دانلود کتاب Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world 1 Scientific production, commercial and utilization aspects

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Foreword......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Chapter 1: Introduction: Utilization/Significance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 10
2 Medicinal and Pharmacological Applications of MAPs......Page 11
2.2 Phytotherapy......Page 12
2.2.1 Herbal Medicinal Products (HMP)......Page 13
2.4 Balneology and Mineral Therapy......Page 14
2.6 Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare......Page 15
3.2 Food and Feed Additives......Page 16
3.3 Dietary Supplements Versus Nutraceuticals......Page 17
4 Drug Discovery......Page 18
References......Page 19
Chapter 2: Botanical Aspects of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 22
2 Botanical Aspects of MAPs......Page 23
2.1 Plant Morphology......Page 24
2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Metabolism......Page 25
2.3 Plant Systematics and Taxonomy......Page 26
2.3.1 Taxonomic Value of Secondary Metabolites......Page 27
3 Vegetation Science Versus the Sourcing of Botanicals......Page 28
4 Sustainable Management of MAP Resources ``Save Plants That Save Lives´´......Page 29
4.1.1 International Standard on Sustainable Wild Collection of MAPs (ISSC-MAP)......Page 30
5 Botanical Aspects of MAPs in Wild-Crafting......Page 31
5.2 Determination of Plant Parts to Be Collected......Page 32
6 From Wild Plants to Cultivated Species Domestication and Introduction into Cultivation of MAPs......Page 33
6.2 Input of Modern Botanical Sciences......Page 34
7 Scope of Heredity and Variability in MAPs......Page 35
8 Productivity of MAPs Under the Influence of Environment......Page 36
9 Botanical Sciences and Quality Control in MAPs......Page 38
References......Page 39
1 Introduction......Page 43
2.1 Carbohydrates......Page 45
2.2 Lipids......Page 47
2.3 Some Other Primary Metabolites (Miscellaneous)......Page 48
3.1.1 Simple Phenolics......Page 49
3.1.4 Flavonoids......Page 50
3.1.6 Coumarines......Page 51
3.2 Terpenoids......Page 52
3.2.1 Monoterpenes......Page 53
3.2.3 Sesquiterpenes......Page 54
3.2.5 Triterpenes......Page 55
3.2.6 Steroids......Page 56
3.3 Alkaloids......Page 57
3.3.2 Lysine-Derived Alkaloids......Page 58
3.3.3 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine-Derived Alkaloids......Page 59
Loganiaceae Family......Page 60
Apocynaceae Family......Page 61
3.3.7 Terpene Alkaloids......Page 62
4 Conclusions......Page 63
References......Page 66
Chapter 4: Application of Spectroscopic Methods and Hyphenated Techniques to the Analysis of Complex Plant Extracts......Page 69
1 Introduction......Page 70
2.1 The ``Traditional´´ Procedure of the Analysis of the Plant Extracts......Page 72
2.2 Identification of the Components in the Crude Extracts Without Prior Isolation......Page 77
3 Conclusion......Page 90
References......Page 91
Chapter 5: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP): How Do They Adapt to the Environment?......Page 94
1 Introduction......Page 95
2.1 Defence from Abiotic and Biotic Factors......Page 96
Apoplastic Barriers......Page 97
Non-glandular or Glandular Structures......Page 98
Mimicry and Plant, or Plant Parts, Movements......Page 102
2.1.2 Chemical Features......Page 103
Environmental Abiotic Interactions......Page 105
Interference in Community Development (Allelopathy and Semiochemicals)......Page 106
Interaction with Pathogens and Phytophagous......Page 108
2.2.1 Structural Features......Page 110
2.2.2 Chemical Features......Page 112
3 Self-Defence in MAP Adaptation......Page 114
4 Conclusion......Page 115
References......Page 116
1 Introduction......Page 120
2.1.1 Natural Variability......Page 122
2.1.2 Creation of Variability......Page 124
2.2.2 Species with Apomictic Reproduction......Page 126
Cultivars Based on a Population of Genotypes......Page 127
Cultivars Based on Two Genotypes......Page 128
2.3 Tools to Improve the Breeding Efficiency......Page 130
2.3.2 Rapid Methods to Determine Valuable Compounds......Page 131
2.3.3 Rapid Determination of Resistance Against Biotic and Abiotic Factors......Page 132
3 Germplasm Preservation......Page 133
References......Page 134
1 Introduction......Page 138
2 Wild Crafted MAPs in the World Market......Page 139
