دانلود کتاب Mariner's Weather Handbook

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Dedication
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Preface
Having a Feel for the Weather
Understanding the Basics
Proximity—A Key Ingredient
Using This Book
Background Data
Our Approach at Sea
Acknowledgments
Weather Reports
Stay In Touch
Register Your Book
Visit Us On the Internet
What Creates the Weather?
Insolation
Effect on The Atmosphere
Global Weather Patterns
Seasonal Variations
Effects of Differences in Pressure
Coriolis Effect
Evaporation
Condensation
Weather on a Global Scale
Local Weather Patterns
Backing and Veering Winds
Wind Flow in Highs and Lows
Fronts
Birth of a Depression
Warm Fronts
Cold Fronts
Frontal Speed
Occluded Fronts
Stationary Fronts
Secondary Depressions
Onboard Prediction
Wind Strength
Messages in the Clouds
The Barometer
Along the South African Coast
Wind Direction
Gust Factors
Data from Other Yachts
What the Waves Tell You
Anomalies
Finding Pressure Centers
Reading the Clouds
General Categories of Clouds
Cirrus
Cirrocumulus
Cirrostratus
Altocumulus
Altostratus
Stratus
Nimbostratus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulus
The Extratropical Forecasting Process
National Weather Service’s Marine Prediction Center
Upper Level Conditions
Computer Modeling
Forecast Cycle
Budget Issues
When You’re at Sea
Who Are the Forecasters?
Surface Forecasts
Common Terms
Radio Forecasts
Antenna Selection
Onboard Interference
Band Conditions
Receiving Voice Forecasts
Nets and Weather Relays
The Weather Fax
Dedicated Fax or Computer?
At the Beginning of a Passage
Symbols
Sample Fax Charts
Interpreting Surface Fax Charts
Compression Zones
Tropical and Subtropical Lows
Isobar Curvature and Wind Speed
Forecasting in Three Dimensions
3-D Low Structure
Divergence
3-D High Structure
Convergence
Upper-Level Westerlies
Meandering Upper-Level Winds
Ridges and Troughs
Upper-Level Charts
500mb Fax Charts
The Professional’s View
Surface Weather Review
What Is a 500mb Contour?
Relative Heights
5,640-Meter Height Contour
Rules of Thumb
500mb Atmospheric Waves
Long Waves
Short Waves
Wave Interaction
Picking Out Waves
Short Waves and Surface Lows
Short Wave Trough Life Cycle
Short Wave Trough Interaction
Horizontal Offset as an Indicator
Zonal Pattern
Meridional Pattern
Topographic Influences
Ridge Blocking Patterns
Cut-Off Lows
Making Use of 500mb Charts
When Isoheights Are Missing
In the Tropics
Forecasting 500mb Behavior
Zonal to Meridional Transition
Meridional Behavior
Trough Axis Orientation
Cut-Off Low Triggers
Longer Term Weather Patterns
Using Cloud Patterns
Trough Axis Rotation
500mb Recap
Surface to 500mb Offset
Zonal to Meridional Flow
Cut-Off Low Development
Ridge Blocking
Confirming 500mb Projections
Streams of Flow
The Jet Stream
Jet Stream Components
The Jet Stream in Winter
Cloud Signatures
Low Pressure Tactics
“Normal” Depressions
N. Hemisphere Wind Direction
S. Hemisphere Wind Direction
Wind Strength
Sea State
Basic Decisions
Upwind Destinations
Favored Tack
Running Before a Depression
Favored Jibe
Reaching Across Depressions
Bent Back Warm Fronts
Frontal Structure
Warm Core
Satellite Images
Wind-Field Structure
Warning Signs
Avoidance Tactics
Christmas 1997
Cloud Signatures
Queen’s Birthday Storm
June 1, 1994
The Low Deepens
Tactics
What Should Have Happened?
A Meteorologist’s View
Reality—Heart of Gold
Details
500mb View
500mb Hindsight
Was This a Bent Back Warm Front?
Squalls
Lapse Rates
Upper Atmosphere Requirements
Squall Watch
Predicting Squall Strength
Taking Advantage of the Wind
Getting Away from the Wind
Within the Squall
During the Day
Watch the Barometer
Line Squalls
Land-Generated Thunderheads
Thunder and Lightning
Microbursts
Clear-Air Microbursts
A Final Warning
Auckland to Raivavai
Towards the Australs
An El Nino Year?
