دانلود کتاب Mosby’s® Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests

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Front Cover
Inside Front cover
Half Title
Mosby’s® Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests
Copyright
Dedication
Quick Tips for Using this Manual
Preface
Contents
Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases
Addison’s disease
Adrenal functional abnormalities
AIDS/Immunologic deficiency
Allergy
Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
Anemia
Arthritis
Back pain
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Bladder cancer
Bowel obstruction
Breast cancer
Carcinoid
Cardiac arrhythmia
Celiac disease
Cervical cancer
Cirrhosis
Coagulation abnormalities
Colorectal cancer
Coma
Congestive heart failure
Coronary occlusive disease
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Gallbladder/biliary disease
Gastro-esophageal reflux
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Hematuria
Hemolysis
Hypertension
Infertility
Inflammatory bowel disease
Iron deficiency anemia
Jaundice
Leukemia/lymphoma
Liver diseases/failure
Lung cancer
Lupus erythematosus
Maternal/fetal evaluation
Menopause
Osteoporosis
Ovarian cancer
Pancreatitis
Parathyroid functional abnormalities
Peptic ulcer
Pheochromocytoma
Pituitary functional abnormalities
Pneumonia
Prostate cancer
Pulmonary disease acute/chronic
Renal disease
Renal failure
Rheumatoid arthritis
Sarcoidosis
Sexual assault
Sexually transmitted diseases
Shortness of breath
Sleep apnea
Streptococcus infection
Stroke syndrome
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombosis
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid functional abnormalities
Transfusion reaction
Tuberculosis
Urinary stones
Vascular disease
Chapter 1 Guidelines for Proper Test Preparation and Performance
Coding for diagnostic and laboratory tests
Genetic testing
Laboratory methods
Latex Agglutination
Agglutination Inhibition
Hemagglutination
Electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunofixation Electrophoresis
Immunoassay
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Autoimmune Enzyme Immunoassay
Chemiluminescent Immunoassays
Fluorescent Immunoassays
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Standard precautions
Cultural sensItivity in testing
Age-related concerns in the elderly
Proper sequencing and scheduling of tests
Procedure and patient care
Before the Test
Patient Identification
Patient Education
Variables Affecting Test Results
Age.
Gender.
Race.
Pregnancy.
Food Ingestion.
Posture.
During Testing
Specimen Collection
Transport and Processing of the Specimen
A Note About SI Units
After the Test
Reporting Test Results
Chapter 2 Blood Studies
Overview
Reasons for obtaining blood studies
Methods of blood collection
Venous Puncture
Background Information
Collection Tubes
Technique
Before
During
After
Potential Complications
Preventing Interfering Factors
Drawing Blood From an Indwelling Venous Catheter
Drawing a Panel of Blood Studies
Arterial Puncture
Background Information
Technique
Before
During
After
Potential Complications
Skin Puncture (Heel Stick)
Background Information
Technique
Before
During
After
Potential Complications
Timing of blood collectioN
Transport and processing of blood specimens
Reporting of results
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Panel (AChR Ab, Anti–AChR Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Acid Phosphatase (Prostatic Acid Phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase [TRAP])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Activated Clotting Time (ACT, Activated Coagulation Time)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Adiponectin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Adrenal Steroid Precursors (Androstenediones [AD], Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate [DHEA S], ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation (ACTH Stimulation With Cosyntropin, Cortisol Stimulation)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Rapid Test
24-Hour Test
3-Day Test
Test results and clinical significance
Exaggerated Response
Normal or Below-Normal Response
Related tests
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation With Metyrapone (Metyrapone, ACTH Stimulation With Metyrapone)
Normal findings
24-Hour Urine
Blood
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Blood
Urine
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Analysis (Y402H and A69S)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Increased
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, formerly Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase [SGPT])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Significantly Increased Levels
Moderately Increased Levels
Mildly Increased Levels
Related tests
Aldolase
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Muscular Diseases
Muscle Injury
Hepatocellular Diseases
Myocardial Infarction
Decreased Levels
Related test
Aldosterone
Normal findings
Blood
Urine
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Primary Aldosteronism
Secondary Aldosteronism
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Allergy Blood Testing (IgE Antibody Test, Radioallergosorbent Test [RAST])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure
Test results and clinical significance
Allergy-related Diseases
Related tests
Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT, A1AT, AAT Phenotyping)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Alpha1-Fetoprotein)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care*
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Maternal Serum Levels
Increased Nonmaternal Serum Levels
Decreased Maternal Levels
Related tests
Aluminum (Chromium and Other Heavy Metals)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Amino Acid Profiles (Amino Acid Screen)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care*
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Blood Levels
Decreased Blood Levels
Increased Urine Levels
Related test
Ammonia
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Amylase, Blood
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Angiotensin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme [SACE])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Anion Gap (AG, R factor)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Anticentromere Antibody (Centromere Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive
Related test
Antichromatin Antibody (Antinucleosome Antibodies [Anti-NCS], Antihistone Antibody [Anti-HST, AHA])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Anticyclic-Citrullinated Peptide Antibody (Citrullinated Peptide Antibody, CCP IgG, Anti-CCP) and Anti-Mutated Citrullinate ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin, Arginine Vasopressin [AVP])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Antidiuretic Hormone Suppression (ADH Suppression, Water Load)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Siadh
