دانلود کتاب Methodological Approaches in Physical Geography

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Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1 Epistemology of Geography
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Methods
1.4 Procedure/Steps
1.5 Description/discussion
1.5.1 Principles of Geography Science
1.5.2 The Development of Geography Views
1.5.2.1 Geography Views in Classical
1.5.2.2 Geographical Views in Medieval and Renaissance (Daniels 2001)
1.5.2.3 Geography Views in Modern (Ribas and Vitte 2009)
1.5.2.4 Geography Views in the Late 19th and Early Twentieth Centuries
1.5.2.5 Geography Views in Cutting-Edge
1.5.3 Epistemology of Geography Science
1.6 Conclusion, Advantages and Disadvantages
Acknowledgements
References
2 Site Selection Method Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objective
2.3 Method/Equipment/Instrument/Software
2.3.1 Data Used and Thematic Maps
2.3.2 Software Used for Data Management
2.4 Procedure/Steps/Method
2.4.1 Interview
2.4.2 Distribution of Questionnaires to Experts
2.4.3 The Degree of Suitability Classes
2.4.4 Field Survey
2.4.5 Sample Size
2.4.6 Recruitment and Training of Interview Enumerator
2.4.7 The Application of the AHP
2.4.8 Application of AHP in Decision Support
2.4.9 GIS Application to Freshwater Aquaculture and Prawn Farming
2.4.10 The Conceptual Framework and Flowchart of the Analysis
2.4.11 Determination of Criteria and Factors
2.5 Description/Discussion/Elaboration
2.5.1 Water Quality
2.5.2 Land Characteristics for Constructing Prawn Pond
2.5.3 Infrastructure Facilities
2.5.4 Database Construction
2.5.5 Map Validation and Verification of the Result (Ground Truth)
2.6 Advantages
References
3 The Application of a Data-Driven Method for Spatial Analysis and Prediction of Gully Erosion Susceptibility
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methodology
3.2.1 The Case Study—Southe Gombe State (SGS), Nigeria
3.2.2 Methodology
3.2.2.1 Spatial Data Used for the Study
3.2.2.2 Spatial Analytical Process
3.2.2.3 Spatial Data Collection
3.2.2.4 Spatial Data Analysis
Partitioning of GE Inventory Data
Extraction of GEIFs
Multicollinearity Scrutiny
3.2.3 Susceptibility Spatial Modeling Using MLR
3.2.3.1 Determination of Spatial Relation Between GE and GEIFs
3.2.3.2 Estimation of Probability of Gully Occurrence
3.3 Validation of the GESM
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Gully Erosion Inventory
3.4.2 Multicollinearity Scrutiny
3.4.3 Susceptibility Spatial Prediction
3.4.3.1 Spatial Relationships Between GE and GEIFs
3.4.3.2 The Relative Importance of the GEIFs
3.4.3.3 GE Probability Mapping
3.5 Validation
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Methods and Approaches of Flood Susceptibility Assessment and Mapping: A Review in Geographical Perspective
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Global Overview of Flood Disasters
4.3 Floods and Flood Susceptibility in Pakistan
4.4 Methods and Approaches of Flood Susceptibility
4.4.2 Applications of Frequency Ratio (FR) Model in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.3 Applications of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Approach in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.4 Applications of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.5 Applications of Decision Tree (DT) Approach in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.6 Applications of Random Forest (RF) Method in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.7 Applications of Weight of Evidence (WoE) Model in Flood Susceptibility
4.4.8 Applications of Statistical Index (SI) Method in Flood Susceptibility
4.5 Merit and Demerits of Flood Susceptibility Approaches
4.6 Conclusion and Wayforward
References
5 Digital Geography and Its Methods
Abstract
5.1 Introduction: The Interconnecting Physical and Digital Worlds
5.2 The Digital Field
5.3 Methods in Digital Geography
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6 Automated in Situ Water Quality Monitoring—Characterizing System Dynamics in Urban-Impacted and Natural Environments
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Deployment, Maintenance, Downloading, and Data QA/QC
6.3 Water Environment Temporal Dynamics
6.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen
6.3.2 Signature Characteristics of Storm Events
6.4 Water Environment Spatial Dynamics
6.4.1 Land Use Impacts
6.4.2 Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Performance
6.4.3 Water Column Profiling
6.5 In Situ Monitoring as a Surrogate
6.6 Data Analysis Techniques
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Research Methods and Techniques in Physical Geography
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objective
7.3 Research Methods in Physical Geography
7.4 Methods of Literature Review
7.5 Methods of Data Collection
7.5.1 Instrumental Surveys
7.5.2 GPS Survey
7.5.3 dGPS Survey
7.5.4 Total Station Survey
7.5.5 Remote Sensing
7.6 Methods of Analysis
7.6.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
7.6.2 Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
7.6.3 Factor Analysis
7.6.4 Statistics and the Computer
7.7 Methods of Communication
7.7.1 Graphs and Diagrams
7.7.2 Methods of Interpretation
7.7.3 Methods of Data Interpretation
7.8 Technique of Interpretation
7.8.1 Precautions in Interpretation
References
8 The Methodological Approaches in Physical Geography
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Selected Methodological Approaches in Hydrology
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Objective
8.2.3 Methods
8.2.3.1 Simple Arithmetic Mean Method
8.2.3.2 Normal Ratio Method
8.2.3.3 Inverse Distance Method
8.2.4 Procedure
8.2.4.1 Estimate of Missing Precipitation at S2 Station
8.2.4.2 Estimate of Missing Precipitation at S5 Station
8.2.4.3 Estimate of Missing Precipitation at S8 Station
8.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
8.3 The Selected Methodological Approaches in Climatology
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Objective
8.3.3 Methods
8.3.4 Procedures
8.3.5 Homogeneity and Normality Testing
8.3.6 Missing Values
8.3.7 Time Series Plot and Moving Average Plot
8.3.8 Decomposition
8.3.9 Trend Analysis
8.3.10 Mann–Kendall Trend Test
8.3.11 Time Series Forecasting Using ARIMA Model
8.3.11.1 ACF & PACF Analysis
8.3.12 Ljung-Box Test and Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF Test)
8.3.13 Advantages of Climate Data Analysis
8.4 The Methodological Approaches in Geomorphology
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Objectives
8.4.3 Method
8.4.4 Procedure
8.4.5 Determination of Soil Texture by Using Hydrometer Method
8.4.6 Discussion
8.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages
8.5 The Methodological Approaches in Biogeography
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Objectives
8.5.3 Methodology
8.5.4 Procedure
8.5.4.1 Simpson\'s Diversity (D)
8.5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
References
9 Urban River Restoration: A Methodological Discourse with Examples from Kerala, India
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.3 River Restoration as Part of Urban Water Management
9.4 Urban River Restoration: A Brief Overview
9.5 Urban River Restoration: Importance and Changing Perspectives
9.6 Concept of Co-Evolution
9.7 People’s Participation
9.8 Case Studies in Kerala, India
9.8.1 Urban River Restoration in India
9.8.2 Lessons from Case Studies
9.8.3 Framework for Urban River Restoration
9.9 Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
10 The Methodological Approach of Assessing Urban Vertical Expansion Using Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objectives
10.3 Methods
10.4 Procedure of the Analysis
10.5 Discussion
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages
References