دانلود کتاب Morphologie / Morphology: 2. Halbband

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Inhalt / Contents\nXIII. Semantische Kategorien und Operationen in der Morphologie I: Entitätsbegriffe / Semantic categories and operations in morphology I: Entity concepts\n 94. Entity concepts\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Four orders of entities\n 3. The hypostatization of qualities\n 4. Morphological signalling of orders of entities\n 5. First-order entities\n 6. Higher-order entities\n 7. Hypostatized qualities\n 8. Conclusion\n 9. References\n 95. Deixis and reference\n 1. Introduction\n 2. The situation of speech\n 3. Discourse roles\n 4. Deictic dimensions\n 5. Deictic domains\n 6. Deictic morphological structures\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 96. Person\n 1. Fundamentals\n 2. Representation in language structure\n 3. Person categories in detail\n 4. Interactions with other categories\n 5. Geographical distributions\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 97. Classifiers\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Semantic categorization\n 3. A morphosyntactic typology\n 4. Dynamic dimension of classifier systems\n 5. Uncommon abbreviations\n 6. References\n 98. Gender and noun class\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Formal properties of gender systems\n 3. Principles of gender assignment\n 4. Semantics of genders\n 5. Gender agreement and gender resolution\n 6. Interrelation with other grammatical categories\n 7. Diachronic dimensions of gender\n 8. Uncommon abbreviations\n 9. References\n 99. Diminution and augmentation\n 1. Terms and definitions\n 2. Formal aspects\n 3. Semantic aspects\n 4. Contextual aspects\n 5. Etymological aspects\n 6. References\n 100. Numerus\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Numeruskategorien\n 3. Numerusfähige Elemente\n 4. Art der Kodierung\n 5. Locus der Kodierung\n 6. Evolution der Numerusmorphologie\n 7. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 101. Mass and collection\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Semantics of mass nouns\n 3. Morphological categories on mass nouns\n 4. Is the count-mass distinction a linguistic universal?\n 5. Collections and collectives\n 6. Operations relating collectives and collections, mass and individuals\n 7. References\n 102. Case\n 1. A case system\n 2. Problems of description\n 3. Realisation\n 4. Survey of case marking\n 5. Diachrony of case\n 6. References\n 103. Possession\n 1. Definition und Abgrenzung\n 2. Prädikative Possession = Etablierung\n 3. Attributive Konstruktionen\n 4. Inhärenz der Possessiv-Relation\n 5. Nominaler vs. pronominaler Possessor\n 6. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\nXIV. Semantische Kategorien und Operationen in der Morphologie II: Sachverhalts-, Eigenschafts- und verwandte Begriffe / Semantic categories and operations in morphology II: State-of-affairs, property and related concepts\n 104. State-of-affairs concepts\n 1. Introduction\n 2. States-of-affairs\n 3. Predicates\n 4. Aktionsart\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 105. Property concepts\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Functions of property concept forms\n 3. How languages express property concepts\n 4. Characteristics of property concepts\n 5. References\n 106. Circumstance concepts\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Types of circumstance concepts\n 3. Head-marking expression of circumstantial meanings\n 4. Dependent-marking expression of circumstance meanings\n 5. Uncommon abbreviations\n 6. References\n 107. Valency change\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Valency-decreasing categories\n 3. Valency-increasing categories\n 4. General features of valency-changing morphology\n 5. Diachronic sources of valency-changing morphology\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 108. Voice\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Definition: The active and the passive\n 3. Voice as a family of constructions\n 4. The middle\n 5. Valency-increasing passives\n 6. The inverse system\n 7. Voice in ergative languages\n 8. Voice in Philippine languages\n 9. Two dimensions of voice\n 10. Voice morphology\n 11. Concluding remarks\n 12. Uncommon abbreviations\n 13. References\n 109. Aspect and Aktionsart\n 1. Aspectuality\n 2. Aspect versus Aktionsart\n 3. Aktionsart\n 4. Aspect\n 5. Interaction of aspect and Aktionsart\n 6. References\n 110. Tense\n 1. General\n 2. The notion