Other Hyponatremic or Edematous States (see Box 2.4)
Related tests
Anti-DNA Antibody (Antideoxyribonucleic Acid Antibodies, Antibody to Double-Stranded DNA, Anti–Double-Stranded DNA [Anti–ds ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Antiextractable Nuclear Antigen (Anti-ENA, Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens, Anti–Jo-1 [Antihistidyl Transfer Syn ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Anti-SM Antibodies
Increased Anti-RNP Antibodies
Increased Anti-Jo Antibodies
Related tests
Anti–Factor Xa (Anti-Xa)
Normal findings
Adults and Children > 8 weeks
Children < 8 weeks
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased levels
Related tests
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Anti-GBM Antibody, AGBM, Glomerular Basement Antibody, Goodpasture’s Antibody)
Normal findings
Tissue
Blood (by Enzyme Immunoassay [EIA])
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive
Related tests
Anti–Glycan Antibodies (Crohn Disease Prognostic Panel, Multiple Sclerosis Antibody Panel)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Anti-Liver/Kidney Microsomal Type 1 Antibodies (Anti-LKM-1 Antibodies)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA, Mitochondrial Antibodies)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Antimyocardial Antibody (AMA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Anti–Parietal Cell Antibody (APCA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Anti-PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100 Antibodies (PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100 Antibodies)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Anti-RNA Polymerase Antibody (Anti-RNA Polymerase I, II, III, RNAP, ARA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significances
Related tests
Antiscleroderma Antibody (Scl-70 Antibody, Anti-topoisomerase I, Scleroderma Antibody, RNA Polymerase III Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive
Related test
Anti–Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA, F-Actin Smooth Muscle Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Antispermatozoal Antibody (Sperm Agglutination and Inhibition, Sperm Antibodies, Antisperm Antibodies, Infertility Screen)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Sperm Specimen
Vaginal Mucus Specimen
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Anti–SS-A (Ro), Anti–SS–B (La), and Anti–SS-C Antibody (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren Antibodies)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive
Related tests
Antithrombin Activity and Antigen Assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III] Activity/Assay, Functional Antithrombin III Assay, Hepar ...
Normal findings
Antithrombin Activity
Antithrombin Antigen Assay
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Antithyroglobulin Antibody (Thyroid Autoantibody, Thyroid Antithyroglobulin Antibody, Thyroglobulin Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab, Antithyroid Microsomal Antibody, Thyroid Autoantibody, Thyroid Microsoma ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Apolipoproteins (Apolipoprotein A-I [Apo A-I], Apolipoprotein B [Apo B], Lipoprotein [a] [Lp(a)], Apolipoprotein E [Apo E])
Normal findings
Apo A-I
Apo B
Apo A-I/Apo B Ratio
Lipoprotein (a)
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Apo A-I
Apo B
Lipoprotein (a)
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance*
Related Test
Arterial Blood Gases (Blood Gases, ABG)
Normal findings
pH
Pco2
HCO3–
Po2
O2 Saturation
O2 Content
Base Excess
Alveolar to Arterial O2 Difference
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
pH
Pco2
HCO3– or CO2 Content
Po2
O2 Saturation
O2 Content
Base Excess/Deficit
Alveolar (A) to Arterial (a) O2 Difference (A-a Gradient)
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance (See Table 2.9, page 105)
Increased pH (Alkalosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Decreased pH (Acidosis)
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Increased Pco2
Decreased Pco2
Increased HCO3–
Decreased HCO3–
Increased Po2 and O2 Content
Decreased Po2 and O2 Content
Increased A-a O2 Gradient
Related tests
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Formerly Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Liver Diseases
Skeletal Muscle Diseases
Other Diseases
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP, Chemistry panel, Chem 7, Sequential multiple analysis [SMA] 7, SMAC 7, Chemistry Screen)
Electrolytes
Kidney tests
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significances
Increased Levels
Related tests
Bile Acids (Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Deoxycholic Acid, Ursodeoxycholic Acid)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Bile Acids
Decreased Bile Acids
Related tests
Bilirubin
Normal findings
Blood
Urine
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Blood
Urine
Urine Testing With Multistix Reagent Strips
Urine Testing With Icotest Tablets
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Blood Levels of Conjugated (Direct) Bilirubin
Increased Blood Levels of Unconjugated (Indirect) Bilirubin
Increased Urine Levels of Bilirubin
Related tests
Blood Typing (Blood Group Microarray Testing)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
ABO System
Rh Factors
Other Blood Typing Systems
Blood Crossmatching
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, Urea Nitrogen)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Prerenal Causes
Renal Causes
Postrenal Azotemia
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Brain Trauma Indicator (BTI, Ubiquitin Carboxy-Terminal Hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein [GFAP])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Calcitonin (Human Calcitonin [HCT], Thyrocalcitonin)
Normal findings
Basal (Plasma)
Calcium Infusion (2.4 mg/kg)
Pentagastrin Injection (0.5 mcg/kg)
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Calcium, Blood (Total/Ionized Calcium, Ca)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hypercalcemia)
Decreased Levels (Hypocalcemia)
Related tests
Cancer Tumor Markers (Tumor Markers [TM], Tumor-associated Markers)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Carbon Dioxide Content (CO2 Content, CO2-Combining Power, Bicarbonate [HCO3−])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon Monoxide [CO])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Cell-Free Maternal DNA Testing (Prenatal Cell-Free DNA Screening, Noninvasive Prenatal Testing [NIPT], Cell-Free DNA in Mat ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Cell Surface Immunophenotyping (Flow Cytometry Cell Surface Immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping, AIDS T-Lymphoc ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Ceramides
