دانلود کتاب Military Pyrotechnics: Principles and Practices

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the author
Section I: Military Pyrotechnic Compositions
1. Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Pyrotechnic Combustion Vis a Vis Chemical Reaction in Liquid Phase
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pyrotechnic Compositions
1.4 Pyrotechnic Composition Special Effects
1.4.1 Special Effects - Radiation
1.4.2 Special Effects - Smoke
1.4.3 Special Effects - Heat
1.4.4 Special Effects - Sound and Flash
1.4.5 Special Effects - Gas
1.5 Main Characteristics of Pyrotechnic Compositions
1.6 General Essential Requirements of Military Pyrotechnic Compositions
1.7 Important Parameters of Military Pyrotechnic Compositions
1.8 Pyrotechnic Ammunitions and Devices with their Applications
References
2. Pyrotechnic Composition Sensitivity
2.1 General
2.2 Factors Affecting Sensitivity of Pyrotechnic Compositions
2.2.1 Energy of Activation
2.2.2 Melting and Decomposition Temperature of Oxidiser
2.2.3 Melting Point, Boiling Point and Thermal Conductivity of Fuels
2.2.4 Heat of Combustion of Fuels and Heat of Decomposition of Oxidisers
2.2.5 Stoichiometric Ratio of Fuel and Oxidiser in Compositions
2.2.6 Degree of Fineness of Ingredients
2.2.7 Hardness and Shape of Ingredients
2.2.8 Density of the Compositions
2.2.9 Ambient Temperature
2.2.10 Atmospheric Pressure
2.2.11 Binding/Coating Materials
2.2.12 Inert Materials
2.2.13 Moisture/Solvent
2.2.14 Homogeneity of Composition
2.2.15 Specific Heat of Composition
2.3 Sensitivity and Heat of Combustion
2.4 Measurement of Sensitivity of Pyrotechnic Compositions
2.4.1 Impact Sensitivity
2.4.2 Percussion Sensitivity
2.4.3 Friction Sensitivity
2.4.4 Thermal Sensitivity
2.4.5 Electrostatic Charge (Spark) Sensitivity
2.5 Safety Indices of Pyrotechnic Compositions
2.6 Safety Certificate of Pyrotechnic Compositions
References
3. Combustion of Pyrotechnic Compositions
3.1 General
3.2 Process of Ignition
3.2.1 Factors Affecting Quantum of Heat Transfer
3.2.2 Burning and Burn Rates
3.3 Probability of Ignition
3.4 Energy of Activation
3.5 Ignition Temperature
3.5.1 Factors Affecting Ignition Temperature and Energy of Activation
3.5.1.1 The Higher the Specific Surface (Small Particles), the Lower shall be the Ignition Temperature
3.5.1.2 Decomposition Temperature of Oxidiser and Melting Point of Fuel
3.5.1.3 Some Additives Reduce Ignition Temperature
3.5.1.4 Factors Affecting Ignition Temperature During Determination of Ignition Temperature
3.6 Factors Affecting Time to Ignition (or Time Lag)
3.7 Heat of Combustion
3.7.1 Factors Affecting Heat of Combustion in Pyrotechnic Compositions
3.8 Propagation of Combustion
3.9 Flame Temperature
3.10 Temperature Dependence of Rate of Combustion
3.11 Thermal Run-Away Temperature
3.11.1 Heat Loss
3.11.2 Heat Gain
3.12 Essential Requirement for Pyrotechnic Combustion
3.13 Ignition Transfer
3.13.1 Conduction
3.13.2 Convection
3.13.3 Radiation
3.14 Energy Propagation Diagram
3.14.1 Energy provided for ignition by external ignition stimuli Es is less than the energy of activation Ea1 of the composition 1 ()
3.14.2 Energy provided for ignition by external ignition stimuli Es is more than the energy of activation Ea1 of composition 1 but energy feedback for sustaining burning Efb1 of composition 1 is less than its own energy of activation Ea1 ()
3.14.3 Energy provided for ignition by external ignition stimuli Es is more than the energy of activation Ea1of composition 1 but energy feedback for sustaining burning Efb1of composition 1 is only slightly more than its own energy of activation Ea1 ()
