دانلود کتاب Mountain Landscapes in Transition: Effects of Land Use and Climate Change

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Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 The World’s Mountains in the Anthropocene
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Recent Climate Change and Its Effects in Major Mountain Systems of the World
1.2.1 Climatic Changes
1.2.1.1 General Overview
1.2.1.2 Regional Overview
1.2.2 Impacts on the Cryosphere and Hydrosphere
1.2.2.1 General Overview
1.2.2.2 Regional Overview
1.2.3 Biotic Responses
1.2.3.1 General Overview
1.2.3.2 Regional Overview
1.3 Effects of Land Use Changes in Major Mountain Systems of the World
1.3.1 General Overview
1.3.2 Regional Overview
1.4 Conclusions
References
Climate Change and Response Processes of Mountain Environments
2 Markers of Climate Change: Analysing Extreme Temperature Indices Over the Himalayan Mountains and Adjoining Punjab Plains
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Study Region
2.3 Database and Methodology
2.3.1 Database
2.3.2 Methodology
2.4 Results and Discussion
2.4.1 Intensity Indices
2.4.1.1 Hottest Day (TXx)
2.4.1.2 Warmest Night (TNx)
2.4.1.3 Coldest Day (TXn)
2.4.1.4 Coldest Night (TNn)
2.4.2 Frequency Indices
2.4.2.1 Summer Days (SU25)
2.4.2.2 Tropical Nights (TR20)
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Spatial Variations and Long-Term Trends (1901–2013) of Rainfall Across Uttarakhand Himalaya, India
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data and Methods
3.2.1 Study Area
3.2.2 Database and Methodology
3.2.2.1 Trend Analysis
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Rainfall
3.3.2 Spatial Patterns of Rainfall Trends
3.3.2.1 Rainfall Trends for 1901–1990
3.3.2.2 Rainfall Trends for 1901–2013
3.3.2.3 Rainfall Variability
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
4 Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity in Glaciers Response Across Western Himalaya
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Western Himalaya (WH)
4.2.1 Glacier Area and Length
4.2.2 Glacier Mass Balance
4.2.2.1 Glaciological Method
4.2.2.2 Geodetic Method
4.2.2.3 Glacier Mass Balance Modelling
4.2.3 Surface Velocity
4.3 Comparison of Glacier Fluctuation with Other Parts of Himalaya
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Temporal Variability of the Satopanth Glacier Facies at Sub-pixel Scale, Garhwal Himalaya, India
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Datasets and Study Techniques
5.4 Results
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Conclusions
References
6 Anticipated Shifting of Thermal and Moisture Boundary Under Changing Climate Across Nepal
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study Area
6.3 Data and Methods
6.3.1 Data
6.3.2 Methods
6.4 Results and Discussions
6.4.1 Anticipated Change in Precipitation and Temperature
6.4.2 Anticipated Change in Thermal Zones
6.4.3 Anticipated Change in Moisture Zones
6.4.4 Discussions
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Quantifying Uncertainties in Climate Change Projection and Its Impact on Water Availability in the Thuli Bheri River Basin, Nepal
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Data and Methodology
7.3.1 Data Collection
7.3.2 Climate Model
7.3.3 Bias Correction and Uncertainty Quantification
7.3.4 Hydrological Modeling
7.3.5 Calibration and Validation
7.4 Results
7.4.1 Bias Correction of Precipitation
7.4.2 Bias Correction of Temperature
7.4.3 Future Annual Precipitation
7.4.4 Future Annual Temperature
7.4.5 SWAT Model Calibration and Validation
7.4.6 Precipitation Uncertainty
7.4.7 Temperature Uncertainty
7.4.8 Discharge Uncertainty
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Decreasing Water Availability as a Threat for Traditional Irrigation-Based Land-Use Systems in the Mustang Himalaya/Nepal
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area Mustang District
8.3 Evidences of Environmental Change in the Mustang Himalaya
8.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Local Land-Use Systems and Communities
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Glaciers, Climate and People: Holocene Transitions in the Stubai Valley
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Material and Methods
9.4 Results
9.4.1 Glaciers and Rock Glaciers
9.4.2 Climate Change
9.4.3 Population and Settlement History
9.4.4 Traffic
9.4.5 Land Use
9.4.6 Natural Disasters
9.5 Discussion and Conclusion: Past, Present and Future Transitions
Authors Contributions