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significane
Related tests
Ceruloplasmin (Cp)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Chloride, Blood (Cl)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hyperchloremia)
Decreased Levels (Hypochloremia)
Related tests
Cholesterol
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase [PChE], Cholinesterase RBC, Red Blood Cell Cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Serum Levels
Decreased Serum Levels
Increased RBC Levels
Decreased RBC Levels
Chromosome Karyotype (Blood Chromosome Analysis, Chromosome Studies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Abnormal Findings
Related tests
Coagulating Factor Concentration (Factor Assay, Coagulating Factors, Blood-Clotting Factors)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Fibrinogen
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Prothrombin
Decreased Levels
Proaccelerin
Decreased Levels
Proconvertin Stable Factor
Decreased Levels
Antihemophilic Factor
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Von Willebrand Factor
Decreased Levels (von Willebrand Disease)
Christmas Factor
Decreased Levels
Stuart Factor
Decreased Levels
Hageman Factor
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Coagulation Profile (Coagulation panel)
Cold Agglutinins
Normal findings
Indication
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Complement Assay (Total, C3, and C4 Complement)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Complete Blood Cell Count and Differential Count (CBC and Diff)
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP, Chem 12, Chemistry panel, SMA 12 [Sequential Multiple Analysis], SMA 20)
Coombs Test, Direct (Direct Antiglobulin Test [DAT])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Coombs Test, Indirect (Blood Antibody Screening, Indirect Antiglobulin Test [IAT])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (CRH Stimulation Test)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Cortisol, Blood (Hydrocortisone, Serum Cortisol, Salivary Cortisol Total Cortisol, Free Cortisol)
Normal findings
Serum
Saliva
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Blood
Saliva
Urine
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide Insulin, Insulin C-Peptide, Proinsulin C-Peptide)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
C-Reactive Protein (CRP, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein [hs-CRP], Ultra-sensitive CRP)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Creatine Kinase (CK, Creatine Phosphokinase [CPK])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels of Total CK
Increased Levels of CK-BB
Increased Levels of CK-MB
Increased Levels of CK-MM
Related tests
Creatinine, Blood (Serum Creatinine)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Cryoglobulin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Antibodies (Indirect IFA Antibodies, Anti–Basement Zone Antibodies, Anti–Cell Surface Antibodi ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive
Related test
Cytokines
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Cytolethal Distending Toxin B (CdtB) and Antivinculin Antibodies
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
After
Test results and clinical significance
d-Dimer (Fragment d-Dimer, Fibrin Degradation Product [FDP], Fibrin Split Products)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Dexamethasone Suppression (DS, Prolonged/Rapid DS, Cortisol Suppression, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [ACTH] Suppression)
Normal findings
Prolonged Method
Rapid (Overnight) Method
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Prolonged Test
Rapid Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Adrenal Hyperfunction (Cushing Syndrome)
Related tests
Diabetes Mellitus Autoantibody Panel (Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies, Insulin Autoantibody [IAA], Islet Cell Antibody [ ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in Erythrocytes)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Screening (DIC Screening)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Related test
Drug Monitoring (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring [TDM])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Pharmacogenetics (Genotyping for drug monitoring)
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Drug Sensitivity Genotype Testing (AccuType)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Epstein–Barr Virus Testing (EBV Antibody Titer)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Erythrocyte Fragility (Osmotic Fragility [OF], Red Blood Cell Fragility)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Erythrocyte Fragility
Decreased Erythrocyte Fragility
Related tests
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR, Sed Rate Test)
Normal findings
Westergren Method
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Falsely Decreased Levels
Related tests
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Estrogen Fraction (Estriol Excretion, Estradiol, Estrone)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol, Blood Alcohol, Blood EtOH)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Factor V-Leiden (FVL, Leiden Factor V, Mutation Analysis)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Febrile Antibodies (Febrile Agglutinins)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Ferritin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Fetal Hemoglobin Testing (Kleihauer-Betke Test)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Fetal Scalp Blood pH
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative Fibrinogen)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Folic Acid (Folate)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Galectin-3 (GAL-3)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP, g-GTP, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase [GGT])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Gastrin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Gliadin, Endomysial, and Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (tTG)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Glucagon
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Glucose, Blood (Blood Sugar, Fasting Blood Sugar [FBS])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hyperglycemia)
Decreased Levels (Hypoglycemia)
Related tests
Glucose, Postprandial (2-Hour Postprandial Glucose [2-Hour PPG], 2-Hour Postprandial Blood Sugar, 1-Hour Glucose Screen for ...
