دانلود کتاب Manual of lexicography

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FOREWORD\nINTRODUCTION\nCHAPTER I: LEXICAL MEANING\n 1.0 Lexical Meaning\n 1.1 Semantics\n 1.2 The System and the Applications\n 1.3 The Components of Lexical Meaning\n 1.3.1 Designation\n 1.3.1.1 The Designative Words\n 1.3.2 Connotation\n 1.3.3 The Range of Application\n 1.4 The Actual Signification in the Context\n 1.4.1 The Divergences of Actual Signification from Systemic Meaning\n 1.4.2 Occasional Use and Figurative Sense\n 1.4.3 Occasional:: Systemic and Figurative:: Transferred\n 1.4.4 Semantic Change\n 1.5 Polysemy\n 1.5.1 Direct Sense\n 1.5.2 Transferred Sense\n 1.5.3 Specialized Sense\n 1.5.4 Constellations\n 1.5.5 Dominant Sense\n 1.5.6 Treatment of Polysemy; Depletion; Disambiguation\n 1.5.7 Context; the Contextual Nuance\n 1.5.8 Polysemy in System and in Actual Manifestations\n 1.6 Homonymy\n 1.6.1 Homophones\n 1.6.2 Homographes\n 1.6.3 Partial Homonymy\n 1.6.4 Criteria of Homonymy\n 1.6.5 The Presentation of Homonyms\n 1.7 Synonymy\n 1.7.1 (Absolute) Synonyms\n 1.7.2 Near-Synonyms\n 1.7.3 Criterial Semantic Features\n 1.7.4. Hyperonyms and Hyponyms\n 1.7.5 Partial Synonyms and Near-Synonyms\n 1.7.6 Groups of Near-Synonyms\n 1.7.7 Semantically Related Words; Onomasiology\n 1.7.8 Approaches to the Systemic Studies of the Lexicon\n 1.7.9 Some Remarks on the Lexicographer’s Practice\n 1.8 Designative and Non-Designative Words\n 1.8.1 Functional (Grammatical) Words\n 1.8.2 Proper Names\nCHAPTER II: FORMAL VARIATION OF WORDS\n 2.1 The Paradigm\n 2.1.1 Canonical Form\n 2.1.2 Particular Forms of the Paradigm\n 2.1.2.1 Formal Variation within the Paradigm\n 2.1.2.2 Variation of the Lexical Meaning within the Paradigm\n 2.1.3 Extension of a Paradigm\n 2.2 Derivation\n 2.3 Composition\n 2.3.1 Dimension of Form\n 2.3.2 Difference of Meaning\n 2.3.3 Stability\n 2.3.4 Unorganic Composition\nCHAPTER III: COMBINATIONS OF WORDS\n 3.0 Meaningful Combinations of Words\n 3.1 Rections\n 3.2 Free Combinations\n 3.3 Set Combinations\n 3.3.1 Multiword Lexical Units\n 3.3.2 Quotations, Dicta, Proverbs\n 3.3.3 Multiword Lexical Units in Lexicographic Practice\n 3.3.4 Constituents of the Lexical Units and their Status\n 3.4 Appendix\nCHAPTER IV: VARIATION IN LANGUAGE\n 4.1 Dialects\n 4.2 The Standard National Language\n 4.3 Styles and Restricted Languages etc.; Diglossia\n 4.4 The Development of a Standard National Language\n 4.5 Linguistic Change\n 4.6 Lexicographic Practice; the Norm\n 4.7 Appendix: Statements on Variation in Particular Languages\nCHAPTER V: THE TYPES OF DICTIONARIES\n 5.1 Encyclopedic Dictionaries\n 5.2 Linguistic Dictionaries\n 5.2.1 Diachronic Dictionaries: (historical and etymological)\n 5.2.2 Synchronic Dictionaries\n 5.2.3 Restricted Dictionaries\n 5.2.4 General Dictionaries; Standard-descriptive Dictionaries; Overall-descriptive Dictionaries\n 5.2.5 Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries\n 5.2.6 Different Purposes of Dictionaries\n 5.2.7 Size of the Dictionaries\n 5.2.8 Types of Dictionaries\nCHAPTER VI: THE MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARY\n 6.1 Basic Decisions\n 6.2 Articulation of Work\n 6.3 Collection of Material\n 6.3.1 Excerption\n 6.3.1.1 Lexicographic Context\n 6.3.1.2 Conduct and Types of Excerption\n 6.3.2 Knowledge of the Language\n 6.3.2.1 Informants\n 6.3.3 Lexicographical Sources\n 6.4 Selection of Entries\n 6.4.1 Form of Lexical Units\n 6.4.2 Density of Entries\n 6.5 The Construction of Entries\n 6.5.1 Character of the Entry\n 6.5.2 Lemma\n 6.5.3 The Main Part of the Entry\n 6.5.3.1 The Lexicographic Definition\n 6.5.3.2 Synonyms\n 6.5.3.3 Examples\n 6.5.3.3.1 Subentries\n 6.5.3.4 Glosses\n 6.5.4 Reduced Entries\n 6.5.5 Presentation of Polysemy\n 6.5.5.1 Sequence of Senses\n 6.6 Arrangement of Entries\n 6.6.1 Alphabetical Sequence\n 6.6.2 Nests\n 6.6.3 Multiword lexical Units\n 6.7 Normative Aspects\nCHAPTER VII: THE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY\n 7.0 The Purpose of the Bilingual Dictionary\n 7.1 The Anisomorphism of Languages\n 7.2 Multilingual Dictionaries\n 7.3 Types of Bilingual Dictionaries\n 7.4 Collection of Material\n 7.5 Selection of Entries\n 7.6 The Equivalent\n 7.6.1 The Translational and the Descriptive Equivalent\n 7.6.2 No Equivalent\n 7.7 Form of Entries\n 7.8 Glosses and Labels\n 7.9 Examples\n 7.10 Grammatical Information\n 7.11 Abstractive Power\n 7.12 Other Information\n 7.13 Sequence of Entries\nCHAPTER VIII: PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF LEXICOGRAPHIC WORK\n 8.1 The Lexicographer’s Personal Decision\n 8.2 The Sequence of the Necessary Dictionaries\n 8.3 Time Estimates in Planning\n 8.4 Organizational and Operative Details\n 8.5 The Use of Automatic Data-processing Machines\n 8.6 Consolation of Lexicography\nABBREVIATIONS\nADDENDA TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY