دانلود کتاب Multifragmentation in Heavy-Ion Reactions: Theory and Experiments

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Multifragmentation and Associated Phenomenon: Recent Progress and New Challenges
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Nuclear Equation of State
1.3: Nuclear Multifragmentation: Theory and Experiments
1.4: Nuclear Multifragmentation and Liquid–Gas Phase Transition
1.5: Summary and Outlook
Chapter 2: Statistical Multifragmentation in Heavy‐Ion Reactions: Theory and Experiments
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Statistical Multifragmentation Model
2.2.1: Isospin Dependence of Fragment Distributions
2.2.2: Largest Fragments in Fragment Partitions
2.2.3: Temperature and Bimodality
2.2.4: Influence of the Critical Temperature
2.2.5: Influence of the Symmetry Energy
2.2.6: Evaporation of Hot Fragments with Isospin Effects
2.2.7: Theory and Experiments at Fermi Energy Regime
2.3: Comparison with Experiments at High Energies
2.3.1: In‐Medium Modification of Fragment Properties
2.3.2: Sensitivity to Symmetry Energy and Surface Term Parameters: Theory and Experiment
2.3.3: Isotope Distributions
2.3.4: Isoscaling and the Symmetry Term
2.3.5: Phase Diagram and Critical Behaviour: High‐Energy Experiments and Theory
2.3.6: Possible Applications for Astrophysics and Supernova Explosions
2.4: Conclusion
Chapter 3: Nuclear Liquid–Gas Phase Transition in Multifragmentation
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Various Signals for Liquid–Gas Phase Transitions
3.2.1: The Power‐Law Behavior
3.2.2: Rise and Fall Behavior of IMFs
3.2.3: Flattening of the Caloric Curve
3.2.4: Maximal Fluctuations
3.2.5: Phase Separation Parameter
3.2.6: Bimodality
3.2.7: Information Entropy
3.2.8: Zipf’s Law
3.3: Summary
Chapter 4: Nuclear Liquid–Gas Phase Transition: A Theoretical Overview
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Searching for the Signatures and Order of Nuclear Phase Transition
4.3: Statistical Model and Phase Transition Signatures
4.4: Dynamical Model and Phase Transition Signatures
4.5: Phase Transition Signatures from Lattice Gas Model and Percolation Model
4.6: Hypernuclear Phase Transition
Chapter 5: A 3D Calorimetry of Hot Nuclei
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Necessary Selections
5.3: Reconstruction of the Quasi‐Projectile Velocity and Associated Reference Frame
5.4: Selection Criteria and Characterization of the Evaporation Component of Quasi‐Projectile
5.5: Calculation of the Emission Probabilities by the QP
5.6: Hot QP Reconstruction
5.7: Conclusion
Chapter 6: Early Recognition of Fragment Configuration in Intermediate Energy Heavy‐Ion Collisions
6.1: Cluster Production in Heavy‐Ion Collisions: An Overview
6.2: Molecular Dynamics Approach to Multifragmentation: Role of Secondary Clusterization Algorithms
6.3: Minimum Spanning Tree Clusterization Algorithm and Its Extensions
6.3.1: Minimum Spanning Tree with Momentum Cut (MSTM) Method
6.3.2: Minimum Spanning Tree with Binding Energy Check (MSTB) Method
6.4: Early Cluster Recognition Algorithm (ECRA)
6.5: Simulated Annealing Clusterization Algorithm (SACA): A Faster Approach
6.5.1: Time Evolution of Fragments Using SACA and MST Approaches
Chapter 7: Symmetry Energy of Finite Nuclei Using Relativistic Mean Field Densities within Coherent Density Fluctuation Model
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Formalism
7.2.1: Effective Field Theory Motivated Relativistic Mean Field Model (E‐RMF)
7.2.2: Nuclear Matter Parameters
7.2.3: Coherent Density Fluctuation Model
7.2.4: Volume and Surface Components of the Nuclear Symmetry Energy
7.3: Results and Discussions
7.3.1: Bulk Properties of Finite Nuclei within E‐RMF Formalism
7.3.2: The Effective Surface Properties of the Nuclei
7.3.3: Correlation of Skin Thickness with the Symmetry Energy
7.3.4: Volume and Surface Contributions in the Symmetry Energy of Rare Earth Nuclei
7.4: Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 8: Nuclear Symmetry Energy in Heavy‐Ion Collisions
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Sensitive Probes of Nuclear Symmetry Energy in Heavy‐Ion Collisions
8.3: Blind Spots of Probing the High‐Density Symmetry Energy in Heavy‐Ion Collisions
8.4: Model Dependence of Symmetry‐Energy‐Sensitive Probes and Qualitative Probe
8.5: Determination of the Density Region of the Symmetry Energy Probed by the π−/π+ Ratio and Nucleon Observables
8.6: Effects of Short‐Range Correlations in Transport Model
8.7: Cross‐Checking the Symmetry Energy at High Densities
8.8: Probing the Curvature of Nuclear Symmetry Energy Ksym around Saturation Density
8.9: Perspective and Acknowledgments
Chapter 9: How Isospin Effects Influence Transverse In‐Plane Flow and Its Disappearance?