Normal findings
2-Hour PPG
1-Hour Glucose Screen for Gestational Diabetes
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD Screen, G-6-PD Quantification, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency [ ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Glucose Tolerance (GT, Oral Glucose Tolerance [OGT])
Normal findings
Plasma Test
Urine
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], Diabetic Control Index, Glycated Protei ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Growth Hormone (GH, Human Growth Hormone [HGH], Somatotropin Hormone [SH])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone Suppression Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Growth Hormone Stimulation (GH Provocation, Insulin Tolerance [IT], Arginine)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Haptoglobin
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Heinz Body Preparation
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Hematocrit (Hct, Packed Red Blood Cell Volume, Packed Cell Volume [PCV])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hgb Electrophoresis)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Hepatitis Virus Studies (Hepatitis-Associated Antigen [HAA], Australian Antigen)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total Hexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Hexosaminidase
Decreased Hexosaminidase A and B
Related tests
HIV Drug Resistance Testing (HIV Genotype, HIV Tropism)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Drug Resistance
Related tests
HIV RNA Quantification (HIV Viral Load)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
HIV Serologic and Virologic Testing (AIDS Serology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Serology, AIDS Screen, Human Immunodeficiency ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Homocysteine (HCY)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG, Pregnancy Tests, hCG Beta Subunit)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA Antigen, HLA-B27 Antigen, Human Leukocyte A Antigen, White Blood Cell Antigens, Histocompatib ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive for HLA Antigens
Human Placental Lactogen ([hPL], Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin [HCS])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus ([HTLV] I/II Antibody)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
21-Hydroxylase Antibodies
Normal findings
Indication
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Immunoglobulin Quantification
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased IgA Levels
Decreased IgA Levels
Increased IgG Levels
Decreased IgG Levels
Increased IgM Levels
Decreased IgM Levels
Increased IgE Levels
Decreased IgE Levels
Related tests
Insulin Assay
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1, Somatomedin C, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins [IGF BP])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Intrinsic Factor Antibody (IF ab)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Iron Level (Fe), Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC), Transferrin, Transferrin Saturation
Normal findings
Iron
TIBC
Transferrin
Transferrin Saturation
Indications
Test explanation
Serum Iron
TIBC and Transferrin
TIBC and Transferrin Saturation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Serum Iron Levels
Decreased Serum Iron Levels
Increased TIBC or Transferrin Levels
Decreased TIBC or Transferrin Levels
Increased Transferrin Saturation or TIBC Saturation
Decreased Transferrin Saturation or TIBC Saturation
Related testS
Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Lactic Acid (Lactate)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase)
Normal findings
Total LDH
Isoenzymes
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Lactose Tolerance (Hydrogen breath test, Breath test)
Normal findings
Blood
Breath
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related test
Legionnaires Disease Antibody
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP, Aminopeptidase Cytosol)
Normal findings
Blood
Urine
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Lipase (Pancreatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2, PLAC Test)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Lipoproteins (High-Density Lipoproteins [HDL, HDL-C] Low-Density Lipoproteins [LDL, LDL-C], Very Low–Density Lipoproteins [ ...
Normal findings
HDL
LDL
VLDL
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased HDL
Decreased HDL
Increased LDL and VLDL
Decreased LDL and VLDL
Related tests
Liquid Biopsy (Fluid biopsy, Fluid phase biopsy)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Liver Function Tests (LFTs, Liver Profile, Hepatic Function Panel)
Normal values
Luteinizing Hormone (LH, Lutropin) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Assay
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Lyme Disease
Normal findings
Borrelia Burgdorferi Antibody EIA (Lyme Index Value [LIV])
Western Blot
PCR
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Magnesium (Mg)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Marijuana (THC) Test (Cannabinoid or Cannabis Testing, Tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] Testing)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Maternal Screen Testing (Maternal Triple Screen, Maternal Quadruple Screen)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Positive Serum Screening Tests
Related tests
Measles Rubeola Antibody
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Metal Testing (lead, arsenic, mercury)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Metanephrine, Plasma Free (Fractionated Metanephrines)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Methylated Septin 9 DNA Assay (mSEPT9, ColoVantage)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein)
Normal findings
Beta-2 Microglobulin
Alpha 1 Microglobulin
Retinol-Binding Protein (RBP)
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical implications
Increased Urine Levels
Increased Serum Levels
Related tests
Mononucleosis Rapid Test (Mononuclear Heterophil Test, Heterophil Antibody Test, Monospot Test)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antibodies, IgG and IgM
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Myoglobin
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Natriuretic Peptides (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [ANP], Brain Natriuretic Peptide [BNP], C-Type Natriuretic Peptide [CNP], ...
