دانلود کتاب Managing Infodemics in the 21st Century: Addressing New Public Health Challenges in the Information Ecosystem

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Acknowledgements
Contents
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Infodemic Management in the Twenty-First Century
1.1 Definition of an Infodemic and the Evolving Information Ecosystem
1.1.1 Characteristics of an Infodemic
1.2 Potential Harms Caused by Infodemics
1.3 The Importance of Trust in Epidemic and Pandemic Response
1.3.1 Trust and Science During Epidemics
1.3.2 Trust and Communities
1.4 Strategies to Manage Infodemics During Health Crises
1.5 Tips to Implement Infodemic Management
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Definitions in Infodemic Management
2.1 Introduction: Overview of WHO Infodemic Management Framework
2.2 Social Listening and Infodemic Insights – Questions, Concerns, Narratives, and Misinformation
2.3 Delivering High-Quality Health Information and Programming
2.4 Intervening Through Design, Implementation, and Evaluation
2.5 Promoting and Supporting Resilience, Health Behaviours, and Community Engagement
2.6 Strengthening Preparedness, Planning, Policy, and Systems
References
Chapter 3: People’s Experience of Information Overload and Its Impact on Infodemic Harms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Public Health Challenge of Information Overload
3.3 Overload: Emergency and Risk Communications Approaches
3.3.1 Emergency Response Approaches
3.3.2 Risk Communication Approaches
3.3.3 Existing Limitations
3.4 Understanding Information Overload
3.4.1 Emotional States
3.4.2 Material Affordances and Constraints
3.4.3 Social Affordances and Constraints
3.4.4 Behavioural Responses
3.5 Information Overload: an Infodemic Management Approach
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: The Information Environment and Its Influence on Misinformation Effects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Information Environment
4.3 Challenges Posed by the Modern Information Ecosystem
4.3.1 Asynchronous Nature of Information Environments
4.3.2 Difficulties of Researching the Information Environment
4.3.3 Cross-Border Disinformation Flows
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Fighting the Fallacies: The ‘Infodemic’ and the European Commission
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Three Pillars of the EU’s Disinformation Fighting Operation
5.3 Evolution of the Infodemic
5.3.1 Narratives Before Vaccine Rollout
Initial Response
5.3.2 Narratives After Vaccine Roll Out
5.4 The Infodemic for the EU
5.4.1 Where
5.4.2 What
5.4.3 Why
5.5 Response to Vaccine Mis- and Disinformation
5.5.1 European External Action Service
5.5.2 Working with the Private Sector – DG CNECT
5.5.3 Network Against Disinformation
5.6 Questions Posed by the Infodemic
5.7 A New Mandate for the Network
5.8 Results
5.9 Lessons Learnt
5.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Smart Health! Expanding the Need for New Literacies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Smart Health!
6.2.1 eHealth
6.2.2 mHealth
6.2.3 Building Capacity: Opportunities and Challenges in the Information Age
6.3 New Competencies to Accommodate Health in the Twenty-First Century
6.3.1 Health Literacy
6.3.2 Digital Literacy
6.3.3 Information Literacy
6.3.4 Media Literacy
6.3.5 Science Literacy
6.4 Expanding Capacity to Enhance Multiple Literacies
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: To Debunk or Not to Debunk? Correcting (Mis)Information
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Prioritising Corrections
7.2.1 Misinformation Source
7.2.2 Misinformation Audience
7.2.3 Misinformation Content
7.3 How to Correct: REACT
7.3.1 Repetition
7.3.2 Empathy
7.3.3 Alternative Explanation
7.3.4 Credible Source
7.3.5 Timeliness
7.4 Beyond Corrections: Proactive Approaches to Misinformation
7.4.1 Promoting High-Quality Information
7.4.2 Prebunking
7.4.3 Literacy Interventions
7.4.4 Platform-Led Interventions and Technocognition
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Prebunking Against Misinformation in the Modern Digital Age
8.1 Beyond Fact-Checking: Tackling the Infodemic
8.2 Inoculation Theory: A Vaccine Against Persuasion
8.2.1 Initial Vaccines Against Specific Misinformation
8.2.2 A Broad-Spectrum Vaccine Through Gamification
8.2.3 Testing the Efficacy of Inoculation Games
8.3 Criticisms of the Initial Game Studies
8.3.1 The Use of Randomised Research Designs
8.3.2 Long-Term Effectiveness of Inoculation
8.4 Applications and Herd Iimmunity
8.4.1 Policy Applications of Inoculation Theory
8.4.2 Can Inoculation Spread?
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Addressing Mis- and Disinformation on Social Media
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What Is a “Disinfodemic”?
9.3 International Standards on Freedom of Expression
9.3.1 Alignment with International Human Rights Standards and Sustainable Development
9.4 Responses to Counter Mis- and Disinformation
9.4.1 Actions Taken by Governments
9.4.2 Actions Taken by Social Media Companies
9.4.3 Actions Taken by Civil Society
9.5 Long-Term Solutions to Mis- and Disinformation Online
9.5.1 Research Needs
9.5.2 Supporting Journalism
9.5.3 Media and Information Literacy
9.5.4 Transparency
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Partnering with Communities for Effective Management of Health Emergencies: Four Case Studies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A. Schneider: Lessons from Social Marketing (Case Study 1)
10.2.1 Voluntary Exchange
10.2.2 Factors Influencing Behaviour
10.2.3 Appealing to Who People Are
10.3 R. Umamaheshwari: ‘Pandemic’ Times and a Hill Village of Himachal Pradesh State, India (Case Study 2)
10.3.1 Nature and Habitat
10.3.2 Community Cohesion and Human Bonds
10.3.3 The e-Learning ‘Infodemic’ and Consumerism
10.3.4 Autonomy and Dignity of the Body
10.3.5 The Last Mile Walker/Worker
10.4 P.D. Akana: Strengthening Community Engagement Towards COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Cameroon (Case Study 3)
10.5 J. N. Anoko: Effective Partnership with Communities to Rebuild an Ebola Treatment Centre (Case Study 4)
10.5.1 Method
10.5.2 Results
10.5.3 Conclusion
References
Index