دانلود کتاب Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal

فهرست مطالب :

Mesocosm CONTENTS MAPS FIGURES PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chapter One Introduction The Background of This Study How The Study Was Done PART ONE ORIENTATIONS AND CONTEXTS Chapter Two Orientations Bhaktapur and the Newars Ways of Looking at the Organization of Bhaktapur Ballet Typological Conceits: The Archaic City Historical Conceits: The Ancient Indo-European City and the Axial Age Typological Conceits: Kinds Of Minds—A Continent in the Great Divide Organizational Conceits: The Civic Function of Symbolism in Bhaktapur and, Presumably, in Other Such... Organizational Conceits: Embedded And Marked Symbolism Typological Conceits: Hinduism As An Archaic Kind of Symbol System And Bhaktapur As A Hindu Climax C... Psychological Conceits: What Is A Newar That He or She May Know Bhaktapur Chapter Three Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History Introduction Nepal The Kathmandu Valley Notes On Early Newar History Bhaktapur's Beginnings Jayasthiti Malla and the Ordering of Bhaktapur From Jayasthiti Malla to the Fall of the Newar Polity The Gorkhali State, And the Submerging of the Newars in Greater Nepal The 1950 Revolution Against The Rana Regime Chapter Four Bhaktapur's Other Order Introduction The Physical City Some Demographic Notes Population Density Bhaktapur's Demography: Newars And Hindu Newars The Hinterland Relation To The Central Government The Agricultural Economy The Nonagricultural Economy A Summary Note Chapter Five The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System Introduction: Thar And Macrostatus Levels The Thar An Excursion. Caste, Class, And Varna* Who In Bhaktapur Is A Newar? The Macrostatus Levels: Newar Hindus, The Core System The Macrostatus System: Buddhist Thars and Some Notes on Newar Buddhism Non-Newars: Brahmans Non-Newars: Matha* Priests Non-Newars: Others Thar, Macrostatus, and the Organization of Occupational and Ritual Roles Thar And Macrostatus Demography Entailments and Markers of the Macrostatus Levels Status Ranking of and by Outsiders 1. Groups within Bhaktapur: Buddhist Bare. 2. Groups within Bhaktapur: non-Newar Brahmans and Matha* priests. 3. Relations to other non-Newar Nepalis, both in and out of Bhaktapur. 4. Partyas' conceptions of Newars. Envoi Chapter Six Inside the Thars Introduction: The Internal Structure of the Thar Household and Household Size Household Roles Wives and Households Household Hierarchy, Authority, and Purity and the Cipa System The Comparative Freedom of the Newar Woman in the Northern Hindu Context Newar Menstrual Disabilities in Comparison with the Indo-Nepalese A Wife's Natal Household's Relation to Her Children: The Mother's Brother Marriage Remarriage And Multiple Marriage The Lack of Hypergamic Implications of Marriage Adoption and Marriage Major Kin Groupings: (I) Kul, Phuki and Their Women Major Kin Groupings: (II) Feminal Kin, Tha:Thiti Phuki and Thar Ritual Friendship and Fictive Kinship Kinship Terminology Guthis, Organizations for Special Purposes The Inside of the Thars in Relation to the City's Mesocosm PART TWO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MESOCOSM Chapter Seven The Symbolic Organization of Space Introduction The City As An Icon of A God A Note on Hill and River The Idealization of Space: Bhaktapur As A Yantra The City Boundaries and the Bordering Outside City Boundaries: The Boundary-Protecting Goddesses City Boundaries: The External Seat of the Lineage God, The Digu God City Boundaries: Cremation, Dying, And Purification City Boundaries: The Untouchables' Proper Place On Boundaries Bhaktapur As A Mandala*: The Nine Mandalic* Section City Halves: Ritually Organized Antagonism Status and Space: Concentric Circles The Village in the City, The Twa: Some Notes on the Symbolic Construction of the House Collapsed Structure Inside the City: Crossroads The Undercity Symbolized Space Beyond the City Integration of Spaces Chapter Eight Bhaktapur's Pantheon Introduction Approaches Divinities: Housing and Setting 1. Temples, dega:s. 2. God-houses, dya: che(n)s. 3. Shrines. 