دانلود کتاب Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editors\' Biographies
List of Contributors
1. Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology: An Overview
1.1 Introduction to Analytical Toxicology
1.2 Nature of Specimens in Analytical Toxicology
1.2.1 Blood
1.2.2 Urine
1.2.3 Saliva / Oral Fluid
1.2.4 Hair and Nails
1.2.5 Vitreous Humour (VH)
1.2.6 Liver
1.2.7 Stomach Contents
1.2.8 Other Tissues
1.3 Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology: Classification, Theory, and Practical Applications
1.3.1 Classification of Microextraction Techniques Used in Analytical Toxicology
1.3.2 Theoretical Considerations
1.3.2.1 Solvent-Based Microextraction
1.3.2.2 Sorbent-Based Microextraction
1.3.3 Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques
1.3.3.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)
1.3.3.2 Micro Solid-Phase Microextraction (µSPE)
1.3.3.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE)
1.3.3.4 Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS)
1.3.3.5 Electromembrane Extraction (EME)
1.3.3.6 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE)
1.3.3.7 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Microextraction
1.3.4 Solvent-Based Microextraction Techniques
1.3.4.1 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME)
1.3.4.2 Liquid-Phase Microextraction (LPME)
1.3.4.3 Ionic Liquid-Based Microextraction
1.3.4.4 Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction
1.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
2. Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of SPME in Analytical Toxicology
2.2.1 Analysis of Pesticides
2.2.2 Analysis of Benzodiazepines
2.2.3 Analysis of Amphetamines and Related Substances
2.2.4 Analysis of Cannabinoids
2.2.5 Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites
2.2.6 Analysis of Opium Alkaloids and Opiates
2.2.7 Analysis of Therapeutic Drugs
2.2.8 Analysis of Volatile and Other Toxicants
2.3 Conclusion
Reference
3. Applications of Micro Solid-Phase Extraction in Analytical Toxicology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dispersive µSPE
3.3 Porous Membrane-Protected µSPE
3.4 Pipette Tip Micro Solid-Phase Extraction
3.5 Spin-Column Micro Solid-Phase Extraction (SC-µSPE)
3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
References
4. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction in Analytical Toxicology Studies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SBSE Principles
4.2.1 SBSE Methodology
4.2.2 SBSE Applications in Toxicology Studies
4.2.3 SBSE Optimization Factors
4.2.4 SBSE Advantages, Limitations, and Novel Strategies
4.2.5 Novel Coatings
4.3 Conclusions
References
5. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent
5.1 Introduction: Fundamental Theory
5.2 Configurations and Sorbents
5.3 Sample Preparation Process
5.4 Applications in Toxicology
5.5 New Developments
5.6 Perspectives and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
6. Thin-Film Solid-Phase Microextraction: Applications in Analytical Toxicology
6.1 Theory of TF-SPME
6.1.1 Introduction and Fundamentals
6.1.2 Main Optimizations for TF-SPME
6.2 Coating Preparation Methods for TF-SPME
6.2.1 Dip Coating
6.2.2 Spin Coating
6.2.3 Spray Coating
6.2.4 Electrospinning Coating
6.3 Application of TF-SPME in Analytical Toxicology
6.3.1 Urine Samples
6.3.2 Blood (Plasma/Serum)
6.3.3 Other Matrices Evaluated by TF-SPME
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Application of Single Drop Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Strategy of Microextraction
7.2.1 Complexity of Biological Samples
7.2.2 Single Drop Microextraction
7.2.3 Drop Protection
7.3 Modes of Extraction and Applications
7.3.1 Direct Immersion SDME
7.3.2 Headspace SDME
7.3.3 Three-Phase SDME
7.4 Recent Advances
7.4.1 Newer Solvents
7.4.2 Automation
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
8. Applications of Liquid-Phase Microextraction in Analytical Toxicology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Liquid-Phase Microextraction Configurations
8.2.1 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME)
8.2.2 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
8.2.3 Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME)
8.2.4 Microfluidic LPME
8.3 Applications of LPME in Toxicology
8.3.1 Analysis of Amphetamines
8.3.2 Analysis of Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs
8.3.3 Analysis of Opium Alkaloids, Opiates, and Other Alkaloids
8.3.4 Analysis of Cannabinoids
8.3.5 Analysis of Antidepressant Drugs
8.3.6 Analysis of Hallucinogens
8.3.7 Comparison between DLLME Methods
8.4 Conclusions
References
9. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Its Variants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Variants of DLLME
9.2.1 Based on Extraction Solvents
9.2.1.1 Ionic Liquid-Based DLLME (IL-DLLME)
9.2.1.2 Low-Density Solvent-Based DLLME (LDS-DLLME, DLLME-SFO)
9.2.2 Based on Dispersion Solvents
9.2.2.1 Auxiliary Dispersion Solvents
9.2.2.2 Surfactant as Dispersion Solvent
9.2.3 Assistance-Based Modification of DLLME
9.2.3.1 Solid-Phase Extraction DLLME (SPE-DLLME)