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Neutrophil Antibody Screen (Granulocyte Antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte Antibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte Antibodies, A ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2)
Normal finding
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Newborn Metabolic Screening
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
5\'-Nucleotidase
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Osmolality, Blood (Serum Osmolality)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Pancreatic Elastase (PE, Elastase-1, EL1, Fecal Elastase, Pancreatopeptidase)
Normal findings
Stool
Serum
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Stool Levels
Elevated Serum Levels
Decreased Serum Levels
Related tests
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Parathormone)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Partial Thromboplastin Time, Activated (aPTT, Partial Thromboplastin Time [PTT])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Parvovirus B19 Antibody
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Pepsinogen
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Values
Related tests
Pheochromocytoma Suppression and Provocative Testing (Clonidine suppression test [CST], Glucagon stimulation test)
Normal findings
Glucagon Stimulation
Clonidine Suppression
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Glucagon Provocative Test
Clonidine Suppression Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Phosphate (PO4), Phosphorus (P)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hyperphosphatemia)
Decreased Levels (Hypophosphatemia)
Related tests
Phosphatidylinositol Antigen (PI-Linked Antigen)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies (Anti-PLA2R)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Placental Growth Factor (PGF, Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1[sFlt-1])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Plasminogen (Fibrinolysin)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Antigen/Activity (PAI-1)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Platelet Aggregation
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Hypoactive Platelet Aggregation
Hyperactive Aggregation
Related tests
Platelet Antibody (Antiplatelet antibody detection)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Platelet Count (Thrombocyte Count)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Thrombocytosis)
Decreased Levels (Thrombocytopenia)
Related tests
Platelet Function Assay (Platelet Closure Time, PCT, Aspirin Resistance Tests, Bleeding Time [BT], 11-Dehydro-Thromboxane B ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Prolonged Times or Increased Values
Intrinsic Platelet Defects
Platelet/Blood Vessel Interaction Defects
Elevated 11-dTXB2
Related tests
Platelet Volume, Mean (Mean Platelet Volume [MPV])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Potassium, Blood (K)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hyperkalemia)
Decreased Levels (Hypokalemia)
Related tests
Prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-Binding Prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin)
Normal findings
Blood
Urine (24-Hour)
CSF
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Procalcitonin (PCT, ProCT)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Progesterone Assay
Normal findings*
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Prolactin Level (PRL)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Protein (Protein Electrophoresis, Immunofixation Electrophoresis [IFE], Serum Protein Electrophoresis [SPEP], Albumin, Glob ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Blood
Urine
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Albumin Levels
Decreased Albumin Levels
Increased Alpha1 Globulin Levels
Decreased Alpha1 Globulin Levels
Increased Alpha2 Globulin Levels
Decreased Alpha2 Globulin Levels
Increased Beta Globulin Levels
Decreased Beta Globulin Levels
Increased Gamma Globulin Levels
Decreased Gamma Globulin Levels
Increased Blood Monoclonal Immunoglobulins
Increased Blood Polyclonal Immunoglobulins
Increased Urine Monoclonal Immunoglobulins
Related test
Protein C, Protein S
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Prothrombin Time (PT, Pro-Time, International Normalized Ratio [INR])
Normal findings*
Possible Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Prolonged PT)
Related tests
Rabies-Neutralizing Antibody Test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count, Erythrocyte Count)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Red Blood Cell Indices (RBC Indices, Mean Corpuscular Volume [MCV], Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin [MCH], Mean Corpuscular Hem ...
Normal findings
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
Indications
Test explanation
Mean Corpuscular Volume
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased MCV
Decreased MCV
Increased MCH
Decreased MCH
Increased MCHC
Decreased MCHC
Increased RDW
Related tests
Renin Assay, Plasma (Renin Activity, Plasma Renin Activity [PRA], Plasma Renin Concentration [PRC])
Normal findings
Plasma Renin Assay
Renal Vein
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Reticulocyte Count (Retic Count)
Normal findings
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocyte Index
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Rheumatoid Factor (RF, Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] Factor)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Ribosome P Antibodies (Ribosomal P Ab, Anti-Ribosome P Antibodies)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Rubella Antibody (German Measles, Hemagglutination Inhibition [HAI])
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and Chromogranin A
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test explanation and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Sickle Cell Screen (Sickledex, Hemoglobin S [Hgb S])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Sodium, Blood (Na)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hypernatremia)
Increased Sodium Intake
Decreased Sodium Loss
Excessive Free Body Water Loss
Decreased Levels (Hyponatremia)
Decreased Sodium Intake
Increased Sodium Loss
Increased Free Body Water
Related tests
Streptococcus Serologic Testing (Antistreptolysin O Titer [ASO], Antideoxyribonuclease-B Titer [Anti-DNase-B, ADB], Str ...
Normal findings
Antistreptolysin O Titer
Antideoxyribonuclease-B Titer (Anti-DNase-B [ADB], ADNase-B)
Streptozyme
Streptococcus Group B Antigen
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Syphilis Detection (Serologic Test for Syphilis [STS], Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid Plasma Reagin [RP ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Positive Results
Testosterone (Total Testosterone Serum Level)
Normal findings
Free Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Male)
Decreased Levels (Male)
Increased Levels (Female)
Related test
Thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Hypocoagulability
Hypercoagulability
Related tests
Thrombosis Indicators (Fibrin Monomers [Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)], Fibrin Split Products [FSPs], Fibrinopeptide A ...
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-Stimulated Thyroglobulin)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin)
Normal findings*
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation (TSH Stimulation)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI, Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulin ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (TRH Stimulation Test, Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulation Test [TRF St ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG, Thyroid-Binding Globulin)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Thyroxine, Total and Free (T4, Thyroxine Screen, FT4)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Toxoplasmosis Antibody Titer
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Transferrin Receptor Assay (TfR)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Plasma TfR
Decreased Plasma TfR
Related tests
Triglycerides (TGs)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Triiodothyronine (Total T3 Radioimmunoassay [T3 by RIA], Free T3)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Troponins (Cardiac-Specific Troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-Specific Troponin I [cTnI])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Uric Acid, Blood
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Hyperuricemia)
Increased Production of Uric Acid
Decreased Excretion of Uric Acid
Decreased Levels
Related test
Uroporphyrinogen-1-Synthase
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Vitamin B12 and Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D2 and D3; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
West Nile Virus Testing
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
White Blood Cell Count and Differential Count (WBC and Differential, Leukocyte Count, Neutrophil Count, Lymphocyte Count, M ...