4. Non-Newar Hindu structures. Gods With Temples and Shrines—Some Numbers Sorting Supernaturals—Some Preliminary Remarks 1. "Major city gods." 2. "Stone gods." 3. "Astral divinities." 4. "Ghosts and spirits." Major Gods: The "Ordinary" Deities Siva 1. Siva as the creative principle. 2. Siva, first among the gods. 3. Siva as the generator of the dangerous gods. 4. Siva as one of the group of ordinary gods. Visnu-Narayana* And His Avatars Ganesa* A Note on Yama The Ordinary Female Divinities: Laksmi, Sarasvati, And Parvati The Transition to the Dangerous Divinities Major Gods: The "Dangerous" Deities The Dangerous Goddess and Her Transformations The Mandalic* Goddesses The Nine Durgas Taleju, Bhaktapur's Political Goddess Bhagavati Miscellaneous Dangerous Goddesses Dangerous Goddesses: Some Principles of Classification Dangerous Male Gods Bhisi(n) (Bhima) Nasa Dya: (Nrtya* Natha) Bhaila Dya: (Bhairava) Natural Stones As Divinities Pithas The Digu God, Lineage Gods Protectors of Local Space, Chetrapal and Pikha Lakhu Mediators to the Underground—Disposers of Pollution Astral Deities The Brahmans' Vedic Gods Pilgrimage Gods of the Royal Center Household Gods Ghosts and Spirits Nagas Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Notes on Idols Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Classes of Meaningful Forms 1. Proximity. 2. Materiality. 3. Artifice. 4. Ordinary versus uncanny humanly worked forms. 1. Proximate versus distant. 2. Material versus immaterial. 3. Worked versus natural. 4. Benign versus dangerous. Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Distinctions Within this. Types of Gods Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Contrasts With Other Hindu Systems A Final Remark Chapter Nine Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities Introduction Tantrism As A Religious Mode Tantrism In Popular Fantasy Upper-Status Tantrism Upper-Status Tantrism: Puja Upper-Status Tantrism: Family And Phuki Worship—Worship oF the Lineage Gods, The Aga(n) Gods, And th... Upper-Status Tantrism: Individually Centered Practices and Initiation Tantrism and the Public City Symbolic Complexes: Siva/Sakti Symbolic Complexes: Sacrifice Sacrifice: The Hierarchical Division of the Head Sacrifice: Human Sacrifice Sacrifice: Aspects of Its Significance in Bhaktapur Secrecy and Mystery In Sum Chapter Ten Priests Preliminaries: Priests and Kings—The Relations of the Symbolic Order and Power Preliminaries: Kinds of Priests and Priestly Functions Bhaktapur's Brahmans The Rajopadhyaya Brahmans Lakhae Brahmans Bhaktapur's Non-Newar Brahmans Overt Auxiliary Priests and Para-Priests Josi Acajus Tini Purity Technicians With Limited Functions The Bha The Cala(n) The Kata: The Nau Hindu Use of Buddhist Priests Covert Para-Priests: The Pollution-Accumulating Thars—Po(n) and Jugi Temple and Shrine Priests Some Remarks on the Status Of The Rajopadhyaya Brahman In Bhaktapur Chapter Eleven Purity and Impurity: On the Borders of the Sacred Introduction A Tangle of Interpretations What Is Polluted, And What Is Polluting? Pollution, Ingestion, And Disgust Bodies and Corporate Bodies and Their Exuviae What Is Polluted and Polluting in Birth and Death? The Management of Pollution in Bhaktapur: Avoidance, Surrogation, and Cleaning Surrogate Absorption of Contaminants—Both Dirty and Clean