 22
MHD WAVE PACKET DESCRIPTION......Page 24
WAVE PACKET DYNAMICS AND RECONNECTION......Page 25
WAVE PACKET DYNAMICS AND FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENT GENERATION......Page 27
DISCUSSION......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 31
2. IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO APPLIED STRESS......Page 32
3. STRESSES IN THE POLAR CAP......Page 36
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 40
3.1 Fast Temporal and/or Small Spatial Scale Phenomena......Page 41
3.4 Non-ideal Equation of State......Page 42
4.1 Single Particle Behavior......Page 43
4.6 Cross-Scale Coupling......Page 44
5. DISTINCTION BETWEEN CURRENT DISRUPTION AND MAGNETIC RECONNECTION......Page 45
7. APPENDIX A......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
1. BACKGROUND......Page 50
3. SOUTHWARD IMF SHOWING REGION 1 CURRENT SYSTEM AND DISPLACED CHAPMANFERRARO CURRENT CENTER......Page 51
5. DAWN-TO-DUSK IMF SHOWING SKEWED, SPIRAL CHAPMAN-FERRARO GEOMETRY, THE CUSP-MANTLE CURRENT SYSTEM, AND ITS RELATION TO THE REGION 1 CURRENT SYSTEM......Page 53
6. SUMMARY......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 61
2. METHOD OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION......Page 62
4. SOUTHWARD IMF CASE......Page 63
5. ENERGY BUDGET......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 69
2. MODELING OF THE MAGNETOPAUE CURRENTS......Page 70
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
APPROACH......Page 80
RESULTS FOR E = 5 MHO......Page 81
RESULTS FOR E = 25 MHO......Page 83
DISCUSSION......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 86
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 88
2. EVENT DESCRIPTION......Page 89
3. LOCAL MODEL RESULTS......Page 90
5. HYBRID INPUT ALGORITHM MODEL RESULTS......Page 92
6. COMPARISON OF MODEL RESULTS......Page 93
7. DISCUSSION......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
2. IONOSPHERIC FLOW, CONDUCTIVITY, AND CURRENTS......Page 97
3. MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE CURRENT CIRCUITS......Page 100
4. CUSP CURRENTS......Page 104
5. TRAVELLING CONVECTION VORTICES......Page 107
6. SUBSTORM CURRENTS......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 113
Momentum and Energy Transfer......Page 114
Generation......Page 120
IMF B,.-Dependent Midday FA Cs......Page 123
FACs Associated with Northward IMF......Page 125
FACs for Vanishingly Small IMF......Page 129
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 133
INTRODUCTION......Page 136
DESCRIPTION OF GLOBAL ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS......Page 137
IONOSPHERIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND OHM\'S LAW......Page 139
IONOSPHERIC WIND DYNAMO......Page 143
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE MAGNETOSPHERE AND THE IONOSPHERE......Page 147
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 151
INTRODUCTION......Page 152
MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE COUPLING BY ALFVEN WAVES......Page 153
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF PARALLEL ELECTRIC FIELDS......Page 154
FORMATION OF SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE IN AURORAL CURRENTS AND FIELDS......Page 156
SUMMARY......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 161
COMPUTATIONAL METHOD......Page 162
SUMMARY......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 168
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
2.1. Physical Model......Page 171
3.2. Field-aligned Current During Substorms......Page 172
4.1. Nonlinear evolution of the FLRs in the presence of non-uniform Pedersen Conductivity......Page 173
4.2. Nonlinear evolution of FLRs in the presence of time-dependent Pealersen conductivity......Page 174
REFERENCES......Page 175
INTRODUCTION......Page 177
ALTITUDE AND ILAT DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 179
SEASONAL AND ACTIVITY EFFECTS......Page 180
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
2.1. A multiscale automated FAC-finder......Page 186
2.2. The sheet-current assumption......Page 187
3.1. Regions 1 and 2......Page 188
3.3. FAC sizes and \"roughnesses\"......Page 190
4. THE ASSOCIATION OF FACs WITH UPGOING ELECTRON BEAMS......Page 191
5. DISCUSSION......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 194
Event 1:17 Jan 98......Page 195
Event 2:18 Jan 98......Page 197
CONCLUSIONS......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 200
INTRODUCTION......Page 201
RESULTS......Page 202
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 208
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 210
2. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS......Page 211
2.2. Surge Horn Pass # 1200......Page 212
3. DISCUSSION......Page 214
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
THE PRESSURE PULSE IN THE SOLAR WIND......Page 219
THE MAGNETOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE......Page 220
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226
