دانلود کتاب Morphologie / Morphology: 1. Halbband

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Inhalt / Contents\nVorwort\n 1. Einleitende Bemerkungen\n 2. Ziele und Grundsätze\n 2.1. Das Sprachsystem ist auf den niedrigeren Ebenen rigider strukturiert als auf den\n 2.2. Der Überblick über die morphologische Theorie ist nicht nach Denkschulen son-dern\n 2.3. Eines der Hauptziele des Handbuches ist es, die Kluft zwischen den unterschied-lichen\n 2.4. Nicht zuletzt wegen der Vielfalt der theoretischen Ansätze in der Linguistik ist die\n 2.5. Die Herausgeber sind der Auffassung, daß theoretische Betrachtungen stets durch\n 3. Aufbau des Handbuchs\n 3.1. Grundlagen\n 3.2. Begriffe und Methoden der morphologischen Analyse\n 3.3. Sprachvergleich und Sprachgeschichte\n 3.4. Praktische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte\n 4. Abschließende Bemerkungen\nPreface\n 1. Introductory\n 2. Aims and principles\n 2.1. The linguistic system is more tightly structured by formal rules at the lower than\n 2.2. The survey of morphological theory is not arranged by schools of thought but by\n 2.3. One of the major objectives of the handbook is to help bridge the gulf between\n 2.4. The diversity of theoretical approaches in linguistics is one of the reasons why\n 2.5. In the editors’ opinion, it is essential to supplement theoretical considerations by\n 3. Structure of the handbook\n 3.1. Fundamentals\n 3.2. Concepts and methods of morphological analysis\n 3.3. Comparative linguistics and history of language\n 3.4. Practical and interdisciplinary aspects\n 4. Concluding remarks\nI. Morphologie als Disziplin Morphology as a discipline\n 1. Der Gegenstand der Morphologie\n 1. Allgemeine Morphologie\n 2. Morphologie in der Linguistik\n 3. Morphologische Form\n 4. Zitierte Literatur\n 2. The term morphology\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphology in German biology\n 3. Morphology in French biology\n 4. Early use of the term morphology\n 6. Conclusion\n 7. References\n 3. Die Stellung der Morphologie im Sprachsystem\n 1. Ausgangsvorstellungen\n 2. Die Morphologie als Teil\n 3. Die Morphologie als\n 4. Die innere Struktur der\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\nII. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung I: von der Antike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert History of morphological research I: From antiquity to the 19th century\n 4. The Ancient Near East\n 1. Background\n 2. Genres of texts\n 3. Areas of morphology considered\n 4. Parts of speech\n 5. Theoretical concepts\n 6. Technical terminology\n 7. Reflection of pedagogical aims in\n 8. Influence from the structures of the\n 9. Ancient Egypt\n 10. References\n 5. Old Indic grammar\n 1. Introduction\n 2. General principles\n 3. Background\n 4. Pa¯nøini\n 5. Other grammarians\n 6. Influence of Indian grammarians\n 7. References\n 6. Classical Antiquity\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Classical Antiquity: Greece\n 3. The Byzantine age (330\n 4. The Latin world\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. References\n 7. Traditional Arabic grammar\n 1. Introduction\n 2. The Arabic system of\n 3. Upper and lower levels of analysis:\n 4. Relations between morphology\n 5. Minimal morphological units\n 6. Historical and cultural perspectives\n 7. References\n 8. The Middle Ages\n 1. Language study in the Middle Ages\n 2. Analytical concepts and\n 3. Word classes and their properties\n 4. Morphology in medieval European\n 5. References\n 9. Von der Renaissance bis ca. 1800\n 9. From the Renaissance to ca. 1800\n 10. Das 19. Jahrhundert\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Voraussetzungen: Erfassung\n 18. und 19. Jh.\n 3. Sprachwissenschaftliche\n 19. Jhs.\n 4. Die Ausbreitung und\n 5. Morphologische Forschungen im\n 19. Jh.\n 6. Zitierte Literatur\nIII. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung II: Forschungstraditionen im 20. Jahrhundert History of morphological research II: Research traditions in the 20th century\n 11. Schulgrammatik als Modell linguistischer Beschreibung\n 1. Allgemeines\n 2. Wechselwirkung\n 3. Tendenzen der deutschen\n 4. Ludwig Sütterlin\n 5. Hans Glinz\n 6. Fazit\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 12. Historical-comparative grammar\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Reconstruction\n 3. Doublets of two kinds\n 4. Methodological innovations:\n 5. Substantive work\n 6. Strictures\n 7. Heritage\n 8. Structuralism, Generative\n 9. References\n 13. Überblick: die europäische Tradition\n 13. Survey: the European tradition\n 14. Osteuropa\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Rußland und Sowjetunion\n 3. Prager Schule\n 4. Polen\n 5. Weiterführende Literaturhinweise\n 6. Zitierte Literatur\n 15. France and Switzerland\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Historical morphology of\n 3. Structuralist morphosyntax\n 4. Transformationalist attempts\n 5. Contemporary work\n 6. References\n 16. Scandinavia\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Denmark\n 3. Norway\n 4. Sweden\n 5. References\n 17. Britain\n 1. Early linguistics in Britain\n 2. The London School\n 3. Conclusion\n 4. References\n 18. Germany\n 1. The 19th century\n 2. Jacob Grimm\n 3. The Junggrammatiker\n 4. The 20th century\n 5. Generative approaches\n 6. References\n 19. The Netherlands\n 1. From 1890 to the First World War\n 2. The years until 1945\n 3. Structuralist approaches\n 4. Generative approaches\n 5. Functionalist approaches\n 6. Surveys of the work\n 7. References\n 20. American Structuralism\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Early American Structuralism\n 3. Segmentation criteria\n 4. Distributionalism\n 5. Morphophonemic alternation\n 6. Generative morphology\n 7. References\n 21. Tagmemics\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Definition\n 3. History\n 4. The morphophoneme\n 5. Morphology\n 6. Morpheme formatives\n 7. Bibliographical comments\n 8. References\n 22. Generative grammar\n 1. The transformational period\n 2. Other early work\n 3. The lexicalist hypothesis\n 4. Early lexicalist morphology\n 5. Word formation\n 6. Lexical integrity\n 7. Inflection\n 8. Item and arrangement morphology\n 9. Montague\n 10. Affix ordering\n 11. Morphosyntax\n 12. Nonlinear mophology\n 13. Morphology across disciplines\n 14. References\nIV. Grundbegriffe Basic concepts\n 23. Linguistic sign\n 1. Terminological introduction\n 2. Sign models\n 3. Types of signs\n 4. A characterization of linguistic signs\n 5. The linguistic sign\n 6. Morphology and the linguistic sign\n 7. References\n 24. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Linguistic relatedness\n 3. Syntagmatics versus paradigmatics\n 4. Paradigmatics / syntagmatics and\n 5. Paradigmatic forces in morphology\n 6. Concluding remarks\n 7. References\n 25. Variation und Invarianz\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Die Varianten\n 3. Die Invariante\n 4. Konditionierung\n 5. Funktion der Variation im\n 6. Variation zwischen Sprachsystemen\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 26. Word\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Some fundamental distinctions\n 3. The word in semantics and\n 4. Defining the word-form\n 5. The psychological word\n 6. The word cross-linguistically\n 7. Conclusion\n 8. References\n 27. Lexical and grammatical meaning\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Formal correlates of the lexical-grammatical\n 3. Semantic structures distinguishing\n 4. A general survey\n 5. Grammaticalization and the lexical-grammatical\n 6. References\n 28. Category and feature\n 1. Categories in morphology\n 2. Syntactic categories in morphology\n 3. Categories in word formation\n 4. Morphosyntactic categories and\n 5. Motivation for binary approaches\n 6. Markedness\n 7. Underspecification and redundancy\n 8. References\n 29. Markedness\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Markedness in phonology\n 3. Markedness in morphology\n 4. Markedness\n 5. Controversies about markedness\n 6. Range of application of markedness\n 7. References\n 30. Iconicity\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological bulk\n 3. Incorporation\n 4. Productive contrasts\n 5. Statistical universals\n 6. Markedness and essence\n 7. References\n 31. Naturalness\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Development\n 3. Universal, system-independent\n 4. Typological adequacy\n 5. System-dependent naturalness\n 6. References\n 32. Regularity\n 1. The notion of regularity\n 2. Regularity\n 3. Regularity and productivity\n 4. Regularity and frequency\n 5. Regularity as a scalar phenomenon\n 6. Regularity and diachrony\n 7. References\n 33. Productivity\n 1. Meaning and usage\n 2. Productivity in relation to\n 3. Productivity as a property\n 4. The functions of productive\n 