دانلود کتاب Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins

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Front Cover
Molecular Nutrition
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
I. General and Introductory Aspects
1 Reference dietary requirements of vitamins in different stages of life
Key facts of vitamins
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reference dietary requirements
1.3 Fat-soluble vitamins
1.3.1 Vitamin A
1.3.2 Vitamin D
1.3.3 Vitamin K
1.3.4 Vitamin E
1.4 Water-soluble vitamins
1.4.1 Thiamin (vitamin B1)
1.4.2 Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
1.4.3 Niacin (vitamin B3)
1.4.4 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
1.4.5 Folate (vitamin B9)
1.4.6 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
1.4.7 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
1.4.8 Pantothenic acid
1.4.9 Biotin
1.5 Challenges of meeting requirements
References
Further reading
2 Bioactive vitamin–metal compounds: other potential applications of vitamins
Key facts of vitamin–metal complexes
Summary points
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vitamin-based metal complexes
2.3 Vitamin-based metal–organic frameworks as delivery vehicles of therapeutic molecules
2.4 Vitamin-based multinuclear metal compounds with magnetic, luminescent, and electrical properties
2.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
3 Vitamin E: an overview
Summary points
3.1 Chemistry of vitamin E
3.2 Biosynthesis of vitamin E
3.3 Vitamin E components are phenolic antioxidants
3.4 Vitamin E oxidation products
3.5 Vitamin E and human pathologies
3.6 Vitamin E and disease prevention
3.7 Molecular targets for vitamin E
3.8 Interference of vitamin E with the pharmacological action of drugs
3.9 Conclusion
References
4 Vitamin E: structure and forms
Key facts of vitamin E
Definition of words and terms
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of vitamin E
4.3 Rare natural forms of vitamin E
4.4 Extraction, separation, and detection methods of vitamin E
4.5 Nutritional value of vitamin E
4.5.1 Vitamin E metabolism in humans
4.5.2 Biological function of vitamin E
References
5 Riboflavin-enriched fermented soy milk for redox-mediated gut modulation: in the search of novel prebiotics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Riboflavin as an essential vitamin
5.3 Riboflavin as a novel prebiotic ingredient?
5.4 Redox-mediated gut modulation by vitamin B2
5.5 Soya as an ideal substrate for lactic acid bacteria fermentation
5.6 Conclusion and future outlook
References
6 A review of vitamin B12
Key facts of vitamin B12
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cobalamin content in food
6.3 Absorption and transport through the body
6.4 Cellular trafficking and metabolism
6.5 Cobalamin shortage and deficiency processes
6.6 How other vitamins are affected or behave
References
7 Nutrigenomic aspects of dietary pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and selenium interaction and their implications in reproduction
Key facts of transmethylation and transsulfuration in embryos and the impact of vitamin B6 to the interplay between them
Summary points
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pyridoxine sources, recommendations, and bioavailability
7.3 Selenium sources, recommendations, and bioavailability
7.4 Transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways
7.5 Pyridoxine and selenium interaction for the synthesis of selenoproteins
7.6 Dietary pyridoxine and selenium on embryo development: studies using a pig model
7.6.1 Five-day porcine expanded blastocysts
7.6.2 Thirty-day porcine embryos
7.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading
8 Vitamin K2 is a key regulator of clinically relevant molecular processes
Summary points
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Metabolism, recycling, and functions of vitamin K
8.3 Vitamin K status and vitamin K–dependent proteins
8.3.1 Bone Gla protein (osteocalcin)
8.3.2 Matrix Gla protein
8.3.3 Growth arrest-specific 6 protein
8.3.4 Gla-rich protein
8.3.5 Periostin
8.4 Clinical use of menaquinones
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Biotin status screening
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What is biotin?
9.3 Biotin physiology
9.4 Causes of biotin deficiency
9.4.1 Biotinidase deficiency
9.4.2 Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
9.5 Symptoms
9.6 Biotin status screening
9.6.1 Plasma concentration of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine
9.6.2 Urinary concentrations of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine
9.6.3 Abundance of biotinylated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase
References
II. Molecular Biology of the Cell
10 Vitamin B1 and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Key facts of vitamin B1
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
10.1 Biologically active derivatives of vitamin B1 in living tissues
10.2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
10.2.1 Structure and function of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
10.2.2 General views on the key role of PDC in cellular metabolism and its regulation
10.3 Thiamine, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and obesity
10.3.1 Effect of thiamine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in lipogenesis in vivo
10.3.2 Thiamine diphosphate and thiamine triphosphate involvement in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation: studies on ...