3.14.4 Energy provided for ignition by external ignition stimuli Es is more than the energy of activation Ea1of composition 1 and the energy feedback for sustaining burning Efb1from composition 1 is substantially more than its own energy of activation Ea1 ()
3.14.5 Energy provided for ignition by external ignition stimuli Es is less than the energy of activation Ea1 of composition 1 and hence a priming composition is pressed over composition 1 ()
3.14.6 Ignition of Pressed composition consisting of three Compositions ()
3.15 Propagation Index
3.16 Thermal Analysis for Understanding Combustion Process
References
4. Factors Affecting Pyrotechnic Performance
4.1 General
4.2 Characteristics of Composition
4.2.1 Chemical Nature of Composition
4.2.2 Heat of Combustion of Fuels
4.2.3 Exothermic/Endothermic Decomposition of Oxidisers
4.2.4 Thermal Conductivity
4.2.5 Electromagnetic Radiation from Combustion Products
4.2.6 Specific Heat
4.2.7 Density
4.2.8 Percentage of Ingredients and Oxygen Balance
Oxygen Balance
4.2.9 Purity of Ingredients
4.2.10 Particle Size, Shape, Porosity and Surface Area
4.2.11 Quality and Quantity of Binders
4.2.12 Quality and Quantity of Burn Rate Modifiers
4.2.13 Uniformity of Mixing/Blending
4.2.14 Loading Pressure (Degree of Compaction)
4.2.15 Moisture and or Volatile Matter
4.2.16 Exposed Surface
4.2.17 Products of Combustion
4.3 Design Features of Ammunition
4.3.1 Method of Initiation
4.3.2 Container Material
4.3.3 Column Dimension
4.3.4 Venting /Confinement
4.3.5 Spin
4.4 Type of Environment
4.4.1 Atmospheric Pressure
4.4.2 Ambient Temperature
4.4.3 Wind Direction, Wind Velocity and Nature\'s Background Light
4.4.4 Humidity, Moisture, Dust, Smoke, Heavy Fog, Snow, and Rain
4.5 Effect of Various Parameters on Rate of Combustion
References
5. Determination of Performance Parameters
5.1 General
5.1.1 Sensitivity to External Stimuli
5.1.2 Moisture Absorption
5.1.3 Apparent Bulk Density and Loading Density
5.1.4 Ignition Temperature
5.1.5 Heat of Combustion and Heat of Reaction
5.1.6 Flame Temperature
5.1.7 Luminosity and Burn Time
5.1.8 Infrared Intensity and Emission Time
5.1.9 Flame Length of Composition
5.1.10 Ignition Delay
5.1.11 Burn Rate
5.1.12 Ignition Energy
5.1.13 Compaction Strength of Pressed Composition
5.1.14 Infrared Attenuation by Smoke
5.1.15 Obscuration Power of Screening Smoke
5.1.16 Sound Intensity
5.1.17 Electrical Conductivity
5.1.18 Thermal Conductivity
5.1.19 Volume of Gaseous Combustion Products
5.1.20 Efficiency of Composition
5.1.21 Colour Quality
References
6. Ingredients of Pyrotechnic Compositions
6.1 General
6.2 Fuels
6.2.1 Role of Fuels
6.2.2 Parameters for Choice of Fuels
6.2.2.1 Heat of Combustion
6.2.2.2 Grinding and Sieving
6.2.2.3 Ease of Oxidisability
6.2.2.4 Combustion Products
6.2.2.5 Thermal Conductivity of Fuel
6.2.2.6 Melting Point of Fuel
6.2.2.7 Stability
6.2.2.8 Hygroscopicity
6.2.2.9 Purity of Fuels
6.2.2.10 Toxicity
6.2.2.11 Sensitivity
6.2.2.11 Availability and Cost
6.2.3 Classification of Fuels Used in Pyrotechnic Compositions
6.3 Oxidisers
6.3.1 Role of Oxidisers
6.3.2 Parameters for Choice of Oxidiser
6.3.2.1 Heat of Decomposition of Oxidiser
6.3.2.2 Grinding and Sieving
6.3.2.3 Active Oxygen Content
6.3.2.4 Melting Point of Oxidiser
6.3.2.5 Purity of Oxidiser
6.3.2.6 Stability
6.3.2.7 Hygroscopicity
6.3.2.8 Availability and Cost
6.3.2.9 Toxicity
6.3.2.10 Flame Colour
6.3.2.11 Sensitivity
6.3.3 Classification of Oxidisers Used in Pyrotechnic Compositions
