دانلود کتاب Modern Computer Architecture and Organization

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Cover Title Page Copyright and Credits About Packt Contributors Table of Contents Preface Section 1: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture The evolution of automated computing devices Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine ENIAC IBM PC The iPhone Moore's law Computer architecture Binary and hexadecimal numbers The 6502 microprocessor The 6502 instruction set Summary Exercises Chapter 2: Digital Logic Electrical circuits The transistor Logic gates Latches Flip-flops Registers Adders Propagation delay Clocking Sequential logic Hardware description languages VHDL Summary Exercises Chapter 3: Processor Elements A simple processor Control unit Arithmetic logic unit Registers The instruction set Addressing modes Immediate addressing mode Absolute addressing mode Absolute indexed addressing mode Indirect indexed addressing mode Instruction categories Memory load and store instructions Register-to-register data transfer instructions Stack instructions Arithmetic instructions Logical instructions Branching instructions Subroutine call and return instructions Processor flag instructions Interrupt-related instructions No operation instruction Interrupt processing IRQ processing NMI processing BRK instruction processing Input/output operations Programmed I/O Interrupt-driven I/O Direct memory access Summary Exercises Chapter 4: Computer System Components Technical requirements Memory subsystem Introducing the MOSFET Constructing DRAM circuits with MOSFETs The capacitor The DRAM bit cell DDR4 SDRAM Graphics DDR Prefetching I/O subsystem Parallel and serial data buses PCI Express SATA M.2 USB Thunderbolt Graphics displays VGA DVI HDMI DisplayPort Network interface Ethernet Wi-Fi Keyboard and mouse Keyboard Mouse Modern computer system specifications Summary Exercises Chapter 5: Hardware-Software Interface Device drivers The parallel port PCIe device drivers Device driver structure BIOS UEFI The boot process BIOS boot UEFI boot Embedded devices Operating systems Processes and threads Scheduling algorithms and process priority Multiprocessing Summary Exercises Chapter 6: Specialized Computing Domains Real-time computing Real-time operating systems Digital signal processing ADCs and DACs DSP hardware features Signal processing algorithms GPU processing GPUs as data processors Examples of specialized architectures Summary Exercises Section 2: Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets Chapter 7: Processor and Memory Architectures Technical Requirements The von Neumann, Harvard, and modified Harvard architectures The von Neumann architecture The Harvard architecture The modified Harvard architecture Physical and virtual memory Paged virtual memory Page status bits Memory pools Memory management unit Summary Exercises Chapter 8: Performance-Enhancing Techniques Cache memory Multilevel processor caches Static RAM Level 1 cache Direct-mapped cache Set associative cache Fully associative cache Processor cache write policies Level 2 and level 3 processor caches Instruction pipelining Superpipelining Pipeline hazards Micro-operations and register renaming Conditional branches Simultaneous multithreading SIMD processing Summary Exercises Chapter 9: Specialized Processor Extensions Technical requirements Privileged processor modes Handling interrupts and exceptions Protection rings Supervisor mode and user mode System calls Floating-point mathematics The 8087 floating-point coprocessor The IEEE 754 floating-point standard Power management Dynamic voltage frequency scaling System security management Summary Exercises Chapter 10: Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets Technical requirements x86 architecture and instruction set The x86 register set x86 addressing modes x86 instruction categories x86 instruction formats x86 assembly language x64 architecture and instruction set The x64 register set x64 instruction categories and formats x64 assembly language 32-bit ARM architecture and instruction set The ARM register set ARM addressing modes ARM instruction categories ARM assembly language 64-bit ARM architecture and instruction set 64-bit ARM assembly language Summary Exercises Chapter 11: The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set Technical requirements The RISC-V architecture and features The RISC-V base instruction set Computational instructions Control flow instructions Memory access instructions System instructions Pseudo-instructions Privilege levels RISC-V extensions The M extension The A extension C extension The F and D extensions Other extensions 64-bit RISC-V Standard RISC-V configurations RISC-V assembly language Implementing RISC-V in an FPGA Summary Exercises Section 3: Applications of Computer Architecture Chapter 12: Processor Virtualization Technical requirements Introducing virtualization Types of virtualization Categories of processor virtualization Virtualization challenges Unsafe instructions Shadow page tables Security Virtualizing modern processors x86 processor virtualization ARM processor virtualization RISC-V processor virtualization Virtualization tools VirtualBox VMware Workstation VMware ESXi KVM Xen QEMU Virtualization and cloud computing Summary Exercises Domain-Specific Chapter 13: Computer Architectures Technical requirements Architecting computer systems to meet unique requirements Smartphone architecture iPhone X Personal computer architecture Alienware Aurora Ryzen Edition gaming desktop Ryzen 9 3950X branch prediction Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU Aurora subsystems Warehouse-scale computing architecture WSC hardware Rack-based servers Hardware fault management Electrical power consumption The WSC as a multilevel information cache Neural networks and machine learning architectures Intel Nervana neural network processor Summary Exercises Chapter 14: Future Directions in Computer Architectures The ongoing evolution of computer architectures Extrapolating from current trends Moore's law revisited The third dimension Increased device specialization Potentially disruptive technologies Quantum physics Spintronics Quantum computing Carbon nanotubes Building a future-tolerant skill set Continuous learning College education Conferences and literature Summary Exercises Answers to Exercises Chapter 1, Introducing Computer Architecture Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Exercise 5 Answer Exercise 6 Answer Chapter 2, Digital Logic Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Exercise 5 Answer Exercise 6 Answer Chapter 3, Processor Elements Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Exercise 5 Answer Exercise 6 Answer Chapter 4, Computer System Components Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Chapter 5, Hardware-Software Interface Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Chapter 6, Specialized Computing Domains Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Chapter 7, Processor and Memory Architectures Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Chapter 8, Performance-Enhancing Techniques Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Chapter 9, Specialized Processor Extensions Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Exercise 5 Answer Exercise 6 Answer Exercise 7 Answer Exercise 8 Answer Chapter 10, Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Exercise 5 Answer Exercise 6 Answer Exercise 7 Answer Exercise 8 Answer Chapter 11, The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Chapter 12, Processor Virtualization Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Chapter 13, Domain-Specific Computer Architectures Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Chapter 14, Future Directions in Computer Architectures Exercise 1 Answer Exercise 2 Answer Exercise 3 Answer Exercise 4 Answer Other Books You May Enjoy 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