دانلود کتاب Maternal Child Nursing Care in Canada 3rd edition

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Front Cover
Inside Front cover
Perry\'s Maternal Child Nursing Care in Canada
Copyright
Contents
About the Authors
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Approach
New to This Edition
Special Features
Supplemental Resources
Study Guide - NEW!
Evolve Website
For Students
For Instructors
Simulation Learning System (SLS)
Sherpath
Elsevier eBooks
Next Generation NCLEX (NGN)
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Maternal Child Nursing
Unit 1 Introduction to Maternal Child Nursing
Chapter 1: Contemporary Perinatal and Pediatric Nursing in Canada
Perinatal and pediatric nursing
The history and context of health care in Canada
Contemporary issues and trends
Social Determinants of Health
Socioeconomic Status
Health Inequity Within Certain Populations
Indigenous people
Immigrants and refugees
Adolescents
Older women
Homelessness
Children
Trauma- and Violence-Informed Care
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Indigenous People
Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transsexual/Queer/2-Spirited (LGBTQ2) Health
Culture
Integrative Healing and Alternate Health Practices
High-Technology Care
Social Media
Health Literacy
Specialization and evidence-informed nursing practice
Evidence-Informed or Research-Based Practice
Standards of Practice and Legal Issues in Delivery of Care
Patient Safety and Risk Management
Interprofessional Education
Global health
Sustainable Development Goals
Ethical issues in maternal child nursing
Ethical Guidelines for Nursing Research
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 2: The Family and Culture
The family in cultural and community context
The Family in Society
Defining Family
Family Organization and Structure
Family Dynamics
Family nursing
Theories as Guides to Understanding and Working With Families
Family Assessment
The Calgary Family Assessment Model
Graphic Representations of Families
Family Nursing as Relational Inquiry
Cultural factors related to health
Multiculturalism in Canada
Cultural Context of the Family
Acculturation
Providing Culturally Competent Nursing Care
Spirituality
Spiritual Care
Communication
Use of Interpreters
Personal Space
Time Orientation
Family Roles
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 3: Community Care
Roles and Functions of Community Health Nurses
Core Competencies
Public Health Decision Making
Community Health Promotion
Economics
Demography
Epidemiology
Distribution of disease, injury, or illness
Epidemiological triangle
Levels of Preventive Care
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Communities
Community Nursing Process
Assessing the Community
Data collection and sources of community health data
Community Planning
Community Intervention
Community Evaluation
Implications for Nursing
Home Care in the Community
Patient Selection and Referral
Nursing Care
Home Visiting
First home visit
Assessment
Plan of care and implementation
Safety issues for the home visiting nurse
Personal safety
Patients home
Infection control
Phone and Online Health Support
Telephone Triage and Counselling
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Part 2: Perinatal Nursing
Unit 2 Introduction to Perinatal Nursing
Chapter 4: Perinatal Nursing in Canada
Perinatal services in canada
Family-centred maternity and newborn care
Promoting Healthy and Normal Birth
Caring for Families
Providing Care in a Culturally Safe Manner
Care Environment
Midwifery
Perinatal health indicators: the canadian perinatal surveillance system
Childbirth-Related Mortality Rate
Maternal Morbidity
Trends in Fertility and Birth Rate
Multiple Birth Rate
Preterm Birth and Birth Weight
Health Service Indicators
Current issues affecting perinatal nursing practice
Health Inequities Within Perinatal Populations
Indigenous Women
Homelessness and Pregnancy
LGBTQ2 Concerns
Interprofessional Care
Breastfeeding in Canada
Community-Based Care
Global Health
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 3 Women’s Health
Chapter 5: Health Promotion
Reasons for entering the health care system
Wellness Care Across the Lifespan
Adolescents
Teenage pregnancy
Young and Middle Adulthood
Parenthood after age 35
Late Reproductive Age
Approaches to care at specific stages during the lifespan
Fertility Control and Infertility
Preconception Counselling and Care
Pregnancy
Menstrual Concerns
Perimenopause and Menopause
Barriers to receiving health care
Financial Issues
Cultural Issues
Gender Issues
Risk factors that impact health
Substance Use
Cigarette Smoking
Caffeine
Alcohol Consumption
Cannabis
Prescription Medication Use
Illicit Drug Use
Cocaine
Opioids
Methamphetamine
Other illicit drugs
Substance Use Cessation
Nutrition
Nutritional Deficiencies
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Lack of Exercise
Stress
Depression, Anxiety, and Other Mental Health Conditions
Sleep Disorders
Environmental and Workplace Hazards
Sexual Practices
Medical Conditions
Gynecological Conditions
Female Genital Cutting
Human Trafficking
Intimate Partner Violence
Violence During Pregnancy
Prevention
Health promotion and illness prevention
Health Screening for Women Across the Lifespan
Health teaching
Domains of Learning
Cognitive Learning
Affective Learning
Psychomotor Learning
Adult Learning
Learning Styles
Teaching Methods
One-on-One Discussion
Role Playing
Group Teaching
Demonstration
Factors That Influence Learning
Environment
Ability to Learn
Health Literacy
Motivation to Learn
Developmental level
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 6: Health Assessment
Health assessment
History
Physical Examination
Cultural Considerations and Communication Variations in History and Physical
Adolescents (Ages 13 to 19)
Women With Disabilities
Women at Risk for Abuse
Transsexuality
Breast Assessment
Pelvic Examination
External Inspection
External Palpation
Internal Examination
Collection of specimens
Papanicolaou test
Vaginal wall examination
Bimanual Palpation
Rectovaginal Palpation
Pelvic Examination During Pregnancy
Pelvic Examination After Hysterectomy
Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 7: Reproductive Health
Female reproductive system
External Structures
Internal Structures
The Bony Pelvis
Breasts
Menstruation
Menarche and Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Endometrial Cycle
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Other Cyclic Changes
Prostaglandins
Concerns related to the MENSTRUAL cycle
Amenorrhea
Hypogonadotropic Amenorrhea
Collaborative care
Dysmenorrhea
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Collaborative care
Secondary Dysmenorrhea
Premenstrual Syndrome
Collaborative Care
Endometriosis
Collaborative Care
Alterations in Cyclic Bleeding
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Collaborative Care
Acute bleeding episode
Perimenopause and menopause
Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Prevention
Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections
Chlamydia
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Gonorrhea
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Syphilis
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections
Human Papillomavirus
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Prevention
Herpes Simplex Virus
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Prevention
Hepatitis C
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Screening and diagnosis
Counselling about HIV testing
Collaborative care
Zika Virus
Vaginal Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Candidiasis
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Trichomoniasis
Screening and diagnosis
Collaborative care
Concerns of the breast
Benign Problems
Fibrocystic Changes
Fibroadenomas
Lipomas
Nipple Discharge
Mammary Duct Ectasia
Intraductal Papilloma
Nursing Care
Cancer of the Breast
Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer Risk
Prevention
Screening and Diagnosis
Breast Cancer During Pregnancy
Collaborative Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 8: Infertility, Contraception, and Abortion
Infertility
Incidence
Factors Associated With Infertility
Nursing Care
Assessment of Female Infertility
Diagnostic testing
Assessment of Male Infertility
Diagnostic testing and semen analysis
Assessment of the Couple
Psychosocial Considerations
Nonmedical Treatments
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapies
Assisted Human Reproduction
Complications
LGBTQ2 Couples
Adoption
Contraception
Nursing Care
Methods of Contraception
Natural Family Planning
Fertility awareness-based methods
Calendar days method
Standard days method
Basal body temperature method
Cervical mucus ovulation-detection method
Symptothermal method
Two-day method
Home predictor test kits for ovulation
Coitus interruptus
Breastfeeding: Lactational amenorrhea method
Abstinence
Barrier Methods
Spermicides
Male condoms
Female condoms
Diaphragm
Nursing considerations
Cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Hormonal Methods
Combined hormonal contraceptives
Combined oral contraceptives
Transdermal contraceptive system
Contraceptive vaginal ring
Progestin-only contraception
Oral progestins (minipill)
Injectable progestins
Implantable progestins
Continuous and extended hormonal contraception
Emergency Contraception
Intrauterine Contraception (IUC)
Sterilization
Female sterilization
Tubal occlusion
Tubal reconstruction
Male sterilization
Tubal reconstruction
Laws and regulations
Nursing considerations
LGBTQ2 Issues Regarding Contraception
Abortion
Nursing Care
First-Trimester Abortion
Surgical (Aspiration) Abortion
Nursing care
Medical Abortion
Second-Trimester Abortion
Dilation and Evacuation
Medical Induction
Emotional Considerations Regarding Abortion
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 4 Pregnancy
Chapter 9: Genetics, Conception, and Fetal Development
Genetics
Relevance of Genetics to Nursing
Gene Identification and Genetic Testing
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Factors Influencing the Decision to Undergo Genetic Testing
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications
Clinical Genetics
Genetic Transmission
Genes and Chromosomes
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Autosomal abnormalities
Abnormalities of chromosome number
Abnormalities of chromosome structure
Sex chromosome abnormalities
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
Multifactorial Inheritance
Unifactorial Inheritance
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)
X-linked dominant inheritance
X-linked recessive inheritance
Genetic Counselling
Estimation of Risk
Interpretation of Risk
Nongenetic Factors Influencing Development
Process of conception
Cell Division
Gametogenesis
Conception
Ovum
Sperm
Fertilization
Implantation
The embryo and fetus
Primary Germ Layers
Development of the Embryo
Membranes
Amniotic Fluid
Yolk Sac
Umbilical Cord
Placenta
Structure
Functions
Fetal Maturation
Respiratory System
Pulmonary surfactants
Circulatory System
Hematopoietic System
Gastrointestinal System
Hepatic System
Renal System
Neurological System
Sensory awareness
Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Musculoskeletal System
Integumentary System
Immunological System
Multifetal Pregnancy
Twins
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Conjoined twins
Other Multifetal Pregnancies
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 10: Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy
Obstetrical terminology
Pregnancy tests
Adaptations to pregnancy