Normal findings
Total WBCs
Differential Count
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased WBC Count (Leukocytosis)
Decreased WBC Count (Leukopenia)
Increased or Decreased Differential Results
Related tests
d-Xylose Absorption (Xylose Tolerance)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related test
Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Chapter 3 Electrodiagnostic Tests
Reasons for performing electrodiagnostic studies
Procedural care for electrodiagnostic studies
Before
During
After
Potential complications of electrodiagnostic studies
Cardiac Stress Testing
Contraction Stress Test
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Prolonged Latency for VERs
Prolonged Latency for ABEPs
Abnormal Latency for SERs
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 4 Endoscopic Studies
Indications for endoscopy
Instrumentation
Procedural care for the endoscopy patient
Pulmonary and gastrointestinal endoscopy
Before
During
After
Operative endoscopy and endourology
Before
During
After
Potential complications of endoscopy
Perforation of Organ or Cavity
Persistent Bleeding From a Biopsy Site
Respiratory Depression as a Result of Oversedation
Infections and Transient Bacteremia
Aspiration When Upper Airway or Upper GI Tract Was Evaluated
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 5 Fluid Analysis Studies
Reasons for performing fluid analysis
Procedural care for fluid analysis
Before
During
After
Potential complications of fluid analysis testing
Reporting results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significances
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Nipple Discharge
Cyst Aspiration
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factorS
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Pressure
Color
Blood
Cells
Culture and Sensitivity
Protein
Glucose
Chloride
Lactic Dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid
Cytology
Tumor Markers
Serology for Syphilis
Glutamine
C-Reactive Protein
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Exudate
Transudate
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Gross Appearance
Cell Counts
Protein Content
Lactic Dehydrogenase
Glucose
Amylase
Triglyceride
Gram Stain and Bacteriologic Culture
Cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Fungus
Cytology
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Special Tests
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Exudate
Transudate
Related tests
Chapter 6 Manometric Studies
Procedural care for manometric studies
Before
During
After
Potential complications of manometric studies
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Manometric Studies
Acid Reflux With pH Probe
Acid Clearing
Bernstein Test (Acid Perfusion)
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Positive Pressure Test
Negative Pressure Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Positive: >  20 Petechiae
Related tests
Normal findings
Maximal Urethral Pressures in Normal Patients (cm H 2 O)
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 7 Microbiologic Studies and Associated Testing
Overview
Reasons for performing microbiologic studies
Procedural care for microbiologic studies
Before
During
After
Laboratory handling of specimens
Reporting of results
Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear (AFB Smear)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Blood C&S)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Blood Smear (Peripheral Blood Smear, Red Blood Cell Morphology, RBC Smear, WBC Differential)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
RBC Size Abnormalities
RBC Shape Abnormalities
RBC Color Abnormalities
RBC Intracellular Structure
WBC Examination
Platelet Examination
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Bone Marrow Biopsy (Bone Marrow Examination, Bone Marrow Aspiration)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Breast Cancer Tumor Analysis (Breast Cancer Predictors, DNA Ploidy Status, S-Phase Fraction, Cathepsin D, HER 2 [c erbB2, n ...
Normal findings
DNA Ploidy
S-Phase Fraction
HER 2 Protein
Cathepsin D
p53 Protein
Ki67 Protein
Indications
Test explanation
Ploidy (DNA Index) and S-Phase Fraction
Cathepsin D
HER-2 (c erbB2, neu) Protein
p53 Protein
Ki67 Protein
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Cervical Biopsy (Punch Biopsy, Endocervical Biopsy, LEEP Cervical Biopsy, Cone Biopsy, Conization)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chlamydia
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Coronavirus Testing (SARS, MERS, Covid 19)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Endometrial Biopsy
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Estrogen Receptor Assay (ER Assay, ERA, Estradiol Receptor)
Normal findings
Immunohistochemistry
Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Fungal Infection Testing (Antifungal Antibodies, Beta-D-glucan (1 → 3)-ß-D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal Culture, Fun ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Herpes Simplex (Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 [HSV 1 and 2], Herpes Genitalis)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Urethral Culture
Cervical Culture
Blood for Serologic Study
Molecular PCR Tissue and Other Fluids
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Liver Biopsy
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Lung Biopsy
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Transbronchial Lung Biopsy
Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
Transcatheter Bronchial Brushing
Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
Open Lung Biopsy
Thoracoscopic Biopsy
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Lung Cancer Molecular Testing (Lung Cancer Genomic Testing, AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor [EGFR], HER2, ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Pancreatobiliary FISH Testing
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Papanicolaou Test (Pap Test, Pap Smear, Cytologic Test for Cancer, Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology [LBCC], ThinPrep)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Parkinson Disease Testing
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Pleural Biopsy
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Primary Immunodeficiency Genetic Testing (PID Genetic Testing, Genetic Testing for PID)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significances
Related tests
Progesterone Receptor Assay (PR Assay, PRA, PgR)
Normal findings
Immunochemistry
Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Prostate Cancer Genomics (Prostate Cancer Molecular Testing, Oncotype DX Prostate Genotyping, Prolaris, ProMark, Decipher)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Sexually Transmitted Disease Testing (Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Testing, STD Culture, Culture of Cervix, Urethra ...