of “tense” and its relation to “mood” and “aspect”\n 3. Formal models of the semantics of tense\n 4. Past, present, and future\n 5. Past time reference and past tense\n 6. Future time reference and future tense\n 7. Present tenses\n 8. Perfect\n 9. Past and future perfects\n 10. Experiential\n 11. Narrative\n 12. Remoteness\n 13. Tense and subordination\n 14. Interaction between tense, negation, and expectation markings\n 15. References\n 111. Illocution, mood, and modality\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Illocution\n 3. Modality\n 4. Mood\n 5. Uncommon abbreviations\n 6. References\n 112. Interclausal relations\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Temporal relations\n 3. Switch-reference\n 4. Conditional\n 5. Cause/reason\n 6. Purpose\n 7. References\n 113. Negation\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological representation\n 3. Morphemic distinctions\n 4. Affirmative-negative contrast\n 5. As a modal concept\n 6. References\n 114. Comparison and gradation\n 1. Preliminary notions\n 2. Comparative\n 3. Superlative\n 4. Equative\n 5. References\nXV. Morphologische Typologie und Universalien / \rMorphological typology and universals\n 115. Approaches to morphological typology\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Language and thought\n 3. The notion ‘morphological type’\n 4. Morphemes and categories\n 5. Head-marked vs. dependent-marked structure\n 6. Typology and evolution\n 7. References\n 116. Types of morphological structure\n 1. General remarks\n 2. The parts of speech\n 3. Inflection and derivation\n 4. References\n 117. Quantitative Typologie\n 1. Die quantitativen morphologischen Indizes von J. H. Greenberg\n 2. Zur Weiterentwicklung des Greenbergschen Ansatzes\n 3. Taxonomische morphologische Sprachklassifikation und Suche nach Zusammenhängen\n 4. Quantifizierung der Eigenschaften grammatischer Subsysteme\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 118. Cross-linguistic generalizations and their explanation\n 1. Classical morphological typology\n 2. Cross-linguistic generalizations in morphology\n 3. Explanations of cross-linguistic generalizations in morphology\n 4. References\nXVI. Systeme morphologischer Struktur: Sprachskizzen / Systems of morphological structure: Illustrative sketches\n 119. English (Indo-European: Germanic)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological operations\n 3. Inflection\n 4. Derivation\n 5. Compounding\n 6. Cliticization\n 7. References\n 120. Deutsch (Indogermanisch: Germanisch)\n 1. Vorbemerkungen\n 2. Die Flexion der Nomina\n 3. Die Flexion der Verben\n 4. Wortbildung\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 121. Francais (Indo-européen: Roman)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Types d’opérations de construction de mots: délimitation\n 3. Opérations dérivationnelles de construction de mots:\rconditions d’application\n 4. Structures et sens des mots dérivationnellement construits\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. Références\n 122. Russisch (Indogermanisch: Slawisch)\n 1. Allgemeines zur russischen Sprache\n 2. Der morphologische Grundcharakter des Russischen\n 3. Die Wortarten als morphologisch ausgewiesene Größen\n 4. Grammatische Morphologie\n 5. Wortbildungsmorphologie\n 6. Grammatische Morphologie und Wortbildung in der Literatur\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 123. Altgriechisch (Indogermanisch)\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Der morphologische Typ des Altgriechischen\n 3. Wortarten\n 4. Flexivisch ausgedrückte Kategorien des Nomens und Verbs\n 5. Morphologische Prozesse; Homonymie\n 6. Flexion des Nomens\n 7. Verbalflexion\n 8. Wortbildung\n 9. Illustrativer Text\n 10. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 11. Zitierte Literatur\n 124. Finnish (Finno-Ugric)\n 1. Background\n 2. General characteristics of Finnish word structure\n 3. Parts of speech\n 4. Morphotactic structure and basic inflectional categories of nominals\n 5. Morphotactic structure and basic inflectional categories of finite verb-forms\n 6. Morphotactic structure and basic inflectional categories of nonfinite verb-forms\n 7. Clitics\n 8. Morphophonological alternations\n 9. Nominal inflectional types\n 10. Verbal inflectional types\n 11. Derivational morphology\n 12. Compounding\n 13. Morphological productivity and diachronic tendencies in the morphological system\n 14. Processing and acquisition of Finnish morphology\n 15. Illustrative text\n 16. Uncommon abbreviations\n 17. References\n 125. Hebrew (Semitic)\n 1. The Hebrew language\n 2. The Hebrew binyan system\n 3. The sign-oriented approach\n 4. The traditional approach\n 5. The analysis\n 6. The data\n 7. Summary and conclusions\n 8. Illustrative text\n 9. References\n 126. Türkisch (Turk)\n 1. Allgemeine Informationen\n 2. Agglutination und Allomorphie\n 3. Nominalflexion\n 4. Verbalmorphologie\n 5. Wortbildung\n 6. Illustrativer Text\n 7. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 127. Hunzib (North-East Caucasian)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Nouns\n 3. Adjectives and pronouns\n 4. Verbs\n 5. Illustrative Text\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 128. Ketisch (Jenisseisch)\n 1. Allgemeine Information\n 2. Zur Phonologie\n 3. Allgemeines zur morphologischen Typologie\n 4. Das Verb\n 5. Das Substantiv\n 6. Das Pronomen\n 7. Andere Wortarten\n 8. Zur Wortbildung\n 9. Illustrativer Text\n 10. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 11. Zitierte Literatur\n 129. West Greenlandic (Eskimo)\n 1. The language and its speakers\n 2. Major categories and processes\n 3. Morphophonology\n 4. Nominal inflection\n 5. Verbal inflection\n 6. Derivational morphology\n 7. Enclitics\n 8. Illustrative text\n 9. Uncommon abbreviations\n 10. References\n 130. Koyukon (Athapaskan)\n 1. The language and its speakers\n 2. Major categories and processes\n 3. The structure of the verbal expression\n 4. Nominal expressions\n 5. Directionals\n 6. Illustrative text\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 131. Montagnais/Innu-aimun (Algonquian)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Montagnais lexical classes\n 3. Semantic categories encoded by Montagnais morphology\n 4. Formal processes\n 5. Inflection\n 6. Word formation\n 7. Conclusion\n 8. Illustrative text\n 9. Uncommon abbreviations\n 10. References\n 132. Guaraní (Tupi-Guaraní)\n 1. Preliminaries\n 2. Inflectional morphology\n 3. Derivational morphology\n 4. Word classes\n 5. Illustrative text\n 6. Uncommon abbreviations\n 7. References\n 133. Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan)\n 1. The Nahuatl language\n 2. Word classes and the ‘omnipredicative’ parameter\n 3. Verb morphology\n 4. Noun morphology\n 5. Locative morphology\n 6. Derivation\n 7. Composition\n 8. Illustrative text\n 9. Uncommon abbreviations\n 10. References\n 134. Quechua (Quechua)\n 1. General facts on Quechua\n 2. Typological features\n 3. Word-classes\n 4. Personal reference\n 5. Pluralization\n 6. Tense and mood\n 7. Nominalization\n 8. Subordination\n 9. Other verbal affixes\n 10. Case and other nominal affixes\n 11. Independent suffixes\n 12. Contact phenomena\n 13. Illustrative texts\n 14. Uncommon abbreviations\n 15. References\n 135. Yagua (Peba-Yaguan)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological typology\n 3. Word classes\n 4. Morphology of nouns\n 5. Morphology of verbs\n 6. Illustrative text\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 136. Tagalog (Austronesian)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphosyntax and parts of speech\n 3. Formal processes\n 4. Voice, aspect, and mood\n 5. Actor involvement\n 6. Illustrative text\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 137. Diyari (Pama-Nyungan)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Morphological type\n 3. Parts of speech\n 4. Nominal morphology\n 5. Pronoun morphology\n 6. Verb morphology\n 7. Predicate determiner morphology\n 8. Particles\n 9. Post-inflectional morphology\n 10. Illustrative text\n 11. Uncommon abbreviations\n 12. References\n 138. Wambon (Awyu)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Verbs\n 3. Nouns\n 4. Pronouns\n 5. Adjectives\n 6. Demonstratives\n 7. Numerals\n 8. Adverbs\n 9. Nominal case suffixes\n 10. Connectives\n 11. Concluding remarks\n 12. Illustrative text\n 13. Uncommon abbreviations\n 14. References\n 139. Turkana (Nilotic)\n 1. The verb\n 2. The noun and other categories\n 3. Category shift\n 4. The morphology-phonology interface\n 5. The morphology-syntax interface\n 6. Illustrative text\n 7. Uncommon abbreviations\n 8. References\n 140. Twi (Kwa)\n 1. Sprachgebiet, Forschungsstand und soziolinguistische Angaben\n 2. Typologischer Charakter\n 3. Silben- und Morphemstruktur\n 4. Wortarten\n 5. Wortbildung\n 6. Illustrativer Text\n 7. Unübliche Abkürzungen\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 141. Kinyarwanda (Bantu)\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Noun\n 3. Verb\n 