INTRODUCTION......Page 228
ROTATION-TYPE AND EXPANSION-TYPE HARANG DISCONTINUITY......Page 229
FAC DIS7RIBUTION AT THE SHEAR FLOW REGION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUGUST 27, 1998, EVENT......Page 233
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 238
2. DATA......Page 239
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 240
4. CONCLUSION......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 244
1. INTRODUCTIO......Page 245
2. BRIEF REVIEW OF PAST EVIDENCES......Page 246
4.1. Four-sheet FACs and plasma domain......Page 247
4.2. Statistics......Page 248
4.4. Meso-scale FACs......Page 249
4.5. The other important features......Page 250
REFERENCES......Page 251
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 253
2. DATA ANALYSIS......Page 254
3. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
INTRODUCTION......Page 260
INJECTED PARTICLE PROPERTIES......Page 261
SIMULATION......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
Structured Currents Associated with Tail Bursty Flows During Turbulent Plasma Sheet Conditions......Page 265
GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 271
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 273
2.1. Lobe magnetic field observations......Page 274
2.3. Comparison of lobe and ground observations......Page 277
3. CROSS-TAIL CURRENT DISRUPTION AND TRAVELING COMPRESSION REGIONS TCR: DUAL OBSERVATIONS ON NOVEMBER 24, 1996.......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 280
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 282
2. APPROACH AND BASIC ASSUMPTIONS......Page 283
3.2 Dipolarization......Page 284
4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 291
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 292
2b. Initial Conditions, Tail Model......Page 293
3a. Formation and Structure of a Thin Current Sheet......Page 294
3b. Onset of Magnetic Reconnection......Page 295
4. THE KINETIC KINK MODE......Page 296
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 301
2. THE MODEL......Page 302
3.1. Properties of the Quasi-Steady State: Merging Current Sheets......Page 303
3.2. Characteristic Scales of the Plasma Sheet Variability......Page 304
5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 307
Self-Consistent Model of 1D Current Sheet\' The Role of Drift, Magnetization and Diamagnetic Currents......Page 309
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 310
2. BASIC THEORY......Page 311
3. LIMITING CASES OF THE BASIC THEORY......Page 312
5. CURRENT SHEET STRUCTURE FOR SUPERSTRONG ANISOTROPY......Page 313
6. THE COMBINED PICTURE OF THIN ADIABATIC AND NON-ADIABATIC CURRENT SHEETS......Page 314
7. SUMMARY......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 317
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 319
2. ION PRESSURE ANISOTROPY......Page 320
3. INFLUENCE OF FLUCTUATIONS AND OF THE IMF ON THE MAGNETOTAIL By......Page 322
4. SUMMARY......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
INTRODUCTION......Page 327
ASYMMETRIC RING CURRENT......Page 328
RING CURRENT AND THE DST INDEX......Page 330
PARTICLE \"FLOW-OUT\" EFFECT ON THE RING CURRENT DECAY......Page 331
SUMMARY......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 333
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 335
2. FAMILIAR QUASI-STATIC AND TIME-VARYING CURRENT SYSTEMS IN THE TERRESTRIAL MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 336
4. CURRENTS IN JUPITER\'S MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 337
5. AURORAS DIFFER AT EARTH & JUPITER......Page 341
6. GANYMEDE: THE OTHER EXTREME......Page 342
7. WHAT ABOUT CURRENTS AT GANYMEDE?......Page 343
9. NEAR MOONS, PICKUP CURRENTS ARISE FROM NEWLY IONIZED MATI\'ER......Page 344
10. INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS WITHIN THE MOONS......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
INTRODUCTION......Page 349
BIRKELAND CURRENTS WITHIN AN IDEALIZED MODEL......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 356
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 358
3. MERCURY......Page 359
4. SATURN......Page 361
5. SUMMARY......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364
THE MAGNETOSPHERE OF PLANET MERCURY......Page 366
FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENT OBSERVATIONS......Page 367
RECONFIGURATION CURRENTS......Page 368
SUBSTORMS AT MERCURY......Page 370
INDUCED CURRENTS IN THE PLANETARY INTERIOR......Page 372
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 374
INTRODUCTION......Page 376
METHOD......Page 377
SUMMARY......Page 382
REFERENCES......Page 383
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 384
2. AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF LARGE-SCALE FAC......Page 385
3. APPLICATIONS......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 389
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 390
2. DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS......Page 391
3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 395