Signs of Pregnancy
Reproductive System and Breasts
Uterus
Changes in size, shape, and position
Changes in contractility
Uteroplacental blood flow
Cervical changes
Changes related to the presence of the fetus
Vagina and Vulva
Breasts
General Body Systems
Cardiovascular System
Cardiac output
Blood pressure
Blood volume and composition
Circulation and coagulation times
Respiratory System
Pulmonary function
Renal System
Anatomical changes
Functional changes
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Integumentary System
Musculoskeletal System
Neurological System
Gastrointestinal System
Appetite
Mouth
Teeth
Esophagus, stomach, and intestines
Gallbladder and liver
Abdominal discomfort
Endocrine System
Key points
References
Chapter 11: Nursing Care of the Family During Pregnancy
Confirmation of pregnancy
Signs and Symptoms
Estimating Date of Birth
Adaptation to pregnancy
Maternal Adaptation
Accepting the Pregnancy
Identifying With the Mother Role
Reordering Personal Relationships
Establishing a Relationship With the Fetus
Preparing for Birth
Paternal Adaptation
Accepting the Pregnancy
Identifying With the Father Role
Reordering Personal Relationships
Establishing a Relationship With the Fetus
Preparing for Birth
Adaptation to Parenthood for the Nonpregnant Partner
Sibling Adaptation
Grandparent Adaptation
Nursing care
Initial Visit
Interview
Current pregnancy
Childbearing and female reproductive system history
Health history
Nutritional history
History of use of drugs and herbal preparation use
Family history
Social, experiential, and occupational history
Mental health screening
Physical, sexual abuse and intimate partner violence
Review of systems
Physical Examination
Laboratory Tests
STI screening in pregnancy
HIV in pregnancy
Other prenatal tests
Follow-up Visits
Interview
Physical Examination
Fetal Assessment
Gestational age
Fundal height
Health status
Laboratory Tests
STIs in pregnancy
Group B streptococcus (GBS)
Other tests
Nursing Interventions
Education About Maternal and Fetal Changes
Nutrition
Personal hygiene
Preventing respiratory infections
Preventing urinary tract infection
Kegel exercises
Preparation for breastfeeding the newborn
Oral health
Physical activity
Posture and body mechanics
Rest and relaxation
Employment
Clothing
Travel
Medications and herbal preparations
Immunizations
Rh Immune globulin
Substance use
Normal discomforts
Recognizing potential complications
Recognizing preterm labour
Sexuality
Suggesting alternative behaviours
Psychosocial Support
Variations in Prenatal Care
Cultural Influences
Emotional response
Physical activity and rest
Nutrition
Age Differences
Adolescents
Late maternal age (older than 35 years)
Multiparous older patients
Primiparous older patients
Multifetal Pregnancy
Perinatal care choices
Physicians
Midwives
Doula
Birth Setting Choices
Hospitals
Birth Centres
Home Birth
Prenatal education
Childbirth Education Classes
Methods of Childbirth Education
Components of Perinatal Education Programs
Birth Plans
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 12: Maternal Nutrition
Preconception nutrition
Nutrient needs during pregnancy
Energy Needs
Protein
Fluids
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Minerals, Vitamins, and Electrolytes
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Zinc
Fluoride
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Weight Gain
Pattern of Weight Gain
Hazards of Restricting Adequate Weight Gain
Obesity and Pregnancy
Excessive Weight Gain
Nutritional Concerns During Pregnancy
Caffeine Consumption
Artificial Sweeteners
Pica and Food Cravings
Adolescent Pregnancy Needs
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Nursing Care
Assessment
Obstetrical and gynecological effects on nutrition
Health history
Usual maternal diet
Physical examination
Laboratory testing
Nutrition Care and Teaching
Safe food preparation
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Gluten-Free Diet
Vegetarian Diets
Cultural Influences
Coping with Nutrition-Related Discomforts of Pregnancy
Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
Heartburn
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 13: Pregnancy Risk Factors and Assessment
Definition and scope of high-risk pregnancy
Determinants of Health as Risk Factors
Regionalization of Health Care Services
Assessment of risk factors
Mental Health Concerns
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) During Pregnancy
Reducing Infant Morbidity and Mortality
Antepartum testing in the first and second trimester
Prenatal Screening
Enhanced First-Trimester Screening (eFTS)
Second-Trimester Serum Screening
Cell-Free DNA Screening
Ultrasound
Indications for use
Fetal heart activity
Gestational age
Fetal growth
Fetal anatomy
Placental position and function
Nursing role
Nonmedical use of ultrasonography during pregnancy
Biochemical Assessment
Coombs Test
Amniocentesis
Indications for use
Genetic concerns
Fetal maturity
Fetal hemolytic disease
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling
Third-trimester assessment for fetal well-being
Fetal Movement Counting
Antepartum Assessment Using Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Nonstress Test
Procedure
Interpretation
Contraction Stress Test
Procedure
Nipple-stimulated contraction test
Oxytocin-stimulated contraction test
Interpretation
Ultrasound for Fetal Well-Being
Biophysical Profile
Amniotic Fluid Volume
Doppler Blood Flow Analysis
Nursing role in antenatal assessment for risk
Psychological Considerations
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 14: Pregnancy at Risk: Gestational Conditions
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
Significance and Incidence
Definition of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy
Morbidity and Mortality
Classification
Chronic Hypertension
Chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia
Gestational Hypertension
Pre-Eclampsia
Proteinuria
Eclampsia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
HELLP syndrome
Nursing Care
Blood Pressure Assessment
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Fetal Health Surveillance
Activity Restriction
Diet
Pre-Eclampsia or HELLP Syndrome
Hospital care
Magnesium sulphate
Control of blood pressure
Eclampsia
Immediate care
Postpartum Nursing Care
Future Health Care
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Maternal and Fetal Risks
Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Nursing Care
Antepartum
Diet
Exercise
Monitoring of blood glucose levels
Pharmacological therapy
Fetal surveillance
Intrapartum
Postpartum
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Assessment
Initial Care
Follow-up Care
Hemorrhagic disorders
Early Pregnancy Bleeding
Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)
Incidence and etiology
Clinical manifestations
Collaborative care
Initial care
Follow-up care
Premature Dilation of Cervix
Etiology
Diagnosis
Collaborative care
Follow-up care
Ectopic Pregnancy
Incidence and etiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Medical management
Surgical management
Follow-up care
Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy)
Incidence and etiology
Types
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Medical management
Nursing care
Follow-up care
Late Pregnancy Bleeding
Placenta Previa
Incidence and etiology
Clinical manifestations
Maternal and fetal outcome
Diagnosis
Collaborative care
Expectant management
Home care
Active management
Placental Abruption (Premature Separation of Placenta)
Incidence and etiology
Classification systems
Clinical manifestations
Maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes
Diagnosis
Collaborative care
Cord Insertion and Placental Variations
Clotting Disorders in Pregnancy
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Collaborative care
Von Willebrands Disease
Collaborative care
Factor V Leiden Mutation
Infections acquired during pregnancy
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Urinary Tract Infections
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Patient Education
Nonobstetrical surgery during pregnancy
Appendicitis
Intestinal Obstruction
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Gynecological Concerns
Nursing Care
Hospital Care
Home Care
Trauma during pregnancy
Maternal Physiological Characteristics
Fetal Physiological Characteristics
Mechanisms of Trauma
Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Penetrating Abdominal Trauma
Thoracic Trauma
Collaborative Care
Immediate Stabilization
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Fetal maternal hemorrhage
Radiation exposure
Ultrasound
Fetal health surveillance
Discharge Planning
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of the Pregnant Patient
Perimortem Caesarean Birth
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 15: Pregnancy at Risk: Pre-existing Conditions
Metabolic disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Pathogenesis
Classification
Metabolic Changes Associated With Pregnancy
Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus (PGDM)
Preconception Counselling
Maternal Risks and Complications
Fetal and Neonatal Risks and Complications
Nursing Care
Antepartum care
Diet
Exercise
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
Insulin therapy
Urine testing
Complications requiring hospitalization
Fetal surveillance
Determination of date and mode of birth
Intrapartum care
Postpartum care
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Nursing Care
Cardiovascular disorders
Congenital Cardiac Diseases
Acyanotic Cardiac Lesions
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
Pulmonic stenosis
Cyanotic Congenital Cardiac Lesions
Tetralogy of Fallot
Acquired Cardiac Disease
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Ischemic Heart Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Other Cardiac Conditions
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Infective Endocarditis
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Valve Replacement
Heart Transplantation
Nursing Care
Antepartum
Heart Surgery During Pregnancy
Intrapartum
Postpartum
Obesity
Antepartum Risks
Nursing Care
Other Medical Conditions in Pregnancy
Anemia
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Folic Acid-Deficiency Anemia
Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathy
Thalassemia
Pulmonary Disorders
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Integumentary Disorders
Pruritus Gravidarum
Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Neurological Disorders
Epilepsy
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Bell Palsy
Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Myasthenia Gravis
Spinal Cord Injury
Antepartum Care
Intrapartum Care
Postpartum Care
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Preconception Counselling
Pregnancy Risks
Perinatal transmission
Obstetrical complications
Nursing Care
Substance use
Barriers to Treatment
Legal Considerations
Drug Testing During Pregnancy
Nursing Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 5 Childbirth
Chapter 16: Labour and Birth Processes
Factors affecting labour
Passenger
Size of the Fetal Head
Fetal Presentation
Fetal Lie
Fetal Attitude
Fetal Position
Passageway
Bony Pelvis
Soft Tissues
Powers
Primary Powers
Secondary Powers
Position of the Labouring Patient
Process of labour
Signs Preceding Labour
Onset of Labour
Stages of Labour
Mechanism of Labour
Engagement
Asynclitism
Descent
Flexion
Internal Rotation
Extension
Restitution and External Rotation
Expulsion
Physiological adaptation to labour
Fetal Adaptation
