دانلود کتاب Metals and Alloys: Industrial Applications

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Preface\nContents\n1 Introduction and overview\n 1.1 Historic, ancient\n 1.2 Large-scale use\n 1.3 Eighteenth and nineteenth century discoveries\n 1.4 Modern, niche uses\n 1.5 Modern, major use metals\n 1.6 Recycling and re-use\n2 Copper\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Refining and isolation\n 2.3 Uses\n 2.3.1 Piping\n 2.3.2 Wiring and machinery\n 2.3.3 Coinage\n 2.4 Bronze\n 2.5 Brass\n 2.6 Other alloys\n 2.7 Possible substitutes\n 2.8 Recycling\n3 Tin\n 3.1 Introduction\n 3.2 Refining and isolation\n 3.3 Tin, uses and applications\n 3.3.1 Solders\n 3.3.2 Plating\n 3.3.3 Niobium–tin\n 3.3.4 Glass production\n 3.3.5 Tin in polyvinyl chloride\n 3.4 Possible substitutes\n 3.5 Recycling\n4 Zinc\n 4.1 Introduction\n 4.2 Refining and isolation\n 4.3 Uses\n 4.3.1 Galvanizing\n 4.3.2 Nickel silver\n 4.3.3 Solders\n 4.3.4 Paint pigments\n 4.3.5 Sacrificial anodes\n 4.3.6 Batteries\n 4.4 Possible substitutes\n 4.5 Recycling\n5 Pewter\n 5.1 Introduction\n 5.2 Production\n 5.3 History and traditional uses\n 5.4 Modern applications\n 5.5 Recycling\n6 Gold\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.2 Refining and isolation\n 6.3 The carat system – 18, 14, 12, 10 Carat\n 6.4 Uses\n 6.4.1 Jewelry\n 6.4.2 Investment coins\n 6.4.3 Electronics\n 6.5 White gold\n 6.6 Possible substitutes\n 6.7 Recycling\n7 Silver\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.2 Refining and isolation\n 7.3 Uses\n 7.3.1 Jewelry\n 7.3.2 Silverware\n 7.3.3 Investment coins\n 7.3.4 Photography\n 7.3.5 Batteries\n 7.3.6 Electronics\n 7.3.7 Ethylene oxide\n 7.4 Possible substitutes\n 7.5 Recycling\n8 Iron and steel\n 8.1 Introduction\n 8.2 Ore sources\n 8.3 Steel production\n 8.4 Uses of iron and steel\n 8.5 By-product production\n 8.6 Recycling\n9 Platinum group metals\n 9.1 Introduction\n 9.2 Sources, refining and isolation\n 9.3 Uses\n 9.3.1 Ruthenium\n 9.3.2 Osmium\n 9.3.3 Rhodium\n 9.3.4 Iridium\n 9.3.5 Palladium\n 9.3.6 Platinum\n 9.4 Possible substitutes\n 9.5 Recycling\n10 Nickel\n 10.1 Introduction\n 10.2 Refining and isolation\n 10.3 Uses\n 10.3.1 Steels\n 10.3.2 Superalloys\n 10.3.3 Shape memory alloys\n 10.3.4 Plating\n 10.3.5 Nickels\n 10.4 Possible substitutes\n 10.5 Recycling\n11 Aluminum\n 11.1 Introduction\n 11.2 Refining and isolation, the Hall–Heroult process\n 11.3 Uses\n 11.4 Possible substitutes\n 11.5 Recycling\n12 Titanium\n 12.1 Introduction\n 12.2 Location and sources\n 12.3 Refining and isolation\n 12.3.1 The Kroll process\n 12.3.2 The Hunter process\n 12.4 Uses\n 12.4.1 High strength alloys\n 12.4.2 Pigments, titanium white or titanium dioxide\n 12.5 Possible substitutes\n 12.6 Recycling\n13 Magnesium\n 13.1 Introduction\n 13.2 Refining and isolation\n 13.3 Uses\n 13.3.1 Elemental magnesium\n 13.3.2 Magnesium–aluminumalloys\n 13.3.3 Castings\n 13.3.4 Automotive\n 13.3.5 Aerospace\n 13.3.6 Electronic\n 13.4 Possible substitutes\n 13.5 Recycling\n14 Uranium and thorium\n 14.1 Introduction\n 14.2 Refining and isolation\n 14.2.1 Uranium isolation and refining\n 14.2.2 Thorium isolation and refining\n 14.3 Uses\n 14.3.1 Power generation\n 14.3.2 Weaponry\n 14.3.3 Compounds and uses\n 14.4 Possible substitutes\n 14.5 Recycling\n15 Americium\n 15.1 Introduction\n 15.2 Refining and isolation\n 15.3 Uses\n 15.3.1 Smoke detectors\n 15.3.2 Other uses\n 15.4 Recycling\n16 Mercury\n 16.1 Introduction\n 16.2 Refining and isolation\n 16.3 Uses\n 16.3.1 Chlor-alkali process\n 16.3.2 Barometers and thermometers\n 16.3.3 Amalgams and compounds\n 16.4 Possible substitutes\n 16.5 Recycling\n17 Lanthanides\n 17.1 Introduction\n 17.2 Refining and isolation\n 17.3 Uses\n 17.3.1 Catalysts\n 17.3.2 Magnets, Nd2Fe14B, plus SmCo5 and Sm2Co17\n 17.3.3 Alloys\n 17.3.4 Heavy rare earth element uses\n 17.4 Possible substitutes\n 17.5 Recycling\n18 Lead\n 18.1 Introduction\n 18.2 History\n 18.3 Refining and isolation\n 18.4 Uses\n 18.4.1 Batteries\n 18.4.2 Construction material\n 18.4.3 Ammunition, hunting and military\n 18.4.4 Alloys\n 18.5 Possible substitutes\n 18.6 Recycling\n19 Tungsten\n 19.1 Introduction\n 19.2 Refining and isolation\n 19.3 Uses\n 19.3.1 Carbide parts\n 19.3.2 High-strength alloys\n 19.4 Possible substitutes\n 19.5 Recycling\n20 Tantalum and niobium\n 20.1 Introduction\n 20.2 Refining and isolation\n 20.3 Uses\n 20.3.1 Major uses\n 20.3.2 Wiring and magnets\n 20.3.3 Niobium coinage\n 20.4 Possible substitutes\n 20.5 Recycling\n21 Sodium\n 21.1 Introduction\n 21.2 Refining and isolation\n 21.2.1 Downs cell\n 21.2.2 Chlor-alkali process\n 21.3 Uses\n 21.3.1 Sodium borohydride\n 21.3.2 Sodium azide, NaN3\n 21.3.3 Triphenylphosphine, P(C6H5)3\n 21.3.4 Reactor moderator material\n 21.3.5 Alloying agent\n 21.3.6 Sodium vapor lamps\n 21.4 Recycling\n22 Lithium\n 22.1 Introduction\n 22.2 Refining and isolation\n 22.3 Uses\n 22.3.1 Lightweight alloys\n 22.3.2 Batteries\n 22.4 Possible substitutes\n 22.5 Recycling\nIndex