5. Morphological productivity as a\n 6. The actuation of morphological\n 7. Concluding remarks\n 8. References\nV. Die Rolle der Morphologie in Grammatik und Lexikon The role of morphology in grammar and lexicon\n 34. Morphology and syntax\n 1. Morphology-syntax interactions\n 2. Syntax and internal word structure\n 3. Theoretical approaches\n 4. Morphology as a module or a\n 5. Conclusions\n 6. References\n 35. Morphology and phonology\n 1. The relations between\n 2. The morpheme\n 3. Allomorphy\n 4. The place of morphonology\n 5. Morphological structure and the\n 6. Phonological conditioning of\n 7. References\n 36. Morphology between lexicon and grammar\n 1. Grammar versus the lexicon\n 2. Lexicalist conceptions of the lexicon\n 3. Where’s morphology?\n 4. Blocking\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. References\n 37. Derivation and compounding\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Criteria\n 3. Classes of problem cases\n 4. References\n 38. Inflection and derivation\n 1. Differences between\n 2. Split morphology?\n 3. References\nVI. Einheiten der morphologischen Struktur Units of morphological structure\n 39. Lexical, morphological and syntactic symbolization\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Symbolization types\n 3. Reduction in phonetic content\n 4. Fusion\n 5. Grammatical factors\n 6. Semantic factors\n 7. Meanings possible for each type of\n 8. References\n 40. Word boundaries\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Semantic criteria\n 3. Distributional criteria\n 4. Phonological criteria\n 5. Word boundaries\n 6. Concluding remarks\n 7. References\n 41. Clitics\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Identifying clitics\n 3. Clitic types\n 4. Special properties of clitics\n 5. Clitic semantics\n 6. Diachrony and clitics\n 7. References\n 42. Internal structure of words\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Segmentation of words into\n 3. Linear order\n 4. Hierarchical structure\n 5. Morphological and prosodic\n 6. References\n 43. Submorphemische Einheiten\n 1. Motive für die Annahme\n 2. Aus der Forschungsgeschichte\n 3. Methodische Fragen\n 4. Zur Typologie\n 5. Zur Diskussion um\n 6. Zitierte Literatur\n 44. Phonotactic properties of morphological units\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Phonotactic constraints and their\n 3. Phonotactic constraints:\n 4. Morphologically relevant\n 5. The interplay between phonology\n 6. References\n 45. Nullelemente in der Morphologie\n 1. Zur Motivation von Nullelementen\n 2. Abgrenzungen\n 3. Aus der Wissenschaftsgeschichte\n 4. Nullallomorphe und Nullmorpheme\n 5. Nullableitung\n 6. Leere Morphe\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\nVII. Allomorphie Allomorphy\n 46. Morphem, Morph und Allomorph\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Terminologie und Begriffsgeschichte\n 3. Komponenten der\n 4. Minimalität\n 5. Semantische Wertigkeit\n 6. Substantialität\n 7. Rekurrenz\n 8. Unähnlichkeit\n 9. Zitierte Literatur\n 47. Phonologische Konditionierung\n 1. Formale und distributionelle\n 2. Primäre und sekundäre\n 3. Phonologische Prozesse\n 4. Phonologisch konditionierte\n 5. Interaktion verschiedener Arten\n 6. Theoretische Perspektiven\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 48. Morphologische und syntaktische Konditionierung\n 1. Typen morphologischer\n 2. Typen lexikalischer\n 3. Typen grammatischer\n 4. Beschränkungen für\n 5. Phonologische vs. morphologische\n 6. Komplex konditionierte Morpheme:\n 7. Syntaktische Konditionierung\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 49. Fluctuation and free variation\n 1. Definition of free variation\n 2. Free variation\n 3. Definition of fluctuation\n 4. Examples of fluctuation\n 5. Fluctuation as an indicator of\n 6. References\n 50. Generalized representations\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphophoneme\n 3. Archiphoneme\n 4. Prosody and phonematic unit\n 5. Archi-segment\n 6. References\n 51. Underlying forms\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Representations and rules in\n 3. Reasons for underlying\n 4. Rule interaction and rule generality\n 5. Abstractness\n 6. Phonological irreversibility\n 7. Domains\n 8. A historical perspective\n 9. References\n 52. Suppletion\n 1. Introductory remarks\n 2. The notion of suppletion\n 3. Typology of suppletion\n 4. Theoretical aspects\n 5. Diachronic change\n 6. Pseudo-suppletion\n 7. References\nVIII. Formale Prozesse Formal processes\n 53. Morphological processes\n 1. Introductory remarks\n 2. The notion of morphological\n 3. Typology of morphological\n 4. Zero processes\n 5. Problems of delimitation\n 6. Non-uniqueness of solutions\n 7. References\n 54. Prefixation, suffixation and circumfixation\n 1. Terminology\n 2. Formal properties\n 3. Common functions\n 4. Distribution of affix position\n 5. Theoretical issues\n 6. References\n 55. Infixation\n 1. Definition and terminology\n 2. Formal properties\n 3. Meanings\n 4. Distribution\n 5. Why does infixation exist?