Fetal Heart Rate
Fetal Circulation
Fetal Respiration
Adaptation of Labouring Person
Cardiovascular Changes
Respiratory Changes
Renal Changes
Integumentary Changes
Musculoskeletal Changes
Neurological Changes
Gastrointestinal Changes
Endocrine Changes
Key points
References
Chapter 17: Nursing Care of the Family During Labour and Birth
First stage of labour
Nursing Care During Prelabour and the First Stage of Labour
Assessment
Admission to Labour Unit
Admission Data
Antenatal data
Group B streptococcus (GBS)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Interview
Psychosocial Factors
History of sexual abuse
Stress in labour
Caring for Trans and Gender-Nonconforming Persons
Cultural Factors
Culture and the partners participation
The non-English-speaking patient in labour
Physical Examination
General systems assessment
Vital signs
Assessment of uterine activity (UA)
Leopold manoeuvres (abdominal palpation)
Assessment of fetal heart rate and pattern
Vaginal examination
Laboratory and diagnostic tests
Analysis of urine specimen
Blood tests
Other tests
Assessment of amniotic membranes and fluid
Infection
Physical Care
Hydrotherapy and hygiene
Nutrient and fluid intake
Oral intake
Intravenous intake
Elimination
Voiding
Catheterization
Bowel elimination
Ambulation and Positioning
Back labour
Supportive Care During Labour and Birth
Labour Support by the Nurse
Labour Support by the Partner
Labour Support by Doulas
Siblings During Labour and Birth
Emergency Interventions
Second stage of labour
Nursing Care During the Second Stage of Labour
Position During Second Stage
Bearing-Down Efforts
Fetal Heart Rate and Pattern
Support of the Partner
Supplies, Instruments, and Equipment
Birth in a Delivery Room
Mechanism of Birth: Vertex Presentation
Perineal Trauma Related to Childbirth
Perineal Lacerations
Episiotomy
Vaginal Lacerations
Cervical Injuries
Female Genital Cutting (FGC)
Water Birth
Immediate Assessments and Care of the Newborn
Third stage of labour
Nursing Care During the Third Stage of Labour
Placental Separation and Expulsion
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
Fourth stage of labour
Nursing Care During the Fourth Stage of Labour
Postanaesthesia Recovery
Care of the Newborn
Care of the Family
Family-Newborn Relationships
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 18: Maximizing Comfort During Labour and Birth
Pain during labour and birth
Neurological Origins
Perception of Pain
Expression of Pain
Factors Influencing Pain Response
Physiological Factors
Culture
Anxiety and Fear
Previous Experience
Gate-Control Theory of Pain
Supportive Care
Environment
Childbirth Preparation Methods
Nonpharmacological Pain Management
Relaxation
Imagery and Visualization
Music
Touch and Massage
Breathing Techniques
Effleurage and Counterpressure
Hydrotherapy
Water birth
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Acupressure and Acupuncture
Application of Heat and Cold
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Aromatherapy
Intradermal Sterile Water Block
Maternal Position and Movement
Pharmacological Pain Management
Sedatives
Analgesia and Anaesthesia
Systemic Analgesia
Opioid agonist analgesics
Opioid (narcotic) agonist-antagonist analgesics
Opioid antagonists
Nerve Block Analgesia and Anaesthesia
Local infiltration anaesthesia
Pudendal nerve block
Spinal anaesthesia
Epidural anaesthesia or analgesia (block)
Postdural puncture headache (PDPH)
Combined spinal-epidural analgesia
Epidural and intrathecal (spinal) opioids
Contraindications to spinal and epidural anaesthesia
Epidural block effects on the newborn
Nitrous Oxide for Analgesia
General Anaesthesia
Nursing Care
Assessing Coping During Labour
Informed Consent
Timing of Administration
Preparation for Procedures
Administration of Medication
Intravenous route
Intramuscular route
Regional (epidural or spinal) anaesthesia
Safety and General Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 19: Fetal Health Surveillance During Labour
Fetal health surveillance
Basis for monitoring
Fetal Response
Uterine Activity
Fetal Assessment
Monitoring techniques
Intermittent Auscultation
Frequency of Intermittent Auscultation
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
External Monitoring
Internal Monitoring
Admission Fetal Monitor Strips
Fetal heart rate patterns
Baseline Fetal Heart Rate
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Fetal Heart Rate Variability
Periodic and Episodic Changes in Fetal Heart Rate
Accelerations
Decelerations
Early decelerations
Late decelerations
Episodic gradual decelerations
Variable decelerations
Prolonged decelerations
Nursing Care
Electronic Fetal Monitoring Pattern Recognition
Nursing management of atypical or abnormal patterns
Patient and Family Teaching
Positioning during labour
Discouraging the Valsalva manoeuvre
Additional Methods of Assessment and Intervention
Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling
Umbilical Cord Acid-Base Determination
Amnioinfusion
Documentation
Key points
References
Chapter 20: Labour and Birth at Risk
Preterm labour and birth
Preterm Birth Versus Low Birth Weight
Spontaneous Versus Indicated Preterm Birth
Spontaneous Preterm Labour and Birth Risk Factors
Predicting Spontaneous Preterm Labour and Birth
Fetal Fibronectin Test
Cervical Length
Nursing Care
Assessment
Interventions
Prevention
Early recognition and diagnosis
Activity restriction
Suppression of uterine activity
Promotion of fetal lung maturity
Management of inevitable preterm birth
Fetal and early neonatal loss
Premature rupture of membranes
Nursing Care
Chorioamnionitis
Post-term pregnancy, labour, and birth
Post-Term Risks
Collaborative Care
Dystocia
Abnormal Uterine Activity (Alteration in Power)
Latent Phase Disorders
Active Phase Disorders
Alteration in Secondary Powers
Abnormal Labour Patterns
Alterations in Pelvic Structure (Passageway)
Pelvic Dystocia
Soft Tissue Dystocia
Fetal Causes (Passenger)
Anomalies
Cephalopelvic Disproportion
Malposition
Malpresentation
Position of the Labouring Patient
Psychological Responses
Nursing Care
Precipitous labour
Obesity
Intrapartum and Postpartum Risks
Nursing Care
Multifetal pregnancy
Obstetrical procedures
Version
External Cephalic Version
Internal Version
Induction of Labour
Cervical Ripening Agents
Chemical agents
Mechanical and physical methods
Alternative methods
Amniotomy
Oxytocin
Nursing care
Augmentation of Labour
Operative Vaginal Births
Forceps-Assisted Birth
Management
Nursing care
Vacuum-Assisted Birth
Management
Nursing care
Caesarean Birth
Indications
Elective Caesarean birth
Scheduled Caesarean birth
Unplanned Caesarean birth
Forced Caesarean birth
Surgical Techniques
Complications and Risks
Anaesthesia
Prenatal Preparation
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Intraoperative care
Immediate postoperative care
Postpartum care
Trial of Labour After Caesarean (TOLAC)
Obstetrical emergencies
Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid
Collaborative Care
Shoulder Dystocia
Collaborative Care
Prolapsed Umbilical Cord
Collaborative Care
Rupture of the Uterus
Collaborative Care
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Collaborative Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 6 Postpartum Period
Chapter 21: Physiological Changes in the Postpartum Patient
Reproductive system and associated structures
Uterus
Involution Process
Contractions
Afterpains
Placental Site
Lochia
Cervix
Vagina and Perineum
Pelvic Muscular Support
Abdomen
Endocrine system
Placental Hormones
Metabolic Changes
Pituitary Hormones and Ovarian Function
Urinary system
Urine Components
Fluid Loss
Urethra and Bladder
Gastrointestinal system
Breasts
Breastfeeding Mothers
Nonbreastfeeding Mothers
Cardiovascular system
Blood Volume
Cardiac Output
Vital Signs
Blood Components
Hematocrit and hemoglobin
White blood cell count
Coagulation factors
Varicosities
Respiratory system
Neurological system
Musculoskeletal system
Integumentary system
Immune system
Key points
References
Chapter 22: Nursing Care of the Family During the Postpartum Period
Transfer from the recovery area
Planning for discharge
Nursing care
Ongoing Physical Assessment
Routine Laboratory Tests
Nursing Interventions
Promoting Safety
Preventing Excessive Bleeding
Maintaining uterine tone
Preventing bladder distension
Preventing Infection
Promoting Comfort
Nonpharmacological interventions
Pharmacological interventions
Promoting Rest
Postpartum fatigue
Promoting Ambulation
Promoting Exercise
Promoting Nutrition
Promoting Bladder Function
Promoting Bowel Function
Promoting Breastfeeding
Suppression of Lactation
Health Promotion for Future Pregnancies
Rubella vaccination
Prevention of Rh isoimmunization
Psychosocial Assessment and Care
Impact of the Birth Experience
Maternal Self-Image
Adaptation to Parenthood and Parent-Infant Interactions
Postpartum Blues
Family Structure and Functioning
Impact of Cultural Diversity
Discharge Teaching
Self-Care and Signs of Complications
Sexual Activity and Contraception
Prescribed Medications
Coping With Visitors
Follow-up After Discharge
Routine Mother and Baby Checkups
Home Visits
Telephone Follow-up
Warm Lines
Support Groups
Referral to Community Resources
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 23: Transition to Parenthood
Parental attachment, bonding, and acquaintance
Assessment of Attachment Behaviours
Parent-infant contact
Early Contact
Extended Contact
Communication between parent and infant
The Senses
Touch
Eye Contact
Voice
Odour
Entrainment
Biorhythmicity
Reciprocity and Synchrony
Parental role after birth
Transition to Parenthood
Parental Tasks and Responsibilities
Becoming a Mother
Becoming a Father
Father-Infant Relationship
Adjustment for the Couple
Infant-Parent Adjustment
Rhythm
Behavioural Repertoires
Responsivity
Sibling adaptation
Grandparent adaptation
Diversity in transitions to parenthood
Age
The Adolescent Mother
The Adolescent Father
Maternal Age Greater Than 35 Years
Paternal Age Greater Than 35 Years
Parenting Among LGBTQ2 Couples
Social Support
Culture
Indigenous Families
Socioeconomic Conditions
Personal Aspirations
Parental sensory impairment
Visually Impaired Parent
Hearing-Impaired Parent
Nursing care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Fathering resources
Chapter 24: Postpartum Complications
Postpartum hemorrhage
Definition and Incidence
Etiology and Risk Factors
Tone (Uterine Atony)
Trauma
Hematomas
Inversion of the uterus
Tissue
Thrombin (Coagulopathies)
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
von Willebrand disease (vWD)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Collaborative Care
Assessment
Medical Management
Nursing Care
Hemorrhagic (Hypovolemic) Shock
Collaborative Care
Venous thromboembolic disorders
Incidence and Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Collaborative Care
Postpartum infections
Endometritis
Management
Wound Infections
Management
Urinary Tract Infections
Management
Mastitis
Nursing Care
Perinatal mood disorders
Perinatal Anxiety Disorders
Collaborative Care
Perinatal Depression
Collaborative Care
Postpartum Psychosis
Collaborative Care
Interdisciplinary and Nursing Care
Screening for Perinatal Mood Disorders
Nursing Considerations
Providing Safety
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Psychotropic Medications
Psychotropic Medications and Lactation
Other Treatments for Perinatal Mood Disorders
Perinatal Depression in Male Partners
Loss and grief
Grief Responses
Phase One: Shock and Numbness
Phase Two: Searching and Yearning
Phase Three: Disorientation
Phase Four: Reorganization and Resolution