Purification The Purity Complex: Psychological Resonances and Social Order PART THREE THE DANCE OF SYMBOLS Chapter Twelve The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles Introduction The Calendar Approaches to Meaning Cycles Selection from the Hindu Set of Festivals Aspects of the Analysis of Calendrical Events The Inclusion and Sequential Numbering of Calendrically Determined Events Chapter Thirteen The Events of the Lunar Year Introduction Swanti and the Lunar New Year [77, 78, 79, 1, 2] Miscellaneous Events [3-7] Jugari Na:Mi [3] Hari Bodhini [4] Saki Mana Punhi [5] Gopinatha Jatra [6] Bala, Ca:Re [7] Sukhu(n) Bhisi(n)dya: Jatra [8] Ya: Marhi Punhi [9] Miscellaneous Events [10-11] The Month of the Swasthani Vrata Sarasvati Festivals [12, 13] Madya: Jatra [14] End of Swasthani Vrata Sila Ca:re (Sivaratri) [15] The Minor Festivals of Krsna* (Holi) [16, 17] The Approach of the Season of Anxiety [18, 19] Biska:, The Solar New Year [20-29] The Dewali Period, the Worship of the Digu Lineage Deities [30] The Minor Dasai(n) of Rama [31, 32] Honoring Mothers [33] Aksaya* Trtiya* [34] Candesvari* Jatra [35] Buddha Jaya(n)ti and a Note on "Buddhist" Festivals in Bhaktapur Sithi Nakha [36] Candi* Bhagavati Jatra [37] Dasa Hara [38] Panauti Jatra [39] Bhagasti [40], the Death of the nine Durgas (Devi Cycle) Minor Festivals of Visnu* [41-43] and the Beginning of the Caturmasa Vrata Guru Puja [44] Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45] (Devi Cycle) Naga Pa(n)cami [46] Gunhi Punhi [47], Beginning of the Densest Festival Season Saparu [48], the Cow Festivalof the Dead of the Previous Year, and the Annual Carnival Miscellaneous Events: Krsna* Janmastami [49] and Sitala Puja [50] Gokarna* Au(n)si [51], Honoring Fathers Miscellaneous Minor Events [52-58]: a Note on Tij, a Festival Which the Newars do not Have Events During the Period of Indra Jatra [59-65]: the Transformation of Festival Themes and Events in... The Remainder of the Yearly Calendrical Cycle [66-79] Chapter Fourteen The Events of the Solar Cycle Introduction Ghya: Caku Sa(n)lhu [10] Biska: [20-29]: The Solar New Year Festival The Preliminary Preparations 1. The yasi(n). 2. Bhairava and Bhadrakali*. 3. The representation of Royalty. The First Day Start of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra [20]; The Struggle Between the Upper and Lower ... The Second Day The Third Day The Fourth Day Preliminaries The Raising Up of the Main Yasi(n) God—The Ending of the Old Year The Fifth Day: Taking Down the Yasi(n) God—Beginning of the Solar New Year The Sixth Day: The Mahakali/Mahalaksmi Jatra The Seventh Day: The Brahmani/Mahesvari* Jatra The Eighth Day. Feasting the Gods—Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra The Ninth Day: Taking Down the Small Yasi(n) God—Final Phases of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra Approaches to Meaning 1. Biska: as a solar festival. 2. Biska: as a structural focal sequence. 3. Interactive versus parallel features: bases for solidarity. 4. Human actors. 5. Divine actors. 6. Space. 7. Narrative content. 8. Rhetoric. 9. The message. Chapter Fifteen The Devi Cycle Introduction The Legend of the Nine Durgas An Introduction to Meaning The Nine Durgas—The Cast of Characters and Their Iconic Representation The Annual Cycle Sithi Nakha [36] Bhagasti [40] The Period Between Bhagasti [40] and Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45], Human Sacrifice Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45] Mohani, The Autumnal Festival Sequence of the Rice Harvest [67-76] Mohani: The First Day The Second Day through the Sixth Day The Seventh Day: Taking Down the Goddess Taleju The Eighth Day: Kalaratri Continuation of the Ninth Day: The Living Goddess Kumari and Emergence of the Nine Durgas The Tenth Day: The Taleju Jatra, and the Transfer of Power to the Nine Durgas Mohani: Approaches to Meaning 1. Mohani and the rice agricultural cycle. 