6.3.4 Some Typical Decomposition of Oxidisers
6.4 Role of Binders
6.4.1 Classification of Binders Used in Pyrotechnic Compositions
6.4.2 Parameters for Choice of Binders
6.4.3 Solvents for Binders
6.5 Burn Rate Modifiers
6.5.1 Role of Burn Rate Modifiers
6.5.2 Parameters for Choice of Burn Rate Modifier
6.6 Colour Intensifier
6.6.1 Role of Colour Intensifiers
6.6.2 Types of Colour Intensifiers (as Chlorine Donor)
6.7 Dyes
6.7.1 Role of Dyes
6.7.2 Parameters for Choice of Dyes
6.8 Special Additives
6.8.1 Role of Special Additives
6.9 Material Safety Data Sheet
6.10 Factors Governing the Choice of Ingredients for Composition
References
7. Manufacture of Pyrotechnic Compositions
7.1 General
7.2 Nomenclature of Pyrotechnic Compositions
7.3 Sieves
7.3.1 Standard Sieves
7.3.2 Working of Sieves
7.4 Manufacture of Pyrotechnic Compositions
7.5 Transportation and Storage of Ingredients
7.5.1 Testing of Ingredients
7.5.2 Preparation of Ingredients
7.5.3 Weighing of Ingredients
7.5.4 Mixing
7.5.4.1 Dry Mixing
7.5.4.2 Wet Mixing
7.5 TYPES OF MIXING OF COMPOSITION
7.6 Granulation of Compositions
7.7 Drying and Maturation of Compositions
7.7.1 Factors Affecting Drying of Composition
7.8 Blending of Compositions
7.8.1 Factors Affecting Blending
7.9 Storage and Transport of Compositions
7.10 Testing/Evaluation of Compositions
7.11 Checklist for Pyrotechnic Composition Mixing
7.12 Drawbacks in Literature on Pyrotechnic Compositions
Reference
8. Illuminating Compositions
8.1 Role
8.2 Characteristics of Illuminating Compositions
8.2.1 Luminosity
8.2.2 Burn Rate
8.2.3 Factors Affecting Burn Time and Illumination
8.3 Preference of Magnesium as Fuel
8.4 Illuminating Compositions with Parachute
8.5 Relationship Between Ground Illumination and Candle Altitude
8.6 Performance of Illuminating Composition in Air, Argon and Nitrogen
8.7 Typical Illuminating Compositions
8.8 Special Requirements of Illuminating Compositions
References
9. Signalling Flare Compositions
9.1 Role
9.2 Mechanism of Production of Flame Colour
9.3 Colour Purity
9.4 Factors Affecting Perception of Flame Colour
9.5 Red Signalling Flare Compositions
9.6 Green Signalling Flare Compositions
9.7 Yellow Signalling Flare Compositions
9.8 White Signalling Flare Compositions
9.9 Elastic Signal Flare Compositions
9.11 Non-Toxic Signalling Flare Compositions
9.12 Special Requirements of Signalling Flare Compositions
References
10. Tracer Compositions
10.1 Role
10.2 Types of Tracers
10.3 Tracer Design
10.4 Tracer Luminous Intensity
10.5 Factors Affecting Tracer Performance
10.6 Use of Tracers
10.7 Typical Tracer Compositions
10.8 Infrared Tracers
10.9 Special Requirements of Tracer Compositions
References
11. Photoflash Compositions
11.1 Role
11.2 Constituents of Photoflash Compositions
11.3 Mechanism of Photoflash Compositions
11.4 Differences Between Photoflash and Illuminating Compositions
11.5 Factors Affecting Performance of Photoflash Compositions
11.6 Flash Requirement for Photography
11.7 Typical Photoflash Compositions
11.8 Desensitisation of Photoflash Compositions
11.9 Special Requirements of Photoflash Compositions
References
12. Screening Smoke Compositions
12.1 Role
12.2 Screening Smoke Are Aerosol
12.2.1 Mechanism of Attenuation
12.2.2 Beer-Lambert Law
12.2.3 Transmittance Factor
12.2.4 Absorbance
12.2.5 Obscuration Percent
12.2.6 Yield
12.2.7 Figure of Merit
12.3 Factors Affecting Screening Effect
12.4 Production of Screening Smoke
12.4.1 Oil
12.4.2 Carbon Tetrachloride
12.4.3 White and Red Phosphorous
12.4.4 Hexachloroethane
12.4.5 Anthracene