Family Aspects of Grief
Grandparents and Siblings
Nursing Care
Communicating and Caring Techniques
Helping Families Actualize the Loss
Helping Parents With Decision Making
Helping Families to Acknowledge and Express Feelings
Normalizing the Grief Process and Facilitating Positive Coping
Meeting the Physical Needs of the Bereaved Postpartum Patient
Creating Memories for Families to Take Home
Documentation
Providing Sensitive Care at and After Discharge
Maternal death
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 7 Newborn
Chapter 25: Physiological Adaptations of the Newborn
Transition to extrauterine life
Physiological adjustments
Respiratory System
Initiation of Breathing
Chemical factors
Mechanical factors
Thermal factors
Sensory factors
Signs of Respiratory Distress
Cardiovascular System
Heart Rate and Sounds
Blood Pressure (BP)
Blood Volume
Signs of Cardiovascular Concerns
Hematopoietic System
Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin
Leukocytes
Platelets
Blood Groups
Thermogenic System
Heat Loss
Skin-to-Skin Contact
Thermogenesis
Hypothermia and Cold Stress
Hyperthermia
Renal System
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Signs of Renal System Concerns
Gastrointestinal System
Digestion
Stools
Signs of Gastrointestinal Concerns
Hepatic System
Iron Storage
Glucose Homeostasis
Bilirubin Synthesis and Newborn Jaundice
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Jaundice related to breastfeeding
Coagulation
Medication Metabolism
Signs of Hepatic System Concerns
Immune System
Risk for Infection
Integumentary System
Sweat Glands
Desquamation
Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis
Nevi
Infantile Hemangioma
Erythema Toxicum
Signs of Integumentary Concerns
Reproductive System
Female
Male
Swelling of Breast Tissue
Signs of Reproductive System Concerns
Skeletal System
Caput Succedaneum
Cephalohematoma
Subgaleal Hemorrhage
Spine
Extremities
Signs of Skeletal Concerns
Neuromuscular System
Newborn Reflexes
Behavioural adaptations
Sleep-Wake States
Other Factors Influencing Behaviour of Newborns
Gestational Age
Time
Stimuli
Medication
Sensory Behaviours
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
Response to Environmental Stimuli
Temperament
Habituation
Consolability
Cuddliness
Irritability
Crying
Key points
References
Additional resource
Chapter 26: Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family
Birth through the first 2 hours
Nursing Care
Immediate Care After Birth
Apgar Scoring
Initial Physical Assessment
Interventions
Airway Maintenance
Maintaining Body Temperature
Eye Prophylaxis
Vitamin K Prophylaxis
Care of the newborn from 2 hours after birth until discharge
Nursing Care
Gestational-Age Assessment
Classification of Newborns by Gestational Age and Birth Weight
Early term newborn
Late preterm newborn
Post-term or postmature newborn
Physical Assessment
General appearance
Vital signs
Baseline measurements of physical growth
Weight
Head circumference and length
Neurological assessment
Common Newborn Concerns
Birth Injuries
Physiological Conditions
Hyperbilirubinemia
Therapy for hyperbilirubinemia
Phototherapy
Exchange transfusion
Follow-up
Hypoglycemia
Hypocalcemia
Laboratory and Screening Tests
Universal Newborn Screening
Newborn Hearing Screening
Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD)
Collection of Specimens
Heel stick
Venipuncture
Urine specimen
Interventions
Protective Environment
Environmental factors
Measures to control infection
Safety factors
Prevention of newborn falls
Immunizations
Circumcision
Procedure
Procedural pain management
Care of the newly circumcised newborn
Pain in the Newborn
Newborn Responses to Pain
Assessment of Pain in the Newborn
Management of Pain in the Newborn
Nonpharmacological management
Pharmacological management
Promoting Parent-Newborn Interaction
Discharge Planning and Teaching
Community Follow-up
Temperature
Respirations
Feeding Patterns
Elimination
Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Rashes
Diaper rash
Other rashes
Clothing
Car Seat Safety
Non-Nutritive Sucking
Bathing and Umbilical Cord Care
Bathing
Umbilical cord care
Newborn Follow-up Care
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Practical Suggestions for the First Weeks at Home
Interpretation of Crying
Recognizing Signs of Illness
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 27: Newborn Nutrition and Feeding
Recommended infant nutrition
Breastfeeding Rates
The Importance of Breastfeeding
Contraindications to Breastfeeding
The Baby-Friendly Initiative
Informed Decisions About Infant Feeding
Breastfeeding
Formula-Feeding
Cultural Influences on Infant Feeding
Lactation and LGBTQ2 Families
Nutrient needs
Fluids
Energy
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
Anatomy and physiology of lactation
Breast Anatomy
Lactogenesis
Uniqueness of Human Milk
Nursing care
Pregnancy
Early Postpartum
Assessment
Positioning
Effective Latch
Milk Ejection Reflex
Frequency of Feedings
Duration of Feedings
Indicators of Effective Breastfeeding
Supplementation
Bottles and Pacifiers
Special Considerations
Sleepy newborn
Fussy newborn
Slow weight gain
Jaundice
Preterm infants
Late preterm infants
Breastfeeding multiple infants
Expressing and Storing Breast Milk
Hand expression
Mechanical milk expression (pumping)
Types of pumps
Storage of breast milk
Being Away From the Infant
Weaning
Milk Banking
Care of the Mother
Nutrition
Exercise
Rest
Breast care
Effect of menstruation
Sexual sensations
Breastfeeding and contraception
Breastfeeding during pregnancy
Diabetes
Breastfeeding after breast surgery
Breastfeeding and the parent with obesity
Medications
Substance Use
Alcohol, smoking, and caffeine
Other substances
Herbal preparations
Common Breastfeeding Concerns
Engorgement
Plugged Milk Ducts
Mastitis
Sore Nipples
Monilial infections
Insufficient Milk Supply
Follow-up After Hospital Discharge
Formula-feeding
Parent Education
Readiness for Feeding
Feeding Patterns
Responsive Feeding
Common Concerns
Bottles and Nipples
Infant Formulas
Formula Preparation
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation
Weaning From Bottle
Complementary feeding: introducing solid foods
Key points
References
Additional resources
Human Milk Banking Information
Chapter 28: Infants With Gestational Age-Related Conditions
Preterm and post-term infants
The Preterm Infant
Late Preterm Infant
Nursing Care
Respiratory Support
Oxygen therapy
Nasal cannula
Continuous distending pressure
Mechanical ventilation
Weaning from ventilatory support
Cardiovascular Support
Thermoregulation
Care of the hypothermic infant
Transition from the isolette
Neurological Support
Nutritional Support
Type of nourishment
Gavage feeding
Gastrostomy feeding
Non-nutritive sucking
Infant led oral feeding
Hydration
Renal Support
Hematological Support
Protection From Infection
Skin Care
Nurturing Environment
Developmental Care
Family Support and Involvement
Facilitating parent-infant relationships
Parent Education
Complications of Prematurity
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surfactant replacement therapy
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
The Post-Term Infant
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Other concerns related to gestation
Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants and Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
Heat Loss
Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants
Infants of Diabetic Mothers
Nursing Care
Discharge planning and transport
Discharge Planning
Transport to a Regional Centre
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 29: The Newborn at Risk: Acquired and Congenital Conditions
Injuries associated with birth
Skeletal Injuries
Peripheral Nervous System Injuries
Central Nervous System Injuries
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Newborn infections
Sepsis
Nursing Care
Prevention
Congenital infections
Chlamydia Infection
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Gonorrhea
Group B Streptococcus
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Herpes
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Type 1)
Parvovirus B19
Rubella Infection
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Varicella Zoster
Zika
Candidiasis
Nursing Care
Adverse exposures affecting newborns
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Features of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Opioid Exposure
Alcohol Exposure
Tobacco and Nicotine Exposure
Cannabis Exposure
Cocaine Exposure
Methamphetamine Exposure
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Nursing Care
Hematological disorders
Blood Incompatibility
Rh Incompatibility (Isoimmunization)
ABO Incompatibility
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Care
Other Hemolytic Disorders
Prevention
Therapeutic Management
Intrauterine transfusion
Exchange transfusion
Nursing Care
Congenital anomalies
Newborn screening for disease
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Phenylketonuria
Galactosemia
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Genetic Evaluation and Counselling
Nursing Care of Parents and Family
Key points
References
Part 3: Pediatric Nursing
Unit 8 Children, Their Families, and the Nurse
Chapter 30: Pediatric Nursing in Canada
Children’s health in canada
Childhood Mortality
Childhood Morbidity
Social Determinants of Health
Health Inequities Among Children
Food Insecurity
Health Promotion
Immunizations
Antimicrobial Resistance
Childhood Injuries
Violence
Toxic Stress
Mental Health
Substance Use
The art of pediatric nursing
Philosophy of Care
Family-Centred Care
Atraumatic Care
Therapeutic Relationships
Communication With Families and Children
Appropriate introduction
Assurance of privacy and confidentiality
Communicating With Parents
Encouraging parents to talk
Directing the focus
Listening and cultural awareness
Providing anticipatory guidance
Avoiding blocks to communication
Communicating with families through an interpreter
Communicating With Children
Communication and development of thought processes
Infancy
Early childhood
School-age years
Adolescence
Communication Techniques
Family Advocacy and Caring
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Health Teaching
Support and Counselling
Coordination and Collaboration
Health Care Planning
Future Trends
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 31: Family, Social, and Cultural Influences on Childrens Health
Pediatric nursing and the family
Family Nursing Interventions
Families Roles, Relationships, and Strengths
Parental Roles
Role Learning
Special Parenting Situations
Parenting the Adopted Child
Issues of origin
Cross-racial and international adoption
Adolescence
Parenting and Divorce
Impact of divorce on children
Telling the children
Custody and parenting partnerships
Lone Parenting
Parenting in Reconstituted Families
LGBTQ2 Marriages and Parenting
Foster Parenting
Social and Cultural factors that impact health
Social Determinant Influences
Culture
Social roles
Self-esteem
Socioeconomic Status
Social Supports
Communities
School
Peer groups
The Child and Family in North America
Indigenous People
Immigrant Families
Understanding cultures in the health care encounter
Bridging the Gap
Health beliefs and practices
Health Beliefs
Natural and Supernatural Forces
Imbalance of Forces
Health Practices
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 32: Developmental Influences on Child Health Promotion
Foundations of growth and development
Stages of Development
Patterns of Growth and Development
Directional Trends
Sequential Trends
Developmental Pace