3 Threat to Wild Crafted MAPs and Their Habitats......Page 141
4 Conservation Strategies......Page 144
5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 146
References......Page 147
Web Link......Page 151
Chapter 8: Challenges and Decision Making in Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 152
1 Introduction: Wild Collection Versus Cultivation in Brief......Page 153
2 Decision Making Algorithm for Starting Cultivation of MAP......Page 154
2.1 Market......Page 155
2.2 Abundance and Accessibility of Wild Populations......Page 157
2.3 Agro-environmental Conditions......Page 158
2.5 Investments in Machinery......Page 159
2.6 Postharvest Processing......Page 160
2.7 Rationality of Production......Page 161
3 Challenges and Current Approaches in Selection and Breeding of Medicinal Plants......Page 162
4 Concluding Remarks......Page 166
References......Page 167
1 Introduction......Page 172
2 Natural Life Cycle......Page 174
3.1 Germplasm Collection......Page 175
3.2 Indoor Cultivation......Page 176
3.2.3 Vegetative Period......Page 177
3.2.6 Synthetic Seed Technology......Page 178
4.1.1 Cannabinoids Degradation Products......Page 179
4.1.4 Changes in Cannabinoids Profile Overtime......Page 180
4.2.3 Alkaloids......Page 182
5.2 Processing......Page 183
6 Diseases and Pest Control......Page 184
7.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectral Analysis......Page 185
8 Pharmaceutical Preparations Approved......Page 186
References......Page 187
1 Introduction......Page 194
2 N Fertilization......Page 199
3 P-K Fertilization......Page 200
5 Effects on Quality Features......Page 202
6 Organic Fertilization......Page 205
References......Page 206
1 Introduction......Page 211
2 Weeds......Page 212
2.1 Chemical Weed Control......Page 213
2.2 Non-chemical Weed Management......Page 215
2.3 Mechanical Weeding......Page 216
2.5 Mulching......Page 217
2.6 False Seeding......Page 218
3.1 Fungal Diseases......Page 219
3.3 Viral Diseases......Page 227
4.1 Roots and Bulbs......Page 228
4.2 Leaves, Buds and Stems......Page 232
4.3 Flowers and Seeds......Page 233
5 Conclusive Remarks......Page 234
References......Page 235
1 Introduction......Page 242
2 Sustainability and Diversity......Page 244
3 GIS (Geographical Information System)......Page 247
4 GPS (Global Positioning System)......Page 249
5 Remote Sensing......Page 252
6.1 Weed and Plant Disease Detection......Page 254
7 Ecophysiological Models......Page 256
8 Technical Environment of Precision Plant Production......Page 257
References......Page 259
1 Introduction......Page 261
2 Historical Background......Page 262
3 Plants: Factories of Natural Chemicals......Page 263
5.1 Antifeedant and Repellent......Page 265
5.2 Fumigant......Page 266
5.3 Antifungal......Page 267
5.6 Antitermitic......Page 268
6.1 Plant-Based Products Currently on the Market......Page 269
6.2 Barriers to Commercialization of Botanicals......Page 270
7 Future Research for Improved Efficacy of Botanical Pesticides......Page 271
References......Page 272
1 Introduction......Page 276
1.1 Reasons for Substitution and Adulteration......Page 277
1.2 Types of Substitution......Page 278
1.3 Types of Adulterants......Page 279
1.3.6 Presence of Vegetative Matter of Same Plant......Page 280
1.3.9 Lack of Confidence in the Quality of Drug in Traditional Medicine Is Hindering Us from Capitalizing These Systems at Glo.........Page 281
1.4 Need of Quality Control and Initiatives by Government of India......Page 282
2 Standardization of Herbal Products......Page 283
2.1 Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcuma caesia Roxb. Rhizome......Page 285
2.2 Comparative Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Three Species of Swertia L......Page 286
2.3 Phytochemical Evaluation of Decalepis hamiltonii......Page 287
2.4 Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Medicinally Important Stem Bark of Ficus Species......Page 288
3 The Complexity of Herbal Products......Page 289
3.2 Comparative Antioxidant Activity and Quantification of Protodioscin and Prototribestin in Fruits of Tribulus terrestris Co.........Page 290
4.3 Specimens......Page 293
4.5.1 Site Selection......Page 294
4.5.4 Soil......Page 295
4.5.6 Plant Maintenance and Protection......Page 296
4.6 Harvest......Page 297