10.3.3 Physiological significance of noncoenzyme action of vitamin B1 derivatives on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
10.3.3.1 Metabolic diseases, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and thiamine
10.3.3.2 Vitamin B1, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and modulation of acetylcholine synthesis
References
Further reading
11 Thiamine, oxidative stress, and ethanol
Key facts of oxidative stress
Summary points
Definition of words/terms
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure and function of thiamine
11.3 Oxidative stress and alcohol metabolism
11.4 Thiamine and alcohol metabolism
11.5 Alcohol metabolism and other vitamins
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
12 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and mitochondrial energy
Key facts about riboflavin
Key facts about riboflavin-responsive disorders
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
12.1 Riboflavin and mitochondrial energy
12.2 Riboflavin deficiency
12.3 Mitochondrial β-oxidation disorders responsive to vitamin B2
12.3.1 Riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
12.3.2 Glutaric aciduria type 1
12.3.3 Fatty acid acyl-CoA dehydrogenase disorders
12.4 Respiratory chain deficiencies
12.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
13 Linking homocysteine, B vitamins, and choline to ischemic stroke risk
Key facts
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Understanding stroke
13.3 Nutrition
13.4 Homocysteine and stroke
13.5 Clinical trials to reduce levels of homocysteine
13.6 Mechanisms explaining folate and homocysteine metabolism as a modulator of stroke outcome
13.7 Choline
13.8 Future directions
References
14 Niacin and hyperlipidemia
Key facts
Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Postprandial hyperlipidemia
14.3 Effects of niacin and mechanisms of action
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
15 Novel preventive mechanisms of vitamin B6 against inflammation, inflammasome, and chronic diseases
Key facts of inflammasome
Key facts of carnosine
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Metabolism and functions of vitamin B6
15.1.2 Vitamin B6 and chronic diseases
15.1.3 Vitamin B6 and inflammation
15.1.4 Vitamin B6 and inflammasomes
15.1.5 Vitamin B6 and imidazole dipeptides
15.2 Conclusions
References
Further reading
16 New properties of vitamin B6 or pyridoxine in experimental oxidative stress in the brain
Key facts
Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Description of the free radical-producing systems in the organism
16.3 General description of the xanthine oxidase enzyme
16.4 Xanthine oxidase regulates purine catabolism by feedback mechanism
16.5 Antioxidant systems
16.6 Comparison of the influence of pyridoxine ability to trigger cells generation with the nicotinamide, riboflavin, and t...
16.7 Pyridoxine
16.8 The role of pyridoxine in pathological conditions in vitro and in vivo
References
17 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and use of folate
Key facts of Fig. 17.1
Key facts of Fig. 17.2
Key facts of Fig. 17.3
Summary points
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Folate and folic acid
17.2.1 Folate and folic acid in diet—food and supplements
17.2.2 Folate absorption and metabolism
17.2.3 Folate-mediated one-carbon transfer reactions
17.2.4 Metabolic interconnection of B vitamins
17.2.5 Folate deficiency
17.2.6 Folate and metabolic disease
17.2.7 Folate status and NAFLD
17.3 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
17.3.1 Prevalence and pathogenesis of NAFLD
17.3.2 Current treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
17.3.3 Role of folic acid supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
17.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18 Folates transport in placentas
Key facts of folates and pregnancy
Summary points
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Chemical forms of folates
18.3 Requirements of folates during pregnancy
18.4 Folate transport in placenta and metabolism
18.4.1 Reduced folate carrier
18.4.2 Proton-coupled folate transporter
18.4.3 Folate receptor
18.4.4 Other folate transporters in placenta
18.5 Regulation of folate transport in the placenta
18.5.1 Folate sensors
18.5.2 Pathophysiological conditions and environmental factors
References
Further reading
19 Cobalamin (vitamin B12) malabsorption
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cobalamin metabolism and function
19.3 Vitamin B12 ingestion and its related disorders
19.4 Food–cobalamin digestion and its related disorders
19.5 Cobalamin absorption and its related disorders
19.6 Cobalamin distribution in the tissues and its related disorders
19.7 Particular points of interest for the clinician
19.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
20 γ-Tocotrienol reversal of the Warburg effect in breast cancer cells is associated with 5′-AMP-activated kinase activation
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
20.1 γ-Tocotrienol and cancer
20.1.1 Key facts of vitamin E
20.2 Cancer metabolism and aerobic glycolysis
20.2.1 Key facts of cancer metabolism and the Warburg effect
20.3 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase structure and function
20.3.1 Key facts of 5′-AMP-activated kinase and metabolic function
20.4 γ-Tocotrienol effects on 5′-AMP-activated kinase activation and aerobic glycolysis
20.4.1 Key facts of γ-tocotrienol-induced 5′-AMP-activated kinase activation and inhibition of the Warburg effect in breast...