References
10 Environmental and Socio-Economic Consequences of Recent Mountain Glacier Fluctuations in Norway
Abstract
10.1 Introduction—The Importance of Mountain Glaciers in a Global Context
10.2 Mountain Glaciers in Norway
10.3 Pre-Recent History of Mountain Glaciers in Norway
10.4 Mountain Glacier Fluctuations in Norway—From the Twentieth Century to Present
10.4.1 The General Scene
10.4.2 North Norway (Regions North and Central)
10.4.3 South Norway (Regions South Maritime and Continental)
10.5 Predictions and Scenarios for Mountain Glaciers in Norway
10.6 Geomorphological Implications of Mountain Glacier Retreat in Norway
10.6.1 Paraglacial Processes and Glacier-Related Geomorphological Hazards in Norway
10.6.2 Glacier Lake Outburst Floods and Potential Glacier-Related Hazards in Norway
10.7 The Impact of Mountain Glacier Retreat on the Ecosystems in Norway
10.8 The Impact of Mountain Glacier Retreat on the Socio-Economy in Norway
10.9 Conclusion
References
11 Paraglacial Timescale and Sediment Fluxes for Hillslope Land Systems in the Northern Appalachian Mountains of Eastern Canada
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Geographical Settings
11.2.1 Mass-Wasting Processes in the Northern Gaspé Peninsula
11.3 Methodology
11.3.1 Calculation of the H0/Hi Ratio
11.3.2 Radiocarbon Dating
11.3.3 Estimation of Rock Glacier Formation Volume and Sediment Flux
11.4 Results
11.4.1 Morphometric Characteristics of Hillslope Processes
11.4.2 Mid- to Long-Term Sediment Fluxes
11.4.3 Sediment Volumes and Fluxes Related to Rock Glacier Formation
11.5 Discussion
11.5.1 Discrepancies Between Mass-Wasting Processes
11.5.2 Long-Term Evolution of Talus Slopes
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Distance from Retreating Snowfields Influences Alpine Plant Functional Traits at Glacier National Park, Montana
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area
12.2.1 Site Descriptions of Snowfields at Glacier National Park
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Transects and Sampling
12.3.2 Plant Functional Traits
12.3.3 Statistics
12.4 Results
12.4.1 The Distribution of Snowfield Plant Species and Their Functional Traits Along the Gradient of Distance from Snowfields
12.4.2 The Distribution of Snowfield Plant Species and Their Functional Traits Close to the Snow
12.4.3 The Distribution of Snowfield Plant Species and their Functional Traits Away from the Snow
12.4.4 Differences in the Distribution of Snowfield Plant Species and their Functional Traits Among Snowfields
12.5 Discussion of Snowfield Plant Species and Functional Traits
12.5.1 Context and Significance
12.5.2 Long-Term Monitoring of Alpine Ecosystems
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13 Environmental Drivers of Species Composition and Tree Species Density of a Near-Natural Central Himalayan Treeline Ecotone: Consequences for the Response to Climate Change
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Material and Methods
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 Data Collection
13.2.3 Data Analyses
13.3 Results
13.3.1 Plant Communities and Environmental Conditions
13.3.2 Explanation of Variation in Tree Species Density
13.4 Discussion
13.4.1 Species Composition Along the Elevational Gradient
13.4.2 Vegetation–Environment Relationships
13.4.3 Responsiveness of Community Patterns and Tree Species Density to Climate Warming
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Modelling the Ecological Niche of a Treeline Tree Species (Betula utilis) in the Himalayas—A Methodological Overview
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Challenges and Limitations of Ecological Niche Models in High-Altitude Regions
14.2.1 Modelling Treeline Dynamics Under Climate Change
14.2.2 Limitations of Ecological Niche Models and Potentials of Remote Sensing Data
14.3 Conclusions
References
15 Conifer Growth During Warming Hiatus in the Altay-Sayan Mountain Region, Siberia
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.2.1 Study Area
15.2.2 Materials
15.2.3 Methods
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Climate Variables Dynamics
15.3.2 EGC Area Dynamics in the Altai-Sayan Region
15.3.3 Tree Growth Index Dynamics Within Different Elevation Belts
15.3.3.1 Alpine Forest–Tundra Ecotone (2000–2280 m)
15.3.3.2 High (1200–2000 m) and Middle Elevation (800–1200 m) Belts
15.3.3.3 GI Dynamics of Old-Growth Trees Within Refugium
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