Sensitive Periods
Individual Differences
Biological Growth and Physical Development
External Proportions
Biological Determinants of Growth and Development
Skeletal Growth and Maturation
Neurological Maturation
Lymphoid Tissues
Development of Organ Systems
Physiological Changes
Metabolism
Temperature
Sleep and Rest
Nutrition
Temperament
Significance of Temperament
Development of personality and cognitive function
Theoretical Foundations of Personality Development
Psychosexual Development (Freud)
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Spiritual Development (Fowler)
Language Development
Development of Self-Concept
Body Image
Self-Esteem
Role of play in development
Content of Play
Social Character of Play
Functions of Play
Sensorimotor Development
Intellectual Development
Socialization
Creativity
Self-Awareness
Therapeutic Value
Moral Value
Toys
Selected factors that influence development
Heredity
Genes, Genetics, and Genomics
Neuroendocrine Factors
Interpersonal Relationships
Socioeconomic Level
Environmental Hazards
Stress and Coping
Mass Media
Internet
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 9 Assessment of the Child and Family
Chapter 33: Pediatric Health Assessment
History taking
Performing a Health History
Identifying Information
Presenting Health Issue or Concern
Present Illness
Analyzing a symptom
History
Birth History
Previous Illnesses, Injuries, and Operations
Allergies
Current Medications
Immunizations
Growth and Development
Habits
Family Health History
Geographic Location
Family Structure
Psychosocial History
Mental Health Screening
Review of Systems
Reproductive Health History
Performing a Nutritional Assessment
Dietary Intake
Clinical Examination of Nutrition
Evaluation of Nutritional Assessment
Developmental assessment
Health supervision guides
Rourke Baby Record
Greig Health Record
General approaches toward examining the child
Sequence of the Examination
Preparation of the Child
Physical Examination
Growth Measurements
Growth charts
Special groups
Length
Height
Weight
Skin fold thickness and arm circumference
Head circumference
Vital Signs
Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Selection of cuff
Measurement and interpretation
Orthostatic hypotension
General Appearance
Skin
Accessory Structures
Lymph Nodes
Head and Neck
Eyes
Inspection of External Structures
Inspection of Internal Structures
Preparing the child
Funduscopic examination
Vision Testing
Ocular alignment
Visual acuity testing in children beyond infancy
Visual acuity testing in infants and difficult-to-test children
Peripheral vision
Colour vision
Ears
Inspection of External Structures
Inspection of Internal Structures
Positioning the child
Otoscopic examination
Auditory Testing
Nose
Inspection of External Structures
Inspection of Internal Structures
Mouth and Throat
Inspection of Internal Structures
Chest
Lungs
Auscultation
Heart
Auscultation
Origin of heart sounds
Differentiating normal heart sounds
Heart murmurs
Abdomen
Inspection
Auscultation
Palpation
Genitalia
Male Genitalia
Female Genitalia
Anus
Back and Extremities
Spine
Extremities
Joints
Muscles
Neurological Assessment
Cerebellar Function
Reflexes
Cranial Nerves
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 34: Pain Assessment and Management
Pain Assessment
Assessment of Acute Pain
Behavioural Pain Measures
Self-Report Pain Rating Scales
Multidimensional Measures
Assessment of Chronic (Persistent) and Recurrent Pain
Global Judgement of Improvement and of Satisfaction With Treatment
Pain Assessment in Specific Populations
Cultural Differences
Children With Communication or Cognitive Impairment
Children With Chronic Illness and Complex Pain
Pain Management
Physical Recovery
Mind-Body Pain Management Strategies
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Pharmacological Management
Nonopioids
Opioids
Adjunct Medications
Choosing the Pain Medication Dose
Timing of Analgesia
Patient-Controlled Analgesia
Epidural Analgesia
Transmucosal and Transdermal Analgesia
Intranasal Route
Cannabinoids
Monitoring Adverse Effects of Analgesic Management
Tolerance and physical dependence
Common Pain States in Children
Painful and Invasive Procedures
Procedural Sedation and Analgesia
Postoperative Pain
Burn Pain
Recurrent Headaches in Children
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children
Pain in Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Cancer Pain in Children
Pain and Sedation in End-of-Life Care
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Unit 10 Health Promotion and Developmental Stages
Chapter 35: Promoting Optimum Health During Childhood
Nutrition
Nutrition Across the Lifespan
Infants
The first 6 months
The second 6 months
Selection of solid foods
Introduction of solid foods
Weaning
Children Over 1 Year of Age
Toddler
Preschool
School age
Adolescent
Vegetarian Diets
Obesity
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Care
Nutritional Counselling
Behavioural Therapy
Group Involvement
Family Involvement
Physical Activity
Complementary and alternative medicine
Dental health
Developmental Aspects of Dental Health
Oral Health
Use of Fluoride
Removal of Plaque
Dietary Factors
Other Dental Conditions
Sleep, Rest, and Activity integration
Infant
Toddler
Preschooler
School-Age
Adolescent
Sexual health
Sex Education
Safety promotion and injury prevention
Injury Prevention Throughout Childhood
Infants
Toddlers and Preschoolers
School-Age
Adolescents
Motor Vehicle Safety
Pedestrian Safety
All-Terrain Vehicles
Bicycles and Skateboards
Aspiration and Suffocation
Drowning
Burns
Accidental Poisoning
Falls
Firearms
Nonpowder Firearms
Sports Injuries
Role of the Nurse in Prevention of Injury
Child maltreatment
Factors Predisposing to Child Maltreatment
Parental Characteristics
Characteristics of the Child
Environmental Characteristics
Child Neglect
Emotional Abuse
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Characteristics of Sexual Abusers and Victims
Initiation and Perpetuation of Sexual Abuse
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
Nursing and Interprofessional Care
Identification and Assessment of Child Abuse
Caregiver-child interaction
History and Interview
Child physical abuse
Neglect and emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Physical Assessment
Child physical abuse
Neglect and emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Protecting the Child From Further Abuse
Supporting the Child
Supporting the Family
Planning for Discharge
Preventing Abuse
Immunizations
Vaccine Hesitancy
Schedule for Immunizations
Recommendations for Routine Immunizations
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
Pneumococcal Infections
Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib)
Influenza
Meningococcal Infections
Tuberculosis
COVID-19
Human Papillomavirus Virus (HPV)
Rotavirus
Administration of Immunizations
Reactions
Contraindications
Communicable diseases
Nursing Care
Preventing Spread
Preventing Complications
Providing Comfort
Supporting the Child and Family
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 36: The Infant and Family
Promoting Optimum Growth and Development
Biological Development
Proportional Changes
Maturation of Systems
Fine Motor Development
Gross Motor Development
Head control
Rolling over
Sitting
Locomotion
Psychosocial Development
Developing a Sense of Trust (Erikson)
Cognitive Development
Development of Body Image
Social Development
Attachment
Separation anxiety
Fear of strangers
Play
Language Development
Temperament
Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development
Separation and Fear of Strangers
Alternative Child Care Arrangements
Limit-Setting and Discipline
Thumb-Sucking and Use of a Pacifier
Teething
Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance for Families
Traumatic Head Injury due to Child Maltreatment
Special Health Concerns
Colic (Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain)
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Failure to Thrive (Growth Failure)
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Etiology
Risk Factors for SIDS
Protective Factors Against SIDS
Nursing Care
Care of the Family of an Infant Lost to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Positional Plagiocephaly
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Chapter 37: The Toddler and Family
Promoting optimum growth and development
Biological Development
Proportional Changes
Sensory Changes
Maturation of Systems
Gross and Fine Motor Development
Psychosocial Development
Developing a Sense of Autonomy (Erikson)
Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Phase (Piaget)
Preoperational Phase
Spiritual Development
Development of Body Image
Development of Gender Identity
Social Development
Language
Personal-Social Behaviour
Play
Coping with concerns related to normal growth and development
Toilet Independence
Temper Tantrums
Negativism
Sibling Rivalry
Regression
Mental Health
Anticipatory guidance for families
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 38: The Preschooler and Family
Promoting optimum growth and development
Biological Development
Gross and Fine Motor Skills
Psychosocial Development
Developing a Sense of Initiative (Erikson)
Cognitive Development
Preoperational Phase (Piaget)
Moral Development
Preconventional or Premoral Level (Kohlberg)
Spiritual Development
Development of Body Image
Development of Gender and Sexuality
Social Development
Language
Personal-Social Behaviour
Play
Coping with concerns related to normal growth and development
Preschool and Kindergarten Experience
Fears
Stress
Aggression
Speech Issues
Mental Health
Anticipatory guidance-care of families
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 39: The School-Age Child and Family
Promoting optimum growth and development
Indigenous Child Development Life Stages
Biological Development
Physical Changes
Maturation of Systems
Prepubescence
Psychosocial Development
Developing a Sense of Industry (Erikson)
Cognitive Development
Moral Development
Spiritual Development
Social Development
Social Relationships and Cooperation
Clubs and peer groups
Bullying
Relationships With Families
Play
Rules and rituals
Team play
Quiet games and activities
Development of a Self-Concept
Body Image
COPING WITH CONCERNS RELATED TO NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
School Experience
Role of Teachers
Role of Parents
Latchkey Children
Limit-Setting and Discipline
Dishonest Behaviour
Stress and Fear
Sports
Acquisition of Skills
Use of Social Media and the Internet
School Health
Special health concerns
Altered Growth and Maturation
Tall Stature
Short Stature
Nursing Care
Enuresis
Nursing Care
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Turner Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Nursing Care
Anticipatory guidance for families
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 40: The Adolescent and Family
Promoting optimum growth and development
Biological Development
Hormonal Changes of Puberty
Sexual Maturation
Sexual maturation in girls
Sexual maturation in boys
Physical Growth
Sex differences in general growth patterns
Other Physiological Changes
Responses to Puberty
Psychosocial Development
Developing a Sense of Identity (Erikson)
Group identity
Individual identity
Development of Self-Concept and Body Image
Sexual orientation and gender-role identity
Cognitive Development
Moral Development
Spiritual Development
Social Development
Relationships With Parents
Communicating with teens
Relationships With Peers
School
Close friendships
Interests and Activities