4. Adjective\n 5. Unclassified categories\n 6. Tones\n 7. Reduplication\n 8. Problems in Kinyarwanda morphology\n 9. Illustrative text\n 10. Uncommon abbreviations\n 11. References\n 142. Vietnamesisch (Viet-Muong)\n 1. Allgemeine Angaben\n 2. Abgeleitetes Wort\n 3. Zusammengesetztes Wort\n 4. Reduplikation\n 5. Iteration\n 6. Von der syntaktischen Fügung zum Wort\n 7. Wortklassen\n 8. Illustrativer Text\n 9. Zitierte Literatur\n 143. Deutsche Gebärdensprache\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Problem der Entwicklung von Beschreibungskategorien\n 3. Aspekte der Morphologie in Gebärdensprachen\n 4. Modell der Morphologie der Bewegungsverben\n 5. Serialverb-Konstruktionen\n 6. Gegenpositionen\n 7. Weiterentwicklung\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\n 144. Plansprachen\n 1. Zum Begriff “Plansprache”\n 2. Volapük, Esperanto und Interlingua\n 3. Herkunft der Morpheme\n 4. Wortbildung\n 5. Grammatische Kategorien und Paradigmen\n 6. Linguistische Bedeutung\n 7. Illustrative Texte\n 8. Zitierte Literatur\nXVII. Morphologischer Wandel I: Theoretische Probleme / Morphological change I: Fundamental issues\n 145. Fundamental concepts\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Processes of language acquisition and language use\n 3. Morphological change proper\n 4. Morphologization\n 5. Morphological changes due to extragrammatical forces\n 6. Morphology and contact-induced change\n 7. Conclusions\n 8. Uncommon abbreviations\n 9. References\n 146. Grammaticalization: from syntax to morphology\n 1. Introduction\n 2. An overview of grammaticalization\n 3. The process of grammaticalization\n 4. Uncommon abbreviations\n 5. References\n 147. Morphologisierung: von der Phonologie zur Morphologie\n 1. Was ist Morphologisierung?\n 2. Zur Geschichte des Konzepts\n 3. Parameter der Morphologisierung\n 4. Zitierte Literatur\n 148. Analogical change\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Definition and exemplification\n 3. Previous analyses\n 4. Optimality Theory\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. References\n 149. Remotivation and reinterpretation\n 1. Characterization of the phenomena and definition of terms\n 2. Subclassifications and typical examples\n 3. Causes and hindering factors of secondary motivation\n 4. Effects of secondary motivation\n 5. Different approaches to secondary motivation\n 6. References\n 150. Lexicalization and demotivation\n 1. Terminology\n 2. Lexicalization\n 3. Demotivation\n 4. References\n 151. Change in productivity\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Types of changes in productivity\n 3. Synchronic vs. diachronic productivity\n 4. Linguistic factors affecting the productivity of bases\n 5. References\n 152. Morphologische Entlehnung und Lehnübersetzung\n 1. Zum Gegenstandsbereich\n 2. Die außersprachlichen Bedingungen für Interferenz\n 3. Grundtypen der Interferenz\n 4. Gliederung der Phänomene\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 153. Pidginization, creolization, and language death\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Reduction processes: pidginization and language death\n 3. Expansion processes: creolization\n 4. References\n 154. Morphological reconstruction\n 1. Introduction: basic questions and methods\n 2. Reconstruction: The first steps\n 3. Further guiding principles\n 4. Going beyond simple reconstruction of forms\n 5. Pushing the limits: reconstructed states as real languages\n 6. Conclusion\n 7. References\nXVIII. Morphologischer Wandel II: Fallstudien / \rMorphological change II: Case studies\n 155. From Old English to Modern English\n 1. Introductory remarks\n 2. Inflection\n 3. Word-formation\n 4. References\n 156. Vom Althochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen\n 1. Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte\n 2. Synchrone Heterogenität und historische Homogenität\n 3. Forschungsgeschichte\n 4. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Grundzüge\n 5. Flexion\n 6. Wortbildung\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 157. From Latin to French\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Inflection\n 3. Word-formation\n 4. References\n 158. From Vedic to modern Indic languages\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Old Indo-Aryan\n 3. Middle Indo-Aryan\n 4. New Indo-Aryan\n 5. Transliteration and transcription\n 6. References\n 159. From Archaic Chinese to Mandarin\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Affixation in Old Chinese\n 3. Prosodic alternation - Type A\rand B syllables\n 4. Syllabic prefixes and suffixes in Old Chinese\n 5. Reduplication\n 6. Compounding\n 7. New flectional suffixes\n 8. New derivational affixes\n 9. References\n 160. From Classical Arabic to the modern Arabic vernaculars\n 1. History of the Arabic language\n 2. Morphology of the verb\n 3. Morphology of the noun\n 4. Demonstratives and interrogatives\n 5. Pidginization and creolization in Arabic\n 6. References\n 161. Tok Pisin\n 1. Pidgins and development\n 2. Historical background\n 3. History of research\n 4. Documentation\n 5. Internal history of Tok Pisin word formation\n 6. Theoretical consequences\n 7. References\nXIX. Psycholinguistische Perspektiven / \rPsycholinguistic perspectives\n 162. Mentale Repräsentation morphologischer Strukturen\n 1. Mentale Repräsentationen\n 2. Das mentale Lexikon und das Lexikon der Grammatik\n 3. Beobachtungsbereiche und Forschungsmethoden\n 4. Einige Grundprobleme der Forschung\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 163. Speech production and perception\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Processing models\n 3. History of the question\n 4. Important variables\n 5. Sources of evidence\n 6. Results of empirical studies\n 7. Conclusion\n 8. References\n 164. Speech errors\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Speech errors and linguistic theory\n 3. The structure of the lexicon\n 4. Rules and accommodations\n 5. Conclusion\n 6. References\n 165. First language acquisition\n 1. Acquiring morphology\n 2. Inflection\n 3. Derivation\n 4. Summary\n 5. References\n 166. Second language acquisition\n 1. Morpheme-acquisition order\n 2. Inherent inflectional morphology\n 3. Contextual inflection\n 4. Case marking\n 5. Derivation\n 6. Compounding\n 7. References\n 167. Sprachstörungen\n 1. Einleitung\n 2. Aphasie\n 3. Sprachentwicklungsauffälligkeiten\n 4. Zitierte Literatur\nXX. Morphologie in der Praxis / \rMorphology in practice\n 168. Field work\n 1. Introduction\n 2. Getting to the language\n 3. Collecting the data\n 4. Identifying the meaning\n 5. Resistant problems\n 6. Technical helps\n 7. References\n 169. Interlinear morphemic glossing\n 1. Basic concepts\n 2. Prerequisites of morphological analysis\n 3. Principles of interlinear glossing\n 4. Boundary symbols\n 5. Typographic conventions\n 6. Summary\n 7. References\n 170. Grammaticography\n 1. General problems\n 2. Grammaticographic problems in morphology\n 3. Structure of a grammar\n 4. Descriptive devices\n 5. References\n 171. Lexicography\n 1. Morphology in dictionaries\n 2. Morphological models\n 3. Morphology and lexicography\n 4. References\n 172. Computational linguistics\n 1. Computational linguistics\n 2. Models of morphology in computational linguistics\n 3. Morphology in language technology\n 4. Morphology learning\n 5. Morphology tools for linguists\n 6. References\nXXI. Morphologie und Nachbardisziplinen / \rMorphology and related fields\n 173. Namenkunde\n 1. Eigennamen und ihre Funktionen\n 2. Interne onymische Morphologie\n 3. Externe onymische Morphologie\n 4. Zitierte Literatur\n 174. Etymologie\n 1. Was ist Etymologie?\n 2. Etymologie und Wortbildungslehre\n 3. Etymologie und Wortgeschichte\n 4. Die Wortprägung\n 5. Theoretische Voraussetzungen\n 6. Erschließungsmethoden\n 7. Zitierte Literatur\n 175. Schriftsysteme\n 1. Sprachsystem und Schriftsystem\n 2. Morphologische Aspekte in logographischen Schriftsystemen\n 3. Morphologische Aspekte in phonographischen Schriftsystemen\n 4. Zum Parameter der “Tiefe”\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\n 176. Terminology in special languages\n 1. Introduction\n 2. What are ‘special languages’?\n 3. The lexicon in special languages\n 4. Term formation: morphological trends\n 5. Standardisation in term formation\n 6. Appendix\n 7. References\n 177. Sprachunterricht\n 1. Eingrenzung des komplexen Themas\n 2. Konzepte für das Lehren und Lernen einer Sprache\n 3. Konzepte pädagogischer Grammatiken für den\rFremdsprachenunterricht\n 4. Grammatik im muttersprachlichen Unterricht\n 5. Zitierte Literatur\nVerzeichnis der Abkürzungen / List of Abbreviations\n 1. Deutsch\n 2. English\nSprachenkarten / \rLanguage maps\n 1. Afrika/Africa\n 2. Australien/Australia\n 3. Europa und Nahost/Europe and Near East\n 4. Nordasien/North Asia\n 5. Nordamerika/North America\n 6. Südamerika/South America\n 7. Südostasien/South East Asia\nNamenregister / Index of names\nSprachenregister / Index of languages\nSachregister / Index of subjects