20.5 Conclusion
References
21 Vitamin D receptor activation and prevention of arterial aging
Key facts
Summary points
21.1 Background
21.2 Vascular calcifications mechanisms
21.3 Vitamin D deficiency
21.4 Vitamin D receptors
21.5 Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor activator physiology
21.6 Vitamin D receptor activation and cardiovascular disease
21.7 Preclinical studies
21.8 Clinical studies
21.9 Conclusion
References
22 Vitamin D in immune regulation and diabetes mellitus
Definition of words and terms
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Vitamin D synthesis and activation
22.3 Role of vitamin D in immune regulation and inflammatory responses
22.3.1 Vitamin D and innate immunity
22.3.2 Vitamin D and adaptive immunity
22.3.3 Cytokines in regulation of vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes
22.4 Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus
22.4.1 Vitamin D modulates β-cell function
22.4.2 Vitamin D–auto/paracrine system in diabetes mellitus
22.4.3 Antiinflammatory effect of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus
22.5 Conclusions
References
23 Vitamin E: nutritional aspects
Key facts of vitamin E
Summary points
23.1 General concepts and historical steps in vitamin E research
23.2 Antioxidant activity
23.3 Nutritional aspects
23.3.1 “Essentiality” of vitamin E
23.3.2 Dietary intake and recommendations
23.3.3 Vitamin E in the secondary prevention of human diseases
23.4 Conclusions
References
Further reading
24 Vitamin E: metabolism and molecular aspects
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Metabolism
24.2.1 Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution
24.2.2 Enzymatic metabolism and excretion
24.3 Receptors/sensors, signal transduction and gene modulation effects
24.3.1 Role of vitamin E in signal transduction and transcriptional mechanisms
24.3.2 Vitamin E as enzyme activity regulator
24.4 Vitamin E metabolites as bioactive molecules
24.4.1 On the origin of the bioactivation hypothesis of vitamin E
24.4.2 Proposed physiological functions of long-chain metabolites
24.5 The metabolome of vitamin E: analytical aspects and study perspectives
24.6 Conclusion
References
25 Linking vitamin E and nitric oxide in liver disease
Key facts
Summary points
Word definition
Abbreviations
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Liver
25.3 Liver diseases
25.4 Pathogenesis of liver disease
25.5 Liver and nitric oxide
25.6 Liver disease and nitric oxide
25.7 Liver damage during inflammation
25.8 Viral hepatitis infection
25.9 Liver cirrhosis
25.10 Hepatocellular carcinoma
25.11 Ischemia/reperfusion injury and shock
25.12 Enzymatic antioxidants
25.13 Nonenzymatic antioxidants
25.14 Vitamin E
25.15 Comparing the activities of other vitamins
References
26 Vitamin E and reproductive health
Key facts
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
Abbreviations
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Vitamin E
26.2 Vitamin E
26.2.1 Sources of vitamin E
26.2.2 Structures of vitamin E homologs
26.2.3 Vitamin E on general health
26.3 Reproduction
26.3.1 Fertilization
26.3.2 Preimplantation embryonic growth
26.3.3 Vitamin E on reproductive health: the reported studies
26.4 Conclusion
References
27 Vitamins in chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Chronic kidney disease
27.1.2 Malnutrition and chronic kidney disease
27.1.3 Micronutrient malnutrition in chronic kidney disease
27.2 Contributors to altered vitamin status in chronic kidney disease
27.2.1 Dietary intake
27.2.2 Low sunlight exposure
27.2.3 Impaired absorption
27.2.4 Urinary losses
27.2.5 Medication
27.2.6 Dialysis-related losses
27.2.7 Altered metabolism
27.3 Water-soluble vitamins
27.3.1 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
27.3.2 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
27.3.3 Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid)
27.3.4 Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
27.3.5 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
27.3.6 Biotin (vitamin B7)
27.3.7 Folate (vitamin B9)
27.3.8 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
27.3.9 Hyperhomocysteinemia
27.3.10 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
27.4 Fat-soluble vitamins
27.4.1 Vitamin A
27.4.2 Vitamin D
27.4.3 Vitamin E
27.4.4 Vitamin K
27.5 Recommendations on supplementation