16 Climate-Induced Fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) Mortality in the Siberian Mountains
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Study Area
16.2.1.1 Southern Siberian Mountains
16.2.1.2 The Eastern Sayan Mountains Key-Site
16.2.2 Materials
16.2.3 Methods
16.2.3.1 The Eastern Sayan Key-Site
16.2.3.2 Gross Primary Productivity Calculations
16.2.3.3 Fieldwork
16.2.3.4 Dendrochronological Analysis
16.3 Results
16.3.1 The Eastern Sayan Mountains Key-Site
16.3.2 Stand Mortality and GPP Dynamics
16.3.3 Fir Trees’ Growth Index Dynamics
16.3.4 Stands’ Mortality Within the Fir Range in Siberia
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 Climate Change and Dynamics of Vegetation in the Lesser Caucasus: An Overview
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Database and Methodology
17.2.1 Climate
17.2.2 Vegetation
17.3 Climate Change
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Climate Change and Vegetation Dynamics
17.4.2 Change in Rare Ecosystems
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
18 Changing Climate Scenario in High Altitude Regions: Comparison of Observed Trends and Perceptions of Agro-Pastoralists in Darma Valley, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods
18.2.1 Study Area
18.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Precipitation and Temperature Trends
18.3.2 Snow Cover Availability
18.3.3 People’s Perceptions Towards Climate Variable
18.3.4 Comparison of Observed Trends and People’s Perceptions
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19 Current Crisis and Future Woes: The Case of Climate Change in the Drakensberg Mountains Region of Southern Africa and Its Socio-economic Impacts in the Region
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Study Area
19.3 Database and Methodology
19.4 Results
19.5 Discussion and Future Implication
19.6 Conclusion
References
Response Processes of Mountain Environments to Land Use Change
20 Assessment and Prediction of Land Use/Land Cover Changes of Beas Basin Using a Modeling Approach
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Study Area
20.3 Data and Methods
20.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping
20.3.2 Prediction of Land Use/Land Cover
20.4 Results and Discussion
20.4.1 Present Scenario of LULC
20.4.2 Changes in LULC
20.4.3 Predicted LULC
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
21 Dynamics of Land-Use/Cover Change in Mizoram, Eastern Extension of Himalaya
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methods
21.2.1 The Study Area
21.2.2 Methodology
21.3 Results
21.3.1 Land-Use Pattern
21.3.2 Land Cover Change
21.3.3 Forest Land-Use/Cover Change
21.3.4 Agricultural Land-Use/Cover Change
21.4 Case Study
21.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
22 Changing Scenario of Tropical Forests Due to Shifting Cultivation in the Indo-Burma Bio-Geographical Hotspot: A Study on Three Major Hill Ranges of Tripura, North-East India
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Area
22.3 Methodology
22.3.1 Datasets and Pre-processing
22.3.2 Classification Scheme
22.3.3 Detection of Altitude-Wise Shifting Cultivation Area
22.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
22.3.5 Change Detection
22.3.6 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index
22.4 Results and Discussion
22.4.1 Accuracy Assessment
22.4.2 Image Classification
22.4.3 Change Detection
22.4.4 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
22.5 Altitude-Wise Shifting Cultivation Area
22.6 Conclusion and Remarks
References
23 Urbanization in Himalaya—An Interregional Perspective to Land Use and Urban Growth Dynamics
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Interregional Variation in Urbanization
23.2.1 West Versus East
23.2.2 Altitudinal Variation
23.3 Urbanization Impacts on Himalayan Systems
23.3.1 Air
23.3.2 Water
23.3.3 Land and Soil
23.3.4 Biodiversity
23.4 Drivers of Urbanization in Himalaya
23.5 Policy Gaps and Suggestions
23.6 Conclusion
References
24 The Changing Landscape of the Plantation Sector in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Study Area
24.3 Material and Methods
24.4 Results
24.4.1 Historical Land-Use Change in the Central Highlands
24.4.2 Current Land Use in the Central Highlands
24.4.3 Changing Use of the Mountain Landscape by Plantation Companies
24.4.3.1 Expansion of Productive Vegetative Cover Within the Plantation Landscapes
24.4.3.2 Establishing/Improving Forest Cover in Uncultivated Areas
24.4.3.3 Improvements in the Functional Role of Hydro Catchments