2. Mohani as a structural focal sequence. 3. Interactive versus parallel features. 4. Human actors. 5. Divine actors. 6. Space. 7. The narrative. 8.Rhetoric and participation. The Performances of the Nine Durgas The Significance of the Nine Durgas'' Pyakha(n): Some Speculations on How The Nine Durgas Protect Bh... Chapter Sixteen The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year Introduction Distinctions and Enumerations and Their Implications A Note on Moving Deities Within the City Patterns in the Year External Influences on the Annual Cycle A View of the Annual Events With the Citizen at Their Center Chapter Seventeen What Is Bhaktapur that a Newar May Know It?1 Structures of the Imagination Spheres, Structures, and Oppositions Resources for Making Meaning Intelligible 1. Levels. 2. Redundancy and filtering. 3. Discrete categories. 4. Membership in a domain. 5. Boundaries. 6. Systematic ordering. Bhaktapur's Order, Stability, And Stasis Why Is Bhaktapur the Way It Is? APPENDIXES Appendix One Transliterations Used in the Text Transliteration of Bhaktapur Newari Appendix Two Bhaktapur's Newar Hindu Thars Ranked By Macrosocial Status Part 1. Thars Listed By Status Levels Part 2. Newar Hindu Thars In Bhaktapur Listed Alphabetically Appendix Three Kinship Terminology Appendix Four Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship Pujas Not Conducted By A Brahman Purohita Temple Visits Home Pujas Pujas Conducted By A Brahman Purohita Materials and Equipment Pure Water Pigments Rice Samhae Swaga(n) Appendix Five A Catalogue of Annual Events and Their Distribution Throughout the Lunar Year Appendix Six Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies 1. Writing a mantra on the tongue: Jihvasodhana. 2. Application of lamp black to the child's eyes by the father's sister. 3. Name giving: Namakarana. 4. The rice feeding ceremony: Ja(n)ko. 5. Boy's hair shaving: Busakha. 6. Boy's full membership in their thar: Kaeta Puja. 7. Mock-marriage: Ihi. 8. Menarche ceremonies: Barha taegu and Barha cwa(n)gu. 9. Marriage: Byaha. 10. Tantric initiation: Dekha. 11. Old-age ceremonies: Buraburi ja(n)ko. 12. Dying and cremation. Dying. Preparation of the body. The funeral procession. The cremation. The return to the house. The activities of the mourning period. Death related activities following the dasa kriya mourning period. NOTES Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Orientations Chapter 3: Nepal, The Kathmandu Valley, And Some History Chapter 4: Bhaktapur's Other Order Chapter 5: The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System Chapter 6: Inside The Thars Chapter 7: The Symbolic Organization of Space Charter 8: Bhaktapur's Pantheon Chapter 9: Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities Chapter 10: Priests Chapter 11: Purity And Impurity: On The Borders Of The Sacred Chapter 12: The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles Chapter 13: The Events of the Lunar Year Chapter 14: The Events of the Solar Cycle Chapter 15: The Devi Cycle Chapter 16: The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year Chapter 17: What is Bhaktapur That A Newar May Know it? Appendix 2: Bhaktapur’s Newar Hindu Thars Ranked by Macrosocial Status Appendix 3: Kinship Terminology Appendix 4: Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship Appendix 6: Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies GLOSSARY REFERENCES GENERAL INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y NAMES INDEX A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z