Normal findings
Indication
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Cervical Culture
Anal Canal Culture
Oropharyngeal Culture
Urethral Culture
Urine Culture
Pap Smear ThinPrep
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Skin Biopsy (Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology, Direct Immunofluoresce ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C&S, Sputum Culture, and Gram Stain)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Sputum Cytology
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Throat and Nose Cultures and Sensitivity
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Thyroid Cancer Genomic Testing (Gene Expression Classifier (GEC), Gene Sequencing Classifier, Medullary Thyroid Malignancy ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-Needle Thyroid Biopsy, Fine Needle Aspiration [FNA])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, BACTEC Method, Polymerase Chain Reaction, AFB Smear)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Tuberculosis Testing (TB Testing, Interferon Gamma Release Assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB Gol ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Varicella Virus Testing (Antibody Testing for Varicella Zoster Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus [VZV], Herpes Virus-3)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Virus Testing
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related testS
Wound and Soft-Tissue Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Zika Virus (ZIKV)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Chapter 8 Nuclear Scanning
Reasons for performing nuclear medicine studies
Procedural care for nuclear scans
Before
During
After
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications 
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
GE Reflux Scan
Aspiration Scan
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Ventilation Scan
Perfusion Scan
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Neurology
Cardiology
Oncology
Bone
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Renal Blood Flow (Perfusion) Scan
Renal Structural Scan
Renal Function Scan (Renogram)
Renal Hypertension Scan
Renal Obstruction Scan
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Testicular Blood Flow
Decreased Testicular Blood Flow
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Chapter 9 Stool Tests
Reasons for performing stool studies
Procedural care for stool studies
Before
During
After
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Hemoccult Slide Test
Tablet Test
DNA Home Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Tape Test
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 10 Ultrasound Studies
Reasons for performing ultrasound studies
Principles of ultrasonography
Procedural care for ultrasonography
Before
During
After
Interfering factors
Potential complications
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Abdominal Aorta
Abdominal Cavity
Bile Ducts
Gallbladder
Kidney
Liver
Pancreas
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Venous
Arterial
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Venous Doppler Studies
Arterial Doppler Studies
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 11 Urine Studies
Overview
Reasons for obtaining urine specimens
Types of urine specimens
First Morning Specimen
Random Urine Specimen
Timed Urine Collection
Double-Voided Specimen
Urine Specimen for Culture and Sensitivity
Other Body Fluids
Collection methods
Common Collection Methods
Routine Void Specimen
Midstream and Clean-Catch Specimens
24-Hour Urine Collection
Special Collection Methods
Urethral Catheterization
Suprapubic Aspiration
Pediatric Collections
Transport, storage, and preservation
Urine reagent strips
Reporting of results
Amylase, Urine
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Bence-Jones Protein (Free Kappa and Lambda Light Chains)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
11 Beta-Prostaglandin F(2) Alpha, Urine
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Bladder Cancer Markers (Bladder Tumor Antigen [BTA], Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 [NMP22])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Bone Turnover Markers (BTMs, N-Telopeptide [NTx], Bone Collagen Equivalents [BCEs], Osteocalcin [Bone G1a Protein, BGP, Ost ...
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Chloride, Urine (CI)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Cortisol, Urine (Hydrocortisone, Urine Cortisol, Free Cortisol)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (Aminolevulinic Acid [ALA], δ-ALA)
Normal findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
Glucose, Urine (Urine Sugar)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related tests
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
5-Hydroxindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
17-Ketosteroid (17-KS)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Kidney Stone Analysis (Calculus Stone Analysis)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Microalbumin (MA)
Normal findings
Indication
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Blood
Urine
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Urine Levels
Increased Serum Levels
Related tests
Nicotine and Metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy-Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine)
Normal findings
Urine
Serum
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Blood
Urine
Saliva
After
Test results and clinical significance
Osmolality, Urine
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens (Uroporphyrins, Coproporphyrin, Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin [FEP])
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Porphobilinogens
Porphyrins
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Porphyrias
Related tests
Potassium, Urine (K)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Pregnanediol
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related test
Sodium, Urine (Na)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related tests
Substance Abuse Testing (Urine Drug Testing, Drug Screening)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Toxicology
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Commonly Abused Drugs
Marijuana (Cannabis)
Cocaine (Including Crack)
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Amphetamines (Especially Methamphetamine)
Morphine and Other Narcotic Alkaloids
Barbiturates
Common Toxins
Lead
Other Heavy Metals
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Uric Acid, Urine
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels (Uricosuria)
Decreased Levels
Related test
Urinalysis (UA)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Laboratory Examination
Appearance and Color
Odor
pH
Protein
Glucose
Specific Gravity
Leukocyte Esterase (WBC Esterase)
Nitrites
Ketones
Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
Crystals
Casts
Hyaline Casts.
Cellular Casts.
Granular casts.
Fatty casts.
Waxy casts.
Epithelial cells and casts (renal tubular casts).
White blood cells and casts.
Red blood cells and casts.
Interfering factors
Appearance and Color
Odor
pH
Protein
Specific Gravity
Leukocyte Esterase
Ketones
Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
Crystals
WBCs
RBCs
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
Appearance and color
Odor
pH
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Protein
Increased Levels
Specific gravity
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Leukocyte esterase
Nitrites
Ketones
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Crystals
Granular casts and waxy casts
Fatty casts
Epithelial casts
Epithelial cells
Hyaline casts
RBCs and casts
Increased RBC Levels
Increased RBC Cast Levels
WBCs and casts
Increased WBC Levels
Increased WBC Cast Levels
Related tests
Urine Culture and Sensitivity (Urine C&S)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA), Homovanillic Acid (HVA), and Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, Normet ...