Promoting optimum health during adolescence
Emotional Well-Being
Eating Habits and Behaviour
Nursing Care
Hypertension and Dyslipidemia
Personal Care
Vision
Hearing
Posture
Body Art
Tanning
Mental Health
Stress Reduction
School and Learning Issues
Sexual Health
Sexuality Education
Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth Control
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention
Motor Vehicle-Related Injuries
Nursing Care
Special health concerns
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Nursing Care
Gynecomastia
Nursing care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 11 Special Needs, Illness, and Hospitalization
Chapter 41: Caring for the Child With a Chronic Illness and at the End of Life
Care of children and families living with chronic or complex conditions
Scope of the Issue
Trends in Care
Developmental Focus
Family-Centred Care
Family-health care provider communication
Establishing therapeutic relationships
Shared Decision Making
Normalization
The family of the child with a chronic or complex condition
Impact of the Childs Chronic Illness and Complex Conditions
Parents
Parental roles
Lone-parent families
Siblings
Coping With Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises
Concurrent Stresses Within the Family
Coping Mechanisms
Parental Empowerment
Assisting Family Members in Managing Their Feelings
Shock and Denial
Adjustment
Reintegration and Acknowledgement
Establishing a Support System
The child with a chronic or complex condition
Developmental Aspects
Coping Mechanisms
Health Education and Self-Care
Nursing care of the family and child with a chronic or complex condition
Performing an Assessment
Communication
Providing Support at the Time of Diagnosis
Supporting the Familys Coping Methods
Parents
Parent-to-parent support
The Child
Siblings
Teaching About the Disorder and General Health Care
Activities of Daily Living
Safe Transportation
Primary Health Care
Promoting Appropriate Development
Early Childhood
School Age
Adolescence
Establishing Realistic Future Goals
Transition to Adult Care
General concepts of home care
Home Care Trends and Needs
Effective Home Care
Discharge Planning
Care Coordination (Case Management)
Role of the Nurse, Training, and Standards of Care
Family-centred home care
Culturally Safe Care
Parent-Professional Collaboration
The Nursing Process
Safety Issues in the Home
Caregiver Stress
Perspectives on the care of children at the end of life
Principles of Palliative Care
Decision Making at the End of Life
Ethical Considerations in End-of-Life Decision Making
Health Care Team Decision Making
Parental Decision Making
The Dying Child
Treatment Options for Terminally Ill Children
Hospital Care
Home Care
Hospice Care
Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the End of Life
Fear of Pain and Suffering
Pain and symptom management
Parents and siblings need for education and support
Fear of Dying Alone or of Not Being Present When the Child Dies
Home Deaths
Hospital Deaths
Postdeath Preparations
Organ or Tissue Donation and Autopsy
Grief and Mourning
Parental Grief
Sibling Grief
Nurses Reactions to Caring for Dying Children
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 42: Impact of Intellectual Disability or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family
Intellectual disability
General Concepts
Diagnosis and Classification
Etiology
Nursing Care
Educating the child and family
Teaching the child self-care skills
Promoting the childs optimum development
Encouraging play and exercise
Providing means of communication
Establishing discipline
Encouraging socialization
Providing information on sexuality
Helping the family adjust to future care
Caring for the child during hospitalization
Assisting in measures to prevent intellectual disability
Down Syndrome
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Supporting the family at the time of diagnosis
Assisting the family in preventing physical challenges
Assisting in prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling
Fragile X Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Communication impairment
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Supporting the family
Sensory impairment
Hearing Impairment
Definition and Classification
Etiology
Pathology
Symptom severity
Therapeutic Management
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Nursing Care
Lipreading
Cued speech
Sign language
Speech language therapy
Additional aids
Socialization
Supporting the child and family
Caring for the child during hospitalization
Assisting in measures to prevent hearing impairment
Visual Impairment
Definition and Classification
Etiology
Trauma
Infections
Nursing Care
Infancy
Childhood
Promoting parent-child attachment
Promoting the childs optimum development
Development and independence
Play and socialization
Education
Caring for the child during hospitalization
Assisting in measures to prevent visual impairment
Hearing-Visual Impairment
Retinoblastoma
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Preparing the family for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and home care
Supporting the family
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 43: Family-Centred Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization
Stressors of hospitalization and childrens reactions
Separation Anxiety
Early Childhood
Later Childhood and Adolescence
Loss of Control
Effects of Hospitalization on the Child
Individual Risk Factors
Changes in the Pediatric Population
Beneficial Effects of Hospitalization
Stressors and reactions of the family of the hospitalized child
Parental Reactions
Sibling Reactions
Caring for the child who is hospitalized
Preparation for Hospitalization
Preparing the Child for Admission
Admission Assessment
Nursing Care
Preventing or Minimizing Separation
Minimizing Loss of Control
Promoting freedom of movement
Maintaining the childs routine
Encouraging independence
Promoting understanding
Preventing or Minimizing Fear of Bodily Injury
Providing Developmentally Appropriate Activities
Providing Opportunities for Play and Expressive Activities
Diversional activities
Toys
Expressive activities
Creative expression
Dramatic play
Maximizing Potential Benefits of Hospitalization
Fostering parent-child relationships
Providing educational opportunities
Promoting self-mastery
Providing socialization
Providing Support for the Family
Providing Information
Encouraging Parent Participation
Preparing for Discharge and Home Care
Care of the child and family in special hospital situations
Ambulatory or Outpatient Setting
Isolation
Emergency Admission
Critical Care Unit
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 44: Pediatric Variations of Nursing Interventions
General concepts related to pediatric procedures
Informed Consent
Requirements for Obtaining Informed Consent
Eligibility for Giving Informed Consent
Informed consent for minors
Evidence of consent
Emancipated minors
Emergency treatment without consent
Conflicts in decision making for children
Consent and confidentiality
Consent for health research in children
Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
Psychological Preparation
Establish trust and provide support
Parental presence and support
Provide an explanation
Preparation for Sedation and Analgesia
Performance of the Procedure
Expect Success
Involve the Child
Provide Distraction
Allow Expression of Feelings
Postprocedural Support
Encourage Expression of Feelings
Provide Positive Reinforcement
Use of Play in Procedures
Preparing the Family
Surgical Procedures
Preoperative Care
Parental presence
Preoperative fasting
Preoperative sedation
Postoperative Care
General hygiene and basic care
Maintaining Healthy Skin
Bathing
Oral Hygiene
Hair Care
Feeding the Sick Child
Controlling Elevated Temperatures
Therapeutic Management
Fever
Hyperthermia
Family Teaching and Home Care
Safety
Environmental Factors
Toy Safety
Preventing Falls
Infection Control
Transporting Infants and Children
Therapeutic Holding and Restraints
Mummy Restraint or Swaddle
Jacket Restraint
Arm and Leg Restraints
Elbow Restraint
Positioning for Procedures
Femoral Venipuncture
Extremity Venipuncture
Lumbar Puncture
Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy
Collection of specimens
Fundamental Procedure Steps Common to All Procedures
Urine Specimens
Urine Collection Bags
Clean-Catch Specimens
Bladder Catheterization and Other Techniques
Twenty-Four-Hour Collection
Stool Specimens
Blood Specimens
Respiratory Secretion Specimens
Administration of medication
Determination of Medication Dosage
Checking Dosage
Identification
Oral Administration
Preparation
Administration
Intramuscular Administration
Selecting the Syringe and Needle
Determining the Site
Administration
Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration
Intravenous Administration
Peripheral Intermittent Infusion Device
Central Venous Access Device
Intraosseous Infusion
Nasogastric, Orogastric, or Gastrostomy Administration
Rectal Administration
Optic, Otic, and Nasal Administration
Aerosol Therapy
Family Teaching and Home Care
Maintaining fluid balance
Measurement of Intake and Output
Special Needs When the Child Is NPO
Parenteral fluid therapy
Site and Equipment
Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems
Infusion Pumps
Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line
Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line
Maintenance
Complications
Procedures for maintaining respiratory function
Inhalation Therapy
Oxygen Therapy
Monitoring Oxygen Therapy
End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide
Bronchial (Postural) Drainage
Chest Physiotherapy
Intubation
Mechanical Ventilation
Tracheostomy
Suctioning
Routine Care
Emergency Care: Tube Occlusion and Accidental Decannulation
Chest Tube Procedures
Alternative feeding techniques
Gavage Feeding
Preparation
Procedure
Gastrostomy Feeding
Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Family Teaching and Home Care
Procedures related to elimination
Enema
Ostomies
Family Teaching and Home Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Unit 12 Health Conditions of Children
Chapter 45: Respiratory Conditions
Respiratory infection
General Aspects of Respiratory Infections
Etiology and Characteristics
Infectious agents
Age
Size
Resistance
Seasonal variations
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Easing respiratory efforts
Promoting rest
Promoting comfort
Reducing the spread of infection
Reducing temperature
Promoting hydration
Providing nutrition
Encouraging family support and home care
Upper respiratory tract infections
Nasopharyngitis
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Care
Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Tonsillitis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Providing family support and home care
Influenza
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Prevention
Nursing Care
Otitis Media (OM)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prevention
Nursing Care
Infectious Mononucleosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Tests
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Croup syndromes
Acute Epiglottitis
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis
Bacterial Tracheitis
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Care
Infections of the lower airways
Bronchitis
Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection
Nursing Care
Pneumonias
Viral Pneumonia
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Bacterial Pneumonia
Complications
Prevention
Nursing and Interprofessional Care