\n 6. References\n 56. Transfixation\n 1. Definition and overview\n 2. Segmental transfixation\n 3. Shape-defining morphology\n 4. References\n 57. Reduplication\n 1. Definition\n 2. Formal characteristics and subtypes\n 3. Typical meanings and functions\n 4. Cross-linguistic distribution\n 5. Theoretical problems\n 6. References\n 58. Substitution of segments and features\n 1. Definition and terminology\n 2. Characteristic formal properties\n 3. Typical meanings and functions\n 4. Theoretical issues\n 5. References\n 59. Metathesis\n 1. Types of metathesis\n 2. Morphological metathesis\n 3. Diachronic origins\n 4. Theoretical problems\n 5. References\n 60. Subtraction\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Terminology\n 3. The Notion of subtraction\n 4. Characteristic formal properties\n 5. Typical meanings\n 6. Cross-linguistic distribution\n 7. Theoretical problems\n 8. References\n 61. Suprasegmental processes\n 1. Introduction\n 2. The study of tonal morphology\n 3. Word-level tonal morphology\n 4. Phrasal tonal morphology\n 5. References\nIX. Flexion Inflection\n 62. Lexeme, word-form, paradigm\n 1. The scope of inflection\n 2. Definitions: word-form,\n 3. Paradigm\n 4. The external delimitation of\n 5. The internal structure of paradigms\n 6. Stems\n 7. References\n 63. Meaning vs. use in inflection\n 1. Approaches to grammatical\n 2. General meaning\n 3. Basic meaning\n 4. Uses of inflectional forms\n 5. System and environment\n 6. References\n 64. Exponence\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Types of exponence in morphology\n 3. Zero in exponence\n 4. Constraints on patterns of\n 5. Exponence\n 6. References\n 65. Inflection classes\n 1. Inflection classes and paradigms\n 2. Traditional styles\n 3. Inflectional subclasses\n 4. Factors which may determine\n 5. Constraints\n 6. Principal parts and reference forms\n 7. Origin and development of\n 8. References\n 66. Synkretismus\n 1. Definition und Abgrenzung\n 2. Formaler und funktionaler\n 3. Funktionaler Synkretismus\n 4. Synkretismus und Typen\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 67. Defectivity\n 1. The notion defectivity\n 2. Types of inflectional defectivity\n 3. Frequency profiles of paradigms\n 4. Concluding remarks\n 5. References\n 68. Periphrasis\n 1. Defining periphrasis\n 2. Suppletive periphrasis I:\n 3. Suppletive periphrasis II:\n 4. Categorial periphrasis\n 5. Periphrasis in inflection, derivation,\n 6. Periphrasis forms\n 7. Conclusion\n 8. References\nX. Wortarten Word classes\n 69. Wortart, syntaktische Funktion, syntaktische Kategorie\n 1. Zur Rolle von Wörtern im Satz\n 2. Syntaktische Funktionen\n 3. Syntaktische Kategorien\n 4. Zitierte Literatur\n 70. Kriterien für die Definition von Wortarten\n 1. Terminologische Vorbemerkung\n 2. Die traditionelle Praxis der\n 3. Kritik am synkretistischen\n 4. Kriterienreine Wortartensysteme\n 5. Kriterien hierarchisierende\n 6. Wortartensysteme\n 7. Die X-Bar-Theorie:\n 8. Theoretische Probleme\n 9. Zentrum und Peripherie:\n 10. Semantische Theorien\n 11. Wortarten und Valenz\n 12. Offene Fragen und\n 13. Zitierte Literatur\n 71. Wortartensysteme in der Linguistik\n 1. Zum Begriff der Wortarten\n 2. Entwicklung des traditionellen\n 3. Tradierung der griechisch-römischen\n 4. Wortartensysteme in der\n 5. Auseinandersetzung mit dem\n 6. Übertragung des traditionellen\n 7. Traditionelle Wortartensysteme in\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 72. Word classes in the world’s languages\n 1. Cross-linguistic identification of\n 2. Individual word classes\n 3. Languages with no morphologically\n 4. Is the noun-verb distinction\n 5. Explaining word class systems\n 6. Word class systems in typological\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 2. The concept ‘noun’\n 3. Semantic properties\n 