Normal findings
VMA
HVA
Catecholamines
Free Catecholamines
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Dopamine
Metanephrine
Normetanephrine
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Increased Levels
Related test
Water Deprivation (Antidiuretic Hormone [ADH] Stimulation)
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Rise in Urine Osmolality of More Than 9%
Little or No Increase in Urine Osmolality During Deprivation Portion of Test or After Injection
Related tests
Chapter 12 X-Ray Studies
Reason for performing x-ray studies
Principles of radiology
Plain radiography
Fluoroscopy
Tomography
Contrast studies
Digital subtraction angiography
Radiation dose
Radiation Associated With Diagnostic Testing
Risk of radiation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Reporting of results
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Adrenal Angiography
Arteriography of Lower Extremity:
Brain Arteriography
Kidney Arteriography
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Lung
Heart
Chest Wall
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Gallbladder/Biliary System
Kidneys
Adrenal Gland
GI Tract
Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries
Prostate
Retroperitoneum
Peritoneum
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
CTA Abdomen/Pelvis
CTA Chest
CTA Extremity
CTA Head and Neck
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Lung
Heart
Chest Wall
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Cervical
Thoracic/Lumbar/Sacral
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Interfering factors
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS®)
Indications
Screening Mammography Guidelines
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Intravenous Pyelography
Retrograde Pyelography
Antegrade Pyelography
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Small Bowel Enema
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
Operative Cholangiogram
T-Tube Cholangiogram
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related test
Normal findings
Indications
Test explanation
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Test results and clinical significance
Related tests
Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Studies
Overview
Allergy Skin Testing
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Contraindications
Potential Complications
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
Prick-Puncture Method (Scratch Test)
Intradermal Method
Patch Method
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Allergy-Related Diseases
Related Test
Bioterrorism Infectious Agents Testing (Botulism, Anthrax, Hemorrhagic Fever, Plague, Smallpox, Tularemia, Brucellosis)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Botulism Infection
Anthrax
Hemorrhagic Fever (Yellow Fever)
Plague
Brucellosis
Smallpox
Tularemia
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Breast Cancer Genomics (Oncotype DX Genotyping, MammaPrint)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Cell Culture Drug Resistance Testing (CCDRT, Chemosensitivity Assay, Drug Response Assay)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS, Chorionic Villus Biopsy [CVB])
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Potential Complications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Colorectal Cancer Tumor Analysis (Microsatellite Instability [MSI] Testing, DNA Mismatch Repair [MMR] Genetic Testing, BRAF ...
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Test
Fluorescein Angiography (FA, Ocular Photography)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Potential Complications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Genetic Testing (Breast Cancer [BRCA] and Ovarian Cancer, Colon Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Tay-Sachs Disease, Cystic F ...
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Genetic Testing
Colon Cancer Genetic Testing
Cardiovascular Disease Genetic Testing
Tay-Sachs Disease Genetic Testing
Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Testing
Melanoma Genetic Testing
Hemochromatosis Genetic Testing
Thyroid Cancer Genetic Testing
Paternity Genetic Testing (Parentage Analysis)
Forensic Genetic Testing
Contraindications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Helicobacter pylori Testing (Campylobacter pylori, Anti–Helicobacter pylori Immunoglobulin G [IgG] Antibody, Campylo ...
Normal Findings
Serology
IgM
IgG
Breath Test
Stool Test
Indications
Test Explanation
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Increased Levels
Related Tests
Laboratory Genetics
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Contraindications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NMRI])
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Potential Complications
Contraindications
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Brain
Heart
Breast
Gastrointestinal
Other
Related Test
Oximetry (Pulse Oximetry, Ear Oximetry, Oxygen Saturation)
Normal Findings
Critical Values
Indications
Test Explanation
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Increased Levels
Decreased Levels
Related Tests
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Contraindications
Potential Complications
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
Spirometry and Airflow Rates
Gas Exchange: Diffusing Capacity of Lung (DL)
Inhalation Tests (Bronchial Provocation Studies)
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Sleep Studies (Polysomnography [PSG], Multiple Sleep Latency Tests [MSLT], Multiple Wake Test [MWT])
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
Multiple Sleep Latency Testing
Multiple Wake Testing
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Test (SIBO Test, Lactulose Breath Test, Breath Test)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significances
Tuberculin Skin Testing (TST, Tuberculin Test, Mantoux Test, PPD Test)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Contraindications
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Positive Results
Negative Results
Related Tests
Urea Breath Test (UBT, H. pylori Breath Test)
Normal Findings
Indications
Test Explanation
Interfering Factors
Procedure and Patient Care
Before
During
After
Test Results and Clinical Significance
Related Tests
Illustration Credits
Alphabetical List of Tests
Panel Testing
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Cardiac enzymes
Cardiac risk predictors
Coagulation profile
Complete blood count (CBC)
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) screen
Electrolytes
Lipid profile
Liver profile
Metabolic assay
Renal function
Thyroid function studies
Index
Inside Back Cover
Inside Back Cover-2