Other respiratory tract infections
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Tuberculosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
Pulmonary dysfunction caused by noninfectious irritants
Foreign Body Aspiration
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prevention
Nursing Care
Aspiration Pneumonia
Nursing Care
Pulmonary Edema
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)/Acute Lung Injury (ALI)
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing and Interprofessional Care
Smoke Inhalation Injury
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Environmental Tobacco, Cannabis Smoke Exposure, and Vaping
Nursing Care
Long-Term respiratory dysfunction
Asthma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Allergen control
Medication therapy
Exercise
Hyposensitization
Status asthmaticus
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Providing acute asthma care
Long-term asthma care
Avoiding allergens
Relieving bronchospasm
Supporting the child or adolescent and family
Cystic Fibrosis
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Management of pulmonary conditions
Management of gastrointestinal conditions
Management of endocrine conditions
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Hospital care
Home care
Family support
Transition to adulthood
Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Nursing Care
Congenital respiratory system anomalies
Choanal Atresia
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Respiratory emergency
Respiratory Failure
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 46: Gastrointestinal Conditions
Gastrointestinal System Structure and Function
Pediatric Differences Related to the Gastrointestinal System
Nutritional Disturbances
Vitamin Imbalances
Mineral Imbalances
Nursing Care
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Food Sensitivity
Nursing Care
Cows Milk Allergy
Diagnostic evaluation
Therapeutic management
Nursing care
Distribution of Body Fluids
Gastroinestinal Dysfunction
Dehydration
Types of Dehydration
Degree of dehydration
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Parenteral fluid therapy
Nursing Care
Disorders of Motility
Diarrhea
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Prevention
Constipation
Newborn Period
Infancy
Childhood
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Hirschsprung Disease
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Discharge care
Vomiting
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Intestinal Parasitic Diseases
Giardiasis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Enterobiasis (Pinworms)
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Inflammatory Disorders
Acute Appendicitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Ruptured appendix
Nursing Care
Postoperative care
Meckel Diverticulum
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology of Ulcerative Colitis
Pathophysiology of Crohn Disease
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Medical treatment
Nutritional support
Surgical treatment
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Supporting the family
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Hepatic Disorders
Hepatitis
Etiology
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prevention
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Cirrhosis
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Biliary Atresia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Structural Defects
Cleft Lip or Cleft Palate
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Surgical correction of cleft lip
Surgical correction of cleft palate
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Feeding
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Long-Term Care
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Special concerns
Hernias
Omphalocele and Gastroschisis
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic management and nursing care
Obstructive Disorders
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Intussusception
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Malrotation and Volvulus
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Anorectal Malformations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Family support, discharge planning, and home care
Malabsorption Syndromes
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Lactose Intolerance
Nursing Care
Short-Bowel Syndrome
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Ingestion of Injurious Agents
Principles of Emergency Treatment
Assessment
Gastric Decontamination
Prevention of Recurrence
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Lead Poisoning
Causes of Lead Poisoning
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Screening for Lead Poisoning
Therapeutic Management
Chelation therapy
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Chapter 47: Cardiovascular Conditions
Cardiovascular dysfunction
History and Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation and Percussion
Auscultation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cardiac Catheterization
Nursing care
Preprocedural care
Postprocedural care
Congenital heart disease
Circulatory Changes at Birth
Altered Hemodynamics
Classification of Defects
Defects With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Obstructive Defects
Defects With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Mixed Defects
Clinical consequences of congenital heart disease
Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Improve Cardiac Function
Remove accumulated fluid and sodium
Decrease cardiac demands
Improve tissue oxygenation
Nursing Care
Assisting in measures to improve cardiac function
Monitoring afterload reduction
Decreasing cardiac demands
Reducing respiratory distress
Maintaining nutritional status
Assisting in measures to promote fluid loss
Supporting the child and family
Hypoxemia
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Management
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Nursing care of the family and child with congenital heart disease
Helping the Family Adjust to the Disorder
Educating the Family About the Disorder
Helping the Family Manage the Illness at Home
Preparing the Child and Family for Invasive Procedures
Providing Postoperative Care
Observing Vital Signs
Maintaining Respiratory Status
Monitoring Fluids
Providing Rest and Progressive Activity
Providing Comfort and Emotional Support
Planning for Discharge and Home Care
Acquired cardiovascular disorders
Infective (Bacterial) Endocarditis
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Hyperlipidemia/Hypercholesterolemia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Diagnostic Evaluation
Bradydysrhythmias
Tachydysrhythmias
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Cardiomyopathy
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Heart transplantation
Nursing Care
Vascular dysfunction
Systemic Hypertension
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Kawasaki Disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Cardiac involvement
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Discharge teaching
Long-Term Follow-Up
Shock
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Ventilatory support
Cardiovascular support
Nursing Care
Anaphylaxis
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Septic Shock
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care Management
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 48: Hematological or Immunological Conditions
Hematological and immunological disorders
Red blood cell disorders
Anemia
Classification
Consequences of Anemia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Preparing the child and family for laboratory tests
Decreasing tissue oxygen needs
Preventing complications
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Diet
Sickle Cell Anemia
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Educating the family and child
Promoting supportive therapies during crises
Recognizing other complications
Supporting the family
Beta Thalassemia (Cooley Anemia)
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Defects in hemostasis
Hemophilia
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Preventing bleeding
Recognizing and controlling bleeding
Preventing mobility effects of bleeding
Supporting the family and preparing for home care
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Epistaxis (Nose-Bleeding)
Nursing Care
Neoplastic disorders
Leukemias
Morphology
Pathophysiology and Related Clinical Manifestations
Bone marrow dysfunction
Disturbance of involved organs
Onset
Prognostic Factors
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Induction therapy
Intensification or consolidation therapy
Maintenance therapy
Central nervous system prophylactic therapy
Reinduction therapy after relapse
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Late effects of treatment
Nursing Care
Preparing the child and family for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Relieving pain
Preventing complications of myelosuppression
Preventing infection
Preventing and treating hemorrhage
Managing anemia
Using precautions in administering and handling chemotherapeutic agents
Managing symptoms of medication toxicity
Nausea and vomiting
Anorexia
Mucosal ulceration
Neuropathy
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Alopecia
Steroid effects
Mood changes
Providing emotional support
Lymphomas
Hodgkin Disease
Staging and prognosis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic evaluation
Therapeutic management
Nursing care
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Staging and prognosis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic evaluation
Therapeutic management
Nursing care
Immunological deficiency disorders
HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
Nursing Care
Technological management of hematological and immunological disorders
Blood Transfusion Therapy
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Bone Marrow) Transplantation (HSCT)
Nursing Care
Apheresis
Nursing Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 49: Genitourinary Conditions
Urinary system structure and function
Kidney Structure and Function
Genitourinary dysfunction
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Tests
Nursing Care
Genitourinary tract disorders and defects
Urinary Tract Infection
Etiology
Anatomical and physical factors
Altered urine and bladder chemistry
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Vesicoureteral reflux
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Prevention
Obstructive Uropathy
Nursing Care
External Defects
Phimosis
Nursing care
Hydrocele
Nursing care
Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
Therapeutic management
Nursing care
Hypospadias and Epispadias
Exstrophy of the Bladder
Disorders of Sex Development
Psychological Issues Related to Genital Surgery
Nursing care
Glomerular disease
Nephrotic Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Family support and home care
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Miscellaneous renal disorders
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Wilms Tumour
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Staging and Prognosis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Family support
Renal failure
Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Complications
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Supporting the family
Chronic Kidney Disease