9.2.3.2 Molecularly Imprinted SPE-DLLME (MISPE-DLLME)
9.2.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted DLLME (UA-DLLME)
9.2.3.4 Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction DLLME (SALLE-DLLME)
9.2.3.5 Miscellaneous Modifications in DLLME
9.3 Applications of DLLME and Its Variants
9.3.1 Analysis of Urine
9.3.2 Analysis of Blood, Plasma, and Serum
9.3.3 Analysis of Tissue and Viscera
9.3.4 Analysis of Saliva
9.3.5 Miscellaneous Applications of DLLME
9.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
10. Electromembrane Extraction in Analytical Toxicology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Principle, EME Setup, and Procedure
10.3 Parameters Influencing Flux of Analytes across SLM
10.3.1 Composition (Organic Solvent) of SLM, Viscosity, and Thickness
10.3.2 Extraction Voltage and Time
10.3.3 pH of Donor and Acceptor Phases
10.3.4 Volume of Sample and Acceptor Solution
10.3.5 Agitation/Stirring Speed
10.3.6 Presence of Salt/Salt Effect
10.3.7 Temperature
10.4 Technical Developments in EME
10.4.1 On-Chip EME
10.4.2 Low-Voltage EME
10.4.3 Drop-to-Drop EME
10.4.4 Pulsed EME
10.4.5 EME Followed by Low-Density Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Micro-Extraction (EME-LDS-USAEME)
10.4.6 Parallel EME (Pa-EME)
10.4.7 EME Using Free Liquid Membranes (FLMs)
10.4.8 Gel-Electromembrane Extraction (G-EME)
10.5 Applications
10.5.1 Extraction of Thebaine
10.5.2 Extraction of Six Basic Drugs
10.5.3 Extraction of Mebendazole
10.5.4 Extraction of Nalmefene and Naltrexone
10.5.5 Extraction of Citalopram, Loperamide, Methadone, and Sertraline from Dried Blood Spots
10.5.6 Extraction of Six Basic Drugs of Abuse
10.5.7 Extraction of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants from Human Urine
10.5.8 Extraction of Lithium from Human Body Fluids
10.5.9 Extraction of Heavy Metal Cations
10.5.10 Extraction of Nerve Agent Degradation Products
10.5.11 Extraction of Chlorophenols from Sea Water
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction in Analytical Toxicology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Applications of FPSE in Analytical Toxicology
11.2.1 Extraction of Benzodiazepines
11.2.2 Extraction of Azole Antimicrobial Drug Residues
11.2.3 Extraction of Aromatase Inhibitors
11.2.4 Extraction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment Drugs
11.2.5 Extraction of Antidepressant Drugs
11.2.6 Extraction of Penicillin Antibiotics
11.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives of FPSE in Analytical Toxicology
References
12. Sorbent-Based Microextraction Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Synthesis
12.2.1 Covalent Imprinting Method
12.2.2 Non-Covalent Imprinting Method
12.2.3 Semi-Covalent Imprinting Method
12.3 Application in Analytical Toxicology
12.3.1 Miniaturized Solid-Phase Extraction
12.3.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction
12.3.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
12.3.4 Miscellaneous
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Microextraction
13.1 Introduction
13.2 IL-Based Microextraction Techniques
13.2.1 IL-DLLME (Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction)
13.2.2 IL-SDME (Ionic Liquid Single Drop Microextraction)
13.2.3 IL-SPME (Ionic Liquid Solid-Phase Microextraction)
13.2.4 IL-SBSE (Ionic Liquid Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction)
13.2.5 IL-SCSE (Ionic Liquid Stir Cake Sorptive Extraction)
13.3 Application of IL-Based Microextraction Techniques
13.4 Conclusion
References
14. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Concise Overview
14.2.1 Structure of Deep Eutectic Solvents
14.2.2 Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents
14.3 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Microextraction of Drugs and Poisons from Biological Matrices
14.3.1 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Liquid-Based Microextraction Methods
14.3.2 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Solid-Based Microextraction Methods
14.3.3 Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Combined Microextraction Methods
14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
15. Hyphenation of Derivatization with Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of Microextraction Techniques Coupled with Derivatization
15.2.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)
15.2.2 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
15.2.3 Single Drop Microextraction (SDME)
15.2.4 Liquid-Phase Microextraction (LPME)
15.2.5 Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction Technique (HF-LPME)
15.3 Derivatization Techniques and Their Various Modes
15.3.1 Derivatization Techniques for Gas Chromatography
15.3.2 Derivatization Techniques for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
15.3.2.1 Fluorescent Derivatization
15.3.2.2 UV Derivatization
15.4 Application of Combination of Derivatization with Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Toxicology
15.4.1 Water Samples
15.4.2 Urine Samples
15.4.3 Other Biological Samples
15.4.4 Application on Other Sample Matrixes
15.5 Conclusion
References
Index