12.4.6 Training Smoke Compositions
12.4.7 Non-Toxic Smoke Compositions
12.5 Special Requirements of Screening Smoke Compositions
12.6 Infrared Attenuation by Smoke
12.6.1 Reducing Targets (like Tank\'s, Gun\'s) Infrared Emission Intensity
12.6.2 Infrared Attenuating Smoke
12.6.2.1 Infrared Transmittance
12.7 Castable Screening Smoke Composition
References
13. Signalling Colour Smoke Compositions
13.1 Role
13.2 Methods for Production of Signalling Colour Smoke
13.2.1 Mechanism of Bursting Type Coloured Smoke Compositions
13.2.2 Mechanism of Volatilisation and Condensation Type Compositions
13.3 Typical Signalling Colour Smoke Compositions
13.4 Factors Affecting Perception of Signalling Colour Smoke
13.5 Differences Between Screening Smoke and Colour Smoke
13.6 Special Requirements Signalling Colour Smoke Compositions
References
14. Riot Control Compositions
14.1 Role
14.2 Typical Riot Control Agents (RCA)
14.3 Toxicity of Riot Control Agents []
14.4 Immediate Signs and Symptoms of Exposure to Riot Control Compositions on Human Body
14.6 Mechanism of Riot Control Agents
14.7 Typical Riot Control Compositions in Grenades
14.8 Special Requirements of Riot Control Compositions
References
15. Incendiary Compositions
15.1 Role
15.2 Types of Incendiary Compositions
15.2.1 Solid Incendiary Compositions
15.2.2 Gel Incendiary Compositions
15.3 Mechanism of Incendiary Composition Combustion
15.4 Typical Solid Incendiary Compositions
15.5 Non-Toxic Incendiary Compositions []
15.6 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Incendiary Compositions
15.7 Typical Gel Incendiary Compositions
15.8 Special Requirements of Solid Incendiary Thermite Compositions:
15.9 Differences Between Solid Incendiary and Gel Incendiary Compositions
References
16. Simulating Compositions
16.1 Role
16.2 Typical Simulating Flash and Sound Compositions
16.3 Mechanism of Whistling Sound Production from Simulating Compositions
16.4 Mechanism of Decay of the Frequency of Whistling Sound
16.5 Special Requirements of Simulating Compositions
References
17. Delay Compositions
17.1 Role
17.2 Delay Burning Rates
17.3 Delay Burning Train Mechanism
17.4 Factors Affecting Delay Time
17.5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Pyrotechnic Delay Compositions
17.6 Delay-Filled Components
17.7 Classification of Delays
17.7.1 Short-Range, Medium-Range and Long-Range Delays []
17.7.2 Gasless (Low Gas) and Gassy Delays (Slag Less)
17.7.2.1 Gasless (Low Gas) Delay
17.7.2.2 Gassy Delays
17.7.3 Position and Functioning in Ammunition
17.7.4 Vented or Obturated Delays
17.7.5 Shape of Delays Like Ring-Shaped, Cylindrical or Lead Fuse Type
17.7.6 Castable Delays []
17.7.7 Environmentally Benign Pyrotechnic Delay Compositions
17.7.8 Burn Rates of Some Delay Compositions
17.8 Special Requirements of Delay Compositions
References
18. Infrared Flare Compositions
18.1 Role
18.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
18.3 Infrared Radiation from Target
18.4 Manufacture of Infrared Flare Compositions for Decoys
18.5 Infrared Decoy Flare Design []
18.6 Spectrally Matched Infrared Payloads
18.7 Pyrophoric Flares []
18.8 Factors Affecting Infrared Flare Output
18.9 Special Requirements of Infrared Decoy Flare Compositions
18.10 Illuminating Infrared Flare Compositions
18.11 Special Requirements of Infrared Illuminating Flare Compositions
18.12 Tracking Flare Compositions
References
19. Priming and Booster Compositions
19.1 Role
19.2 Mechanism of Ignition by Priming and Booster Compositions
19.3 Types of Priming Compositions
19.3.1 Composition based on Gun Powder