6 Good Collection Practices for Medicinal Plants......Page 298
6.2 Technical Planning......Page 299
6.4 Collection......Page 300
6.5 Personnel......Page 301
7.1 Inspection and Sorting......Page 302
7.2 Primary Processing......Page 303
7.4 Specific Processing......Page 304
References......Page 305
Chapter 15: In Vitro Micropropagation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 307
1 Introduction......Page 308
2 Micropropagation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 309
2.1.2 Propagation by Shoot and Node Culture......Page 311
2.1.3 In Vitro Micropropagation of MAPs via Callus Culture......Page 314
2.2 In Vitro Micropropagation of MAPs Through Somatic Embryogenesis......Page 315
2.3 Protoplast Culture of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 316
2.5 In Vitro Rooting of MAPs......Page 317
3 Conservation Through Low Temperature Storage and Cryopreservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 318
4 In Vitro Development of Encapsulated Seeds of MAPs......Page 319
5.1 Production of Secondary Metabolites of MAPs from Cell Suspension/Liquid/ and Large-Scale Cultures in Bioreactors/Bioproces.........Page 320
5.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites of MAPs by Organ Cultures......Page 322
7 Genetic Transformation of MAPs/Genetic Engineering Studies......Page 324
References......Page 327
1 Introduction......Page 339
2 Medicinal Plant Use in Different Parts of the World......Page 340
3 Medicinal Plant, Pharmaceutical Drug or Food?......Page 343
4.1 China......Page 345
4.2 United States of America......Page 347
4.3 Canada......Page 348
4.4 Europe......Page 349
5.1 Herbal Medicines......Page 350
5.2 Food Supplements......Page 353
5.3 Medical Devices......Page 356
6 Summary......Page 357
References......Page 359
Chapter 17: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Scientific Databases......Page 361
1 Introduction......Page 362
2 Review of Literature......Page 363
3 Overview of Databases and Information Systems......Page 364
4.1 Subject Headings and Thesauri......Page 365
4.2.1 Search Syntax and Search Operators......Page 368
4.2.3 Truncation (Wildcard), Phrase Search......Page 369
5 Bibliometric Analysis......Page 370
6 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 373
References......Page 374
Chapter 18: International Trade of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants......Page 376
2 Origins and Resources......Page 377
3 Wild or Spontaneous Species......Page 378
5 Human Resources and the Value Chain......Page 379
6 Options for Value Addition......Page 380
7.1 Setting the Scene for Strategic Important Resources......Page 381
9 Conclusion......Page 382
References......Page 383
1 Introduction......Page 384
1.1 Medicinal Plants and Their Significance at Local Level in South Asia......Page 385
1.2 Conservation: Threats, Issues and Strategies......Page 386
2.1 Case Study Sites and Implementing Partners......Page 388
3.1 Threats to Medicinal Plants Resources at the Local Level......Page 390
3.3 Support to Primary Healthcare......Page 391
3.4 Enhancing Livelihood Security......Page 393
4 Discussion......Page 397
5 Conclusions......Page 401
References......Page 402
Chapter 20: Phytogenic Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition......Page 404
1 Introduction......Page 405
2 Current Use of Phytogenic Feed Additives......Page 406
4 Flavouring Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives......Page 407
5 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Digestibility......Page 409
6 Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives......Page 411
7 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on the Intestinal Microbiota......Page 412
9 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Animal Performance......Page 415
10 Environmental Emissions......Page 416
11 Effects of Phytogenic Additives on Meat Traits......Page 417
12 Future Considerations and Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 419
1 Introduction......Page 425
2.1 Bioactive Principles and Biological Activities of Ornamentals......Page 426
3 Toxicity of Medicinal/Ornamental Plants......Page 428
3.1 Plants Containing Cardiac Glycosides......Page 429
4 Conclusion......Page 430
References......Page 431
Glossary: With Selected Important Abbreviations......Page 435
Index......Page 446