4. Nominal categories\n 5. Major subclasses\n 6. Morphological structure\n 7. Syntactic functions\n 8. Linguistic evolution\n 9. References\n 74. Adjective\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological categories\n 3. Derivational processes\n 4. Syntactic functions\n 5. Semantic properties\n 6. References\n 75. Numeral\n 1. The numeral as a part of speech\n 2. Kinds of numeral discourse\n 3. The unmarked status of cardinal\n 4. The mathematical structure of\n 5. The expression of mathematical\n 6. Extensions\n 7. Cardinal numerals\n 8. Non-cardinal series of numerals\n 9. References\n 76. Pronoun and article\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Pronouns and articles as\n 3. Pronouns\n 4. Articles\n 5. Parallels and correlations\n 6. References\n 77. Verb\n 1. Introduction\n 2. The lexical composition of verbs\n 3. Lexical classes that are\n 4. Morphology\n 5. The formation of verbs\n 6. Inflectional morphology\n 7. Implicational universals\n 8. Grammaticized verbs\n 9. Uncommon Abbreviations\n 10. References\n 78. Auxiliary\n 1. Auxiliaries as a morphological class\n 2. Paradigmatic vs.\n 3. Auxiliaries and verbhood\n 4. References\n 79. Minor word classes\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Adpositions\n 3. Conjunctions\n 4. Particles\n 5. Adverbs\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\nXI. Wortbildung I: Grundprobleme Word formation I: Fundamental problems\n 80. System vs. norm: coinage and institutionalization\n 1. The need for new words\n 2. Ways of making new words\n 3. Word-formation: process or state,\n 4. Actual and possible words\n 5. System and norm and gaps\n 6. Restrictions on new words and\n 7. Coining new words: terminology\n 8. Conscious and unconscious coining\n 9. Institutionalization\n 10. Institutionalization and\n 11. Conclusion\n 12. References\n 81. Correspondence between formal and semantic relations\n 1. Asymmetries between\n 2. Polyfunctionality\n 3. Polysemy\n 4. Synonymy\n 5. Polyfunctionality:\n 6. References\n 82. Compositionality of meaning\n 1. The compositionality principle\n 2. Deviations from compositionality\n 3. Conclusions\n 4. References\n 83. Inheritance\n 1. Inheritance phenomena\n 2. Inheritance and percolation\n 3. Inheritance of syntactic valency\n 4. The optionality\n 5. Restrictions on inheritance\n 6. References\n 84. Base and direction of derivation\n 1. Base and direction of derivation\n 2. Theoretical background\n 3. The principle of directionality\n 4. Bases and morphological units\n 5. Order of affixation\n 6. Towards a solution\n 7. Derivational direction without\n 8. Base as basic member of a\n 9. Problematic phenomena\n 10. Allomorphy and suppletion\n 11. References\n 85. Produktivitätsbeschränkungen\n 1. Vorbemerkungen\n 2. Übereinzelsprachliche Aspekte\n 3. Einzelsprachliche regelübergreifende\n 4. Regelspezifische Aspekte\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\nXII. Wortbildung II: Prozesse Word formation II: Processes\n 86. Die Klassifikation von Wortbildungsprozessen\n 1. Zum Begriff Wortbildung\n 2. Klassifikationsprinzipien\n 3. Kombination von Stämmen\n 4. Affigierung\n 5. Substitution\n 6. Subtraktion\n 7. Konversion\n 8. Spezifik nichtnativer Einheiten\n 9. Zitierte Literatur\n 87. Composition\n 1. Definition of composition\n 2. Theoretical treatments of\n 3. Role of composition in different\n 4. References\n 88. Incorporation\n 1. Characteristics of noun\n 2. Delimitation of the construction\n 3. Some theoretical issues\n 4. Diachrony\n 5. Areal extent\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 89. Derivation\n 1. General considerations and\n 2. Formal classification\n 3. Historical considerations\n 4. Semantic and syntactic\n 5. Typological considerations\n 6. References\n 90. Conversion and category indeterminacy\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Terminology\n 3. Arguments for conversion\n 4. Patterns of conversion in English\n 5. Other Indo-European and\n 6. References\n 91. Blending\n 1. Definition, Delimitation, Synonyms\n 2. Properties and subclassifications\n 3. Role of blending\n 92. Clipping and acronymy\n 1. Definitions\n 4. References\n 2. Research on word shortening\n 3. References\n 93. Creative Processes\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Whole-word constructions\n 3. Affixed constructions\n 4. Reduplicative constructions\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. References