19.3.2 Compositions producing Hot Slags
19.3.3 Containing Organic Fuels with Oxidisers like Potassium Nitrate or IDITOL
19.3.4 Elastic Priming Compositions
19.3.5 Special Requirements of Priming Compositions
19.4 Booster Compositions
References
20. Flame and Smoke Compositions
20.1 Role
20.2 Flame and Smoke Compositions
References
21. Gunpowder Compositions
21.1 Role
21.2 Gunpowder Composition
21.3 Gunpowder Manufacture
21.4 Grades of Gunpowder
21.5 Properties of Gunpowder
21.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gunpowder
21.7 Gunpowder Combustion Products, Loading Density and Humidity Effect
21.8 Sulphur-Free Gunpowder
21.9 Matches
21.10 Fuses
References
22. Initiation of Ignition in Ammunition
22.1 General
22.2 External Energy for Initiation of Ignition
22.3 Initiatory Compositions
22.3.1 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Initiatory Compositions
22.3.2 Stab Caps
22.3.3 Percussion Cap
22.3.4 Differences between Stab and Percussion Characteristics
22.3.5 Special Requirements of Stab, Percussion and Rim Fire Cap Compositions
22.4 Friction Energy on Friction Compositions
22.4.1 Pull Wire/Cord Igniter
22.4.2 Striker Card
22.4.3 Friction Match
22.4.5 Special Requirements of Friction Compositions
22.5 Electrical Energy on Electrical Sensitive Compositions
22.5.1 Electrical Cap Conducting
22.5.2 Electrical Squib
22.5.2.2 Use of Squibs
22.5.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Squibs/Impulse Cartridges
22.5.4 Special Requirements of Electrical Squib Compositions
22.6 Primers, Igniters and Power Cartridges
22.6.1 Igniter for Ignition of Propellants in Cartridge Cases or Bagged Charges
22.6.2 Igniter for Ignition of Base Bleed Propellants in Projectile
22.6.3 Igniter for Ignition of Propellants in Missiles
22.6.4 Power Cartridges for Initiation of Mechanical Works
22.6.4.1 Special Requirements of Igniter for Rocket Motor/Aerospace Vehicles
22.6.5 Igniter for Ignition of Solid and inflammable Gel Pyrotechnic Compositions
22.7 Laser Ignition
22.7.1 Mechanism of Laser Ignition [23]
22.7.2 Factors Affecting Laser Ignition
22.7.3 Advantages of Laser Ignition Over Conventional Bridge Wire Initiation [26]
22.7.4 Laser Match Head [27]
22.8 Fuzes
References
Section 2: Pyrotechnic Ammunitions and Devices
23. Pyrotechnic Ammunition Manufacture
23.1 General
23.2 Basic Requirements in Pyrotechnic Ammunition Manufacture
23.3 Pyrotechnic Ammunition Design and Development
23.4 Features of a Pyrotechnic Ammunition and Device
23.5 Environmental Tests
23.6 Mechanical Handling Tests
23.7 Life Cycle of Ammunition Lots
23.8 Documents, Specifications and Drawings
References
24. Filling, Pressing and Assembly
24.1 General
24.2 Filling of Pyrotechnic Compositions
24.3 Tablet Making Machines
24.4 Pressing of Composition in Mould
24.5 Mechanism of Pressing in Moulds
24.6 Other Methods of Filling and Pressing
24.7 Compaction/Crushing Strength of Pellets
24.8 Factors Affecting Compaction Strength of the Pellet
24.9 Porosity and Compaction Coefficient
24.10 Density Variation in Pellet
24.11 Cracks in Pellet
24.12 Assembly of Filled Ammunitions
References
25. Sealing of Pyrotechnic Ammunitions
25.1 General
25.2 Types of Sealants
25.3 Sealant Salient Properties
Reference
26. Painting, Marking, Packing and Storage
26.1 General
26.2 Role of Stamping or Marking of Components
26.3 Role of Painting and Marking of Ammunitions
26.4 Role of Packages
26.5 Types of Package
26.6 Role of Package Painting and Marking
26.7 Defects in Painting, Marking and Packing of Ammunition and Package