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Technological management of chronic kidney disease
Dialysis
Transplantation
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 50: Neurological Conditions
Assessment of cerebral function
General Aspects
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Altered States of Consciousness
Levels of Consciousness
Coma Assessment
Neurological Examination
Vital Signs
Skin
Eyes
Motor Function
Posturing
Reflexes
Special Diagnostic Procedures
Nursing care of the unconscious child
Respiratory Management
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
Managing Intracranial Pressure
Nutrition and Hydration
Altered Pituitary Secretion
Medications
Thermoregulation
Elimination
Hygienic Care
Positioning and Exercise
Stimulation
Regaining Consciousness
Family Support
Cerebral trauma
Head Injury
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Concussion
Contusion and laceration
Traumatic head injury due to child maltreatment
Fractures
Complications
Epidural hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Cerebral edema
Post-traumatic syndromes
Diagnostic Evaluation
Initial assessment
Special tests
Therapeutic Management
Concussion management
Management of severe injuries
Surgical therapy
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Family support
Rehabilitation
Prevention
Submersion Injury
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Prevention
Nervous system tumours
Brain Tumours
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Preventing postoperative complications
Assessment
Positioning
Fluid regulation
Comfort measures
Supporting the child and family
Neuroblastoma
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Staging and Prognosis
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Intracranial infections
Bacterial Meningitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Medications
Nonspecific measures
Prognosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
Supporting the family
Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis
Encephalitis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Reye Syndrome
Nursing Care
Seizure disorders
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Seizure Classification and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Medication Therapy
Ketogenic Diet
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Surgical Therapy
Treatment for Status Epilepticus
Prognosis
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Nursing Care
Long-Term Care
Triggering Factors
Febrile Seizures
Cerebral malformations
Cranial Deformities
Microcephaly
Positional Plagiocephaly
Hydrocephalus
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Postoperative care
Family support
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 51: Endocrine Conditions
The Endocrine System
Hormones
Disorders of Pituitary Function
Hypopituitarism
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Child and family support
Pituitary Hyperfunction
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Precocious Puberty
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Nursing Care
Disorders of Thyroid Function
Juvenile Hypothyroidism
Nursing Care
Goitre
Therapeutic Management
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Disorders of Parathyroid Function
Hypoparathyroidism
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Disorders of Adrenal Function
Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease)
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Cushing Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Pheochromocytoma
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Disorders of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Pathophysiology
Ketoacidosis
Long-term complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Insulin therapy
Insulin preparations
Dosage
Monitoring
Blood glucose
Glycated hemoglobin
Urine
Nutrition
Physical activity
Hypoglycemia
Morning hyperglycemia
Illness management
Therapeutic management of diabetic ketoacidosis
Fluid and electrolyte therapy
Nursing Care
Hospital management
Medical identification
Meal planning
Travelling
Insulin
Injection procedure
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
Monitoring
Signs of hyperglycemia
Signs of hypoglycemia
Hygiene
Physical activity
Record keeping
Self-management
Child or adolescent and family support
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Risk Reduction for Type 2 Diabetes
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Chapter 52: Integumentary Conditions
Integumentary anatomy and physiology
Integumentary dysfunction
Skin Lesions
Pathophysiology of Dermatitis
Diagnostic Evaluation
History and subjective symptoms
Objective findings
Types of lesions
Laboratory studies
Wounds
Epidermal Injuries
Injury to Deeper Tissues
General Therapeutic Management
Dressings
Topical therapy
Topical corticosteroid therapy
Other topical therapies
Systemic therapy
Nursing Care
Wound care
Relief of symptoms
Home care and family support
Infections of the skin
Bacterial Infections
Nursing Care
Viral Infections
Dermatophytoses (Fungal Infections)
Nursing Care
Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections
Skin disorders related to chemical or physical contacts
Contact Dermatitis
Nursing Care
Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac
Nursing Care
Medication Reactions
Nursing Care
Skin disorders related to animal contacts
Arthropod Bites and Stings
Scabies
Nursing Care
Pediculosis Capitis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Prevention
Bed Bugs
Clinical Manifestations
Rickettsial Diseases
Lyme Disease
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Animal Bites
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Miscellaneous skin disorders
Skin disorders associated with specific age groups
Diaper Dermatitis
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Care
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Nursing Care
Acne
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Management
Medications
Nursing Care
Thermal injury
Burns
Characteristics of Burn Injury
Type of injury
Extent of injury
Depth of injury
Severity of injury
Inhalation injury
Pathophysiology
Complications
Therapeutic Management
Emergency care
Assess the victims condition
Cover the burn
Transport the child to medical aid
Provide reassurance
Minor burns
Major burns
Fluid replacement therapy
Nutrition
Medications
Management of the burn wound
Primary excision
Debridement
Topical antimicrobial medications
Biological skin coverings
Permanent skin coverings
Sheet graft
Mesh graft
Artificial skin
Cultured epithelium
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Acute phase
Management and rehabilitative phases
Managing pain
Care of the burn wound
Preventing complications
Acute care
Long-term care
Psychosocial support of the child
Psychosocial support of the family
Prevention of burn injuries
Sunburn
Nursing Care
Cold Injury
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 53: Musculoskeletal or Articular Conditions
The Immobilized Child
Physiological Effects of Immobilization
Psychological Effects of Immobilization
Effect on Families
Nursing Care
Family Support and Home Care
Traumatic Injury
Soft-Tissue Injury
Contusions
Dislocations
Sprains
Strains
Therapeutic Management
Fractures
Types of Fractures
Growth Plate (Physeal) Injuries
Bone Healing and Remodelling
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
The Child Requiring a Cast
Cast Application
Nursing care
Cast Removal
The Child in Traction
Purposes of Traction
Types of Traction
Nursing Care
Distraction
External Fixation
Nursing Care
Amputation
Nursing Care
Health Concerns Related To Sports Participation
Overuse Syndromes
Stress Fractures
Therapeutic management
Nursing care
Congenital Defects
Arthrogryposis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Achondroplasia
Therapeutic Management
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Newborn to age 6 months
Ages 6 to 24 months
Older children
Nursing Care
Clubfoot
Classification
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Metatarsus Adductus (Varus)
Nursing Care
Skeletal Limb Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Acquired Defects
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Classification and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Kyphosis and Lordosis
Scoliosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Bracing and exercise
Growth guidance devices: Growing rods
Surgical management
Nursing Care
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Infections of Bones and Joints
Osteomyelitis
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Septic Arthritis
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Care
Skeletal Tuberculosis
Nursing Care
Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumour
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prognosis
Osteosarcoma
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour of the Bone)
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Disorders of Joints
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Classification of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Medications
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic medications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Corticosteroids
Physiotherapy and occupational therapy
Nursing Care
Relieving pain
Promoting general health
Facilitating adherence
Comfort measures and exercise
Supporting the child and family
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Key Points
References
Additional Resources
Chapter 54: Neuromuscular or Muscular Conditions
Congenital neuromuscular or muscular disorders
Cerebral Palsy
Pathophysiology
Clinical Classifications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Supporting the Family
Supporting the Hospitalized Child
Neural Tube Defects
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prenatal detection
Therapeutic Management
Infancy
Orthopedic management
Management of genitourinary function
Bowel control
Prognosis
Prevention
Nursing Care
Care of the myelomeningocele sac
Preventing complications
Providing postoperative care
Supporting the family
Latex Allergy
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Diagnostic Evaluation and Therapeutic Management
Prognosis
Nursing Care
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Acquired neuromuscular disorders
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Therapeutic Management
Course and Prognosis
Nursing Care
Spinal Cord Injuries
Mechanisms of Injury
Clinical Manifestations
Therapeutic Management
Nursing Care
Key points
References
Additional resources
Chapter 55: Caring for the Mental, Emotional, and Behavioural Health Needs of Children and Adolescents
Mental, Emotional, and behavioural health
The Role of the Nurse
Developing a Collaborative Treatment Relationship
Factors Contributing to Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents
Specific mental illnesses in children
Anxiety
Nursing Care
Depression
Nursing Care
Suicide
Nursing Care
Substance Use
Tobacco
Electronic cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco
Nursing care
Alcohol
Central Nervous System Depressants
Opioids
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Inhalants
Hallucinogens
Nursing Care
Disturbances in Eating Related Behaviours
Nursing Care
Behavioural health needs
Nursing Care
Key points
References
Appendix A: Canada\'s Food Guide Snapshot
Appendix B: Common Laboratory Tests and Normal Ranges
Appendix C: Pediatric Vital Signs and Parameters
Index
Inside Back Cover