9.1: Introduction
9.2: The Model
9.3: Results and Discussion
9.3.1: Time Evolution of Directed Transverse Flow
9.3.2: Energy of the Vanishing Flow as a Function of Impact Parameter
9.3.3: Percentage Difference of the Energy of Vanishing Flow
9.3.4: Energy of Vanishing Flow and Interaction Range
9.3.5: Mass Dependence Analysis: Collisions of Isotopic Pairs
9.3.6: Collisions of Isobaric Pairs
9.3.7: Impact Parameter Dependence of Isospin Effects in Isobaric Pairs as an Example
9.3.8: Role of Coulomb Interaction
9.3.9: Relative Role of Coulomb Potential and Nucleon–Nucleon Cross Section
9.4: Summary
Chapter 10: Exploring the Role of Structure Effects on Nucleon–Nucleon Collisions at Intermediate Energy
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Directed Transverse Flow and Energy of Vanishing Flow (EVF)
10.3: Results and Discussion
10.3.1: Role of Nuclear Radius on the Directed Transverse Flow
10.3.2: The Energy of Vanishing Flow as a Function of Nucleus Radius
10.3.3: Percentage Deviation of the Energy of Vanishing Flow as a Function of Radius
10.3.4: Density Profile of the Nuclei using Different Radii
10.3.5: Isospin Radius: Influence on Transverse Flow
10.3.6: Isospin Radius: Influence on Nuclear Fragmentation
10.4: Summary
Chapter 11: Symmetry Energy and Its Effect on Various Observables at Intermediate Energies
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Results and Discussion
11.2.1: Time Evolution of Transverse Flow
11.2.2: Time Evolution of Rapidity Distribution of Nucleons
11.2.3: Directed Transverse Momentum of Nucleons Feeling Various Densities
11.2.4: Yields of Various Fragments
11.2.5: Rapidity Distribution of Fragments
11.2.6: Phase Space of Fragments
11.2.7: Relative Yields RN
11.2.8: Neutron‐to‐Proton (n/p) Ratio of Free Nucleons
11.3: Summary
Chapter 12: Can We Constraint Density Dependence of Symmetry Energy Using Halo Nuclei Reactions?
12.1: Introduction
12.2: The Model
12.3: Results and Discussion
12.4: Summary
Chapter 13: Role of r‐Helicity in Antimagnetic Rotational Bands
13.1: Introduction
13.2: The Helicity Formalism
13.2.1: Operation of Parity‐ and Time‐Reversal Symmetries on Helicity State
13.3: Results and Discussion
13.3.1: Relevance with Twin‐Shears Mechanism
13.3.2: Role of Octupole Correlation in AMR Spectrum
13.3.3: Symmetries Responsible for AMR Spectrum
13.4: Summary
Chapter 14: Impact of CFL Locking in Quark Phase on Equations of State of Hybrid Star
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Hybrid Equations of State
14.2.1: Hadronic Phase
14.2.2: Quark Quasiparticle Model (QQPM)
14.2.3: Construction of Hadron–Quark Mixed Phase
14.2.4: Rotating Neutron Stars
14.3: Results and Discussions
14.3.1: Equations of State and Static Sequences of Hybrid Star
14.3.2: Keplerian Limit
14.3.3: Back Bending and Stability Analysis in J(f) Plane
14.3.4: Radii of Millisecond Pulsars
14.4: Summary
Chapter 15: Investigation of Light Particle and Intermediate Mass Fragment Production Cross Sections of Excited Compound System 44Ti* Formed in 32S + 12C and 28Si + 16O Reactions
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Theory
15.2.1: The Potential
15.2.2: Decay Cross Section of Compound Nucleus
15.3: Results and Discussion
15.4: Conclusion
Chapter 16: Equilibrium Decay Stage in Proton‐Induced Spallation Reactions
16.1: Importance of Spallation Reactions
16.2: Description of Spallation Reactions
16.3: Intranuclear Cascade Models
16.4: Pre‐fragment Deexcitation
16.4.1: Statistical Decay
16.4.2: Fission
16.4.3: Pre‐equilibrium Decay
16.4.4: Breakup of Light Nuclei
16.4.5: Multifragmentation
16.5: Statistical Model Codes in Spallation Studies
16.6: Two‐Stage Model Calculation
16.7: IAEA Benchmark of Spallation Models
Index