24.5 Discussion
24.5.1 Economic Gains
24.5.2 Environmental Gains
24.6 Social Gains
24.7 Challenges and the Way Forward
24.7.1 Technical Challenges
24.7.2 Human-Related Challenges
24.7.3 Way Forward
References
25 Mountain Pastures of Qilian Shan Under Continuous Grazing: Main Environmental Gradients, Vegetation Composition and Soil Properties
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methodology
25.2.1 Study Area
25.2.2 Sampling Design
25.2.3 Statistical Analysis
25.2.3.1 Classification
25.2.3.2 Ordination
25.2.3.3 Analysis of Variance
25.3 Results
25.3.1 Classification
25.3.2 Diversity Indexes and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA)
25.3.3 Ordination
25.3.4 Vegetation Groups and Environmental Variables
25.3.5 Physical Characteristics of the Soils
25.4 Discussion
25.4.1 Species Diversity and Grazing Impact
25.4.2 Main Environmental Gradients
25.4.3 Soil Properties and Interactions Between Them
25.4.4 Soil Organic Matter
25.4.5 Soil Nutrients
25.5 Conclusions
References
26 Mountain Habitats Dynamics Under Changing Grazing Management Schemes in Greece
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Biodiversity in Prespa National Park, Greece
26.3 Livestock Grazing Effects on Rangeland Habitat Types
26.4 Land Use—Grazing Management Scheme Changes
26.5 Rangeland Conservation Projects in the Study Area
26.6 Conclusions—Proposed Actions for Rangelands
References
27 Landscape Dynamics in the Northwestern Mountains of the Iberian Peninsula: Case Study Ancares-Courel Mountain Range
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The Exploitation System in the Eastern Mountains of Galicia: Dynamics and Historical Background
27.2.1 Study Area: Ancares-Courel Mountain Range
27.2.2 Agricultural-Silvicultural-Pastoral System
27.2.3 Landscape Dynamics and Forecast
27.2.4 Chorological and Historical Information
27.3 Evolution and Historical Transformation in the Landscape of the Galician Eastern Mountains
27.3.1 First Signs of Deforestation: Beginning of Agriculture
27.3.2 Historical Development of Native Broadleaved Forests
27.3.3 Future Perspectives: Effect for the Native Forests Conservation
27.4 Conclusions
References
28 History of Vegetation and Land-Use Change in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Germany/Austria)
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Study Area
28.3 Late and Postglacial Vegetation History of the Northern Calcareous Alps
28.4 Recent Vegetation Dynamics on the Zugspitzplatt
28.4.1 Site Conditions
28.4.2 (Site) Climate
28.4.3 Grazing
28.4.4 Anthropogenic Disturbance
28.4.5 Time
28.4.6 Long-Term Monitoring on Permanent Sample Plots
28.4.7 Exclosure Grazing Experiment 2016 and 2017
Acknowledgements
References
29 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change Versus Land Use on Tree- and Forest Line Dynamics in Norway
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Material and Methods
29.3 Results and Discussion
29.3.1 Empirical Evidence of TFL Change in Norway
29.3.2 Temporal Dynamics and Time-Lags
29.3.3 Climate Versus Land Use Change
29.4 How to Move Forward?
29.4.1 The Degree of the Contribution of Land Use Versus Climate Change
29.4.2 Spatial Representativeness
29.4.3 Idiosyncrasy of Time-Lags
29.4.4 Other Topics Important to Be Considered in Future TFL Research
29.5 Conclusion
References
30 Social-Ecological-Technical Misalignments Threaten Mountain Water Tower Resilience in Utah, USA
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Socio-Ecological-Technical Misalignments
30.2.1 Water Supply and Demand—Urban-Mountain Corridor Population Growth
30.2.2 Regional Sensitivity of Intermountain West Water Cycle to Climate Change
30.2.3 Mountain Water Quality
30.2.4 Stakeholder Perceptions of Mountain Water
30.3 Adapting Mountain Water Solutions to Scale
30.4 Conclusion
References
31 Changing Paradigm in Transboundary Landscape Management: A Retrospect from the Hindu Kush Himalaya
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 ICIMOD and Changing Paradigm
31.2.1 Contextualization (Pre-2002)
31.2.2 Developing Enabling Environment (2002–2008)
31.2.3 Planning and Implementation of Landscape Framework (2009–2020)
31.3 Implementation for Resilience Building Through Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)
31.4 Transboundary Landscapes for Enhanced Regional Cooperation
31.5 Emerging Challenges
31.5.1 Climate Change Impacts
31.5.2 Land Use Land Cover Change and Impacts
31.5.3 Upstream–Downstream Linkages
31.6 Lessons and Opportunities
31.7 Conclusion
References