Using a Front to Start
Time to Go
Heading Offshore
In Retrospect
High-Seas Broadcast Weather
Weather at Anchor
Rangiroa
Cruising Highs
Circulation About a High
Keep an Eye on Development
Westerly Tradewinds
Highs are Rarely Stable
On Top of the High
Below the High
Unfriendly Highs
Tropical Forecasting
Tropical Prediction Center
Tropical Synoptic Charts
Tropical Cyclones
Storm Genesis
Tropical Waves
Organized Circulation
Maturation
Steering Currents
Risk of Recurving
Speed of Movement
Tropical Storm Geography
Tropical Storm Forecasts
Where to Get Forecasts
Seasons
Macro Forecasting Factors
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Recap
Life Cycle of a Hurricane
Diurnal Factors
Early Warning Signs
As the Storm Approaches
The Bar
Weather Fax Data
Dangerous Semicircle
Early Warning with Satellites
How Early Do You React?
Introduction
Development in General
Curved Band (Coiling) Stage
Embedded Center Stage
Satellite Observations of Tropical Cyclones
Early Stages of Tropical Cyclogenisis
The Dvorak Technique
Arrested Development and Weakening
Cloud-Pattern Variability
Additional Tropical Cyclone Cloud Patterns
Diurnal Effects
Cloud Patterns Associated with Tropical Cyclone Motion
A Model of Tropical Cyclone Development
Hurricane Avoidance Tactics
Boat and Crew Factors
Sea Room
Sheltered Conditions
Finding the Storm Center
Establishing the Storm Track
Navigable Semicircle
Courses of Action
Equator Side of the Storm Track
Passaging in Hurricane Season
Using a Weather Router
Communications
Costs
Discussing Your Needs
Trade-offs
Performance Factors
Nuka Hiva to San Diego
Nuka Hiva
Tactics
Hurricane Linda
Depression 15E
Tropical Storm Marty
Nora Matures
Approaching the Coast
Hurricane Nora
San Juanico
Heading North
The Barometer Plummets
Reaching on Starboard Tack
In Hindsight
Outside Information
Transition Mechanics
Warning Signs
Speed of Movement
Tactics
Seasonal Issues
Tropical to Extratropical Transition of Hurricanes
Hurricane Danielle
September 1, 1998
September 2
September 3
September 4
Tactics
Surface Prog Charts
North Pacific
Typhoon Stella
September 16, 1998
September 17
September 18
September 19
500mb Prog Charts
Return from Hawaii
Leaving Port
Making Northing
Cutting Across the High
Fog
Advection/Sea Fog
Where Do You Find Sea Fog?
Forecasting Sea Fog
Radiation Fog
Using a Sling Psychrometer
Near Land
Land Mass Compression
The Sea Breeze
Down-slope (Katabatic) Winds
Headlands
Special Acceleration Situations
Long Narrow Bays
Coastal Tactics
Holes in the Wind
Special Situations
South Africa
Coastal Tactics
The Gulf Stream
Thermal-Based Weather
Current
Cape Hatteras Weather
Gulf Stream Crossing Tactics
Cruise Planning
Philosophy
Atypical Weather Patterns
Pilot Charts
Sailing Directions
Equinoctial Gale Season
Tropical vs. Mid-Latitude Storms
Tropics
Against the Trades
High Latitudes
Mid-Latitude Considerations
Extreme Temperature Gradients
Hurricane Seasons
The Herd Mentality
Playing the Odds
Long-Term Cruising
The ITCZ (Doldrums)
Crossing Tactics
What to Expect
Using Radar
Tropical and Extratropical Storm Size Comparison
Weather Windows
Boat Speed
Know Your Capabilities
Weather System Speed
Relative Direction
Defining a Good Window
U.S. East Coast Departure
Working with Local Forecasters
Risk Assessment
Weather Cycles
Unusual Local Conditions
Discussing Weather Windows
Severe Weather Review
Tropical Review
Extratropical Review
Weather Forecasting Tools
Priorities
Barometer
Facsimile Receivers
Wind Instruments
Weather Radar
Range and Power
Antenna Size
Control Settings
Use with Squalls
Frontal Systems
Weather Alarm
On Watch
Satellite Direct Receivers
Satellite Direct Suppliers
Weather Routing Software
The Internet
As a Teaching Tool
Practice!
Suggested Web Sites
GRIB Files
Vis5D
Afterword
Additional References
Books
INDEX