26.8 Storage of Ammunition Packages
References
27. Classification, Shelf Life and Compatibility
27.1 General
27.2 CLASSIFICATION
27.3 Shelf Life of Ammunition
27.3.1 Factors Affecting Shelf Life of Ammunition
27.4 Compatibility
27.5 Moisture/Humidity and Degree of Exposure, Temperature Variation and Ageing
27.6 Volatile ingredients
27.7 Compatibility Tests
27.8 Remedial Measures to Avoid Deterioration of Pyrotechnic Ammunitions
References
28. Classification and Nomenclature
28.1 General
28.2 Overall General Classification
28.2.1 As per Shape
28.2.2 As per Service Use
28.2.3 As Per Tactical Use/Type of Functioning
28.3 Distinct Ammunition Nomenclature
28.4 Mixed Nomenclature
28.5 Variation in Classification
29. Proof of Pyrotechnic Ammunitions
29.1 General
29.2 Test/Proof of Composition and Components
29.3 Deployment and Functioning of Ammunitions
29.4 Parameters for Bulk-Filled Lot Proof
29.5 Types of Filled Lot Proof
29.6 Defect Classification
29.6.1 Critical Defects
29.6.2 Major Defects
29.6.3 Minor Defects
29.7 Lot Size and Sampling Plan
29.8 Some Major Defects in Proof of Ammunitions
References
30. Illuminating Ammunitions
30.1 General
30.2 Grenade Illuminating Ammunitions [2]
30.3 Mortar Illuminating Bomb
30.4 Shell Illuminating Ammunitions
30.5 Cartridge and Aircraft Illuminating Ammunitions
References
31. Photoflash Ammunitions
31.1 General
31.2 Photoflash Bombs
31.3 Photoflash Cartridges
References
32. Screening Smoke Ammunitions
32.1 General
32.2 Grenade Smoke
32.3 Mortar Smoke Bombs
32.4 Aircraft Smoke Bombs [4]
32.5 Artillery Smoke Shells and Cartridges
32.6 Generator Smoke or Container /Pot Smoke Ammunitions
32.7 Infrared Screening Smoke Ammunitions
References
33. Signalling Ammunitions
33.1 General
33.2 Grenade Signalling
33.3 Mortar Signalling Bomb
33.4 Artillery Signalling Shells
33.5 Miscellaneous Signalling Ammunitions
33.5.1 Ammunition Fired in Air
33.5.2 Ammunition Fired Under Sea
33.5.3 Ammunition Fired through Aircraft
33.5.4 Ammunition Fired on Ground
References
34. Incendiary Ammunitions
34.1 General
34.2 Small Arms Incendiary Ammunitions
34.3 Medium Calibre Incendiary Ammunitions
34.4 Mortar Incendiary Bombs
34.5 Artillery Incendiary Shells
34.6 Grenade Incendiary Ammunitions
34.7 Gel Incendiary AMMUNITIONS
References
35. Riot Control Devices/Ammunitions
35.1 General
35.2 Grenades
35.3 Carridges and Shells
35.5 Heavy Calibre Ammunitions
35.6 Other Devices
References
36. Training /Practice Ammunitions
36.1 General
36.2 Types of Training/Practice Ammunitions
36.2.1 Grenades
36.2.2 Cartridges
36.2.3 Infrared Flare
36.2.4 Smoke Pots
36.2.5 Bombs
36.3 Dummy and Cut Dummy Model
References
37. Distress Signalling Devices
37.1 General
37.2 Differences between Distress Signalling Devices and Signalling Ammunition
37.3 Types of Distress Signalling Devices
37.4 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulations
References
38. Simulating Ammunitions
38.1 General
38.2 Types of Simulating Ammunitions
References
39. Infrared Flare Ammunitions and Devices
39.1 General
39.2 Types of Infrared Flare Ammunitions
39.2.1 Mortar Infrared Bombs with Parachute
39.2.2 Artillery Infrared Illuminating Shells with Parachute
39.2.3 Hand-Held Infrared Flares with Parachute
39.2.4 Infrared Flare Decoys for Defensive Purpose
39.2.4.1 Mechanism of Infrared Flare Decoys for Defensive Purpose
39.2.4.2 Important Features of Deployment of Infrared Decoys
39.2.4.3 Infrared Decoy Flares Assembly
39.2.4.4 Infrared Flare Dispensing Towed Decoy [6]
39.3 Differences between Infrared Decoys and Chaff Decoys
References
Index