27.6 Conclusions
References
28 Inflammatory bowel disorders and fat-soluble vitamins
Key facts of inflammatory bowel diseases
Key facts of fat-soluble vitamins
Summary points
Abbreviations
28.1 Inflammatory bowel disease
28.2 Nutritional state and malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease
28.3 Fat-soluble vitamins: structures, roles, sources
28.4 Vitamin A
28.5 Vitamin A and inflammatory bowel disease
28.6 Vitamin E
28.7 Vitamin E and inflammatory bowel disease
28.8 Vitamin K
28.9 Vitamin K and inflammatory bowel disease
28.10 Vitamin D
28.11 Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease
28.11.1 The mucosal barrier
28.11.2 Toll-like receptors
28.11.3 NOD2 receptor
28.12 Vitamin D supplementation
28.13 Diet in inflammatory bowel disease
Acknowledgments
References
29 Prostate cancer and applications of vitamin K
Key facts
Summary points
Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.1.1 Prostate cancer
29.1.2 What is vitamin K
29.1.3 Sources of vitamin K
29.1.4 Deficiency of vitamin K
29.1.5 Osteoporosis and vitamin K
29.1.6 Vitamin K and vascular calcification
29.1.7 Vitamin K and warfarin
29.1.8 Vitamin K and insulin sensitivity
29.1.9 Vitamin K and cancer
29.1.10 Beneficial effects of vitamin K in prostate cancer
29.2 Conclusion
References
III. Genetic Machinery and its Function
30 Vitamins and epigenetics
Key facts of vitamins and epigenetics
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
30.1 Introduction
30.1.1 Epigenetic mechanisms
30.1.1.1 DNA methylation
30.1.1.2 Histone modifications
30.1.1.3 microRNAs
30.2 Vitamins and epigenetic mechanisms
30.2.1 Hydrosoluble B vitamins
30.2.1.1 Folate metabolism and epigenetics
30.2.1.2 Vitamin B12 and epigenetics
30.2.1.3 Lipophilic vitamin A
30.2.1.3.1 Retinoic acid and epigenetics
30.3 Conclusions
References
31 Transcriptional control of cells by vitamin D and its role in liver health and disease
Summary points
Definition of words and term
List of abbreviations
31.1 Vitamin D metabolism
31.1.1 Dietary uptake and endogenous synthesis of vitamin D
31.1.2 Vitamin D metabolites
31.2 The nuclear vitamin D receptor
31.2.1 Ligands of vitamin D receptor
31.2.2 DNA binding of vitamin D receptor at vitamin D response elements
31.2.3 Interaction partners of vitamin D receptor
31.3 The role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in liver health and disease
31.3.1 The epidemiology and pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a prototypical chronic liver disease
31.3.2 Observational and interventional clinical studies on vitamin D in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
31.3.3 Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor directly target various pathophysiological processes in nonalcoholic fatty liver di...
31.3.3.1 Effects on adipose tissue
31.3.3.2 Intestinal effects
31.3.3.3 Effects on hepatic immune cells and stellate cells
References
32 Vitamin B3: niacin and transcriptome analysis in relation to the GPR109A receptor
Key facts of GPR109A and tumor suppression
Summary points
Abbreviations
32.1 Introduction
32.2 GPR109A: a receptor for niacin
32.2.1 Niacin: the antidyslipidemic vitamin
32.2.2 GPR109A receptor discovery and its agonists
32.3 The role of GPR109A in tissue
32.3.1 Adipocytes
32.3.2 Immune cells
32.3.3 Retinal pigment epithelium
32.3.4 Neurons and Parkinson’s disease
32.3.5 Colon
32.3.6 Breast
32.4 Future perspective/clinical relevance
References
33 Vitamin C: epigenetic roles and cancer
Key facts of vitamin C and cancer
Summary points
Definitions of words and terms
33.1 Vitamin C intake and cancer
33.1.1 Cellular uptake of vitamin C in cancer
33.1.2 Vitamin C and cancer risk, recurrence, or mortality
33.2 The epigenetic role of vitamin C in cancer treatment
33.2.1 Vitamin C promotes DNA demethylation
33.2.2 Vitamin C suppresses malignancy by reestablishing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
33.2.3 Vitamin C promotes histone demethylation
33.3 Other potential mechanisms in the anticancer action of vitamin C
33.3.1 Prevention of metastasis by collagen cross-linking
33.3.2 Suppression of cancer progression by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α degradation
33.3.3 Targeting cancer cells by free radicals
33.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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