دانلود کتاب Multimodality Imaging Innovations In Adult Congenital Heart Disease : Emerging Technologies and Novel Applications

فهرست مطالب :

Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Part I: Emerging Imaging Techniques and Modalities
1: 3D Echocardiography
1.1 Introduction
1.2 3DE Acquisition Modes
1.3 3DE Image Optimization
1.3.1 Volume Manipulation Tools
1.3.2 Volume Slice and Edit Tools
1.3.3 Volume Viewing Functions
1.3.4 3DE Perspective and Viewing Planes
1.4 3D Echocardiography and Interventions
1.4.1 Surgical Guidance
1.4.2 Interventional Cath Guidance
1.4.3 Echocardiographic-Fluoroscopic Fusion
1.5 Future Directions
References
2: Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging
2.1 Introduction to Ultrasound
2.2 Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging
2.3 Limitations of Conventional Ultrasound Imaging in Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology
2.4 Technological Tools Now Available Using Ultrafast Imaging
2.4.1 Visualization of Blood Flow
2.4.1.1 Vector Flow Imaging
2.4.1.2 Coronary Ultrafast Doppler Angiography (CUDA)
2.4.2 Visualization of Tissue Motion
2.4.2.1 Shear Wave Imaging
2.4.2.2 Electromechanical Wave Imaging (EWI)
2.4.3 Tissue Structure and Fiber Orientation
2.5 Clinical Applications of Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging
2.5.1 Ventricular Function
2.5.2 Evaluating Coronary Perfusion and Cardiac Structure in CHD
2.5.3 Rhythm Abnormalities
2.5.4 Future Directions
2.5.5 Current Limitation of HFRUS
2.6 Summary/Conclusion
References
3: MRI T1 Mapping: Myocardial Fibrosis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physics Principles
3.2.1 What Is T1, Native vs Post-contrast
3.2.2 T1 Mapping Sequences
3.2.2.1 Magnetisation Preparation Based Methods
Inversion Recovery Methods
Saturation Recovery
Image Readout, Spatial Coverage, and Resolution
3.2.3 Interpretation
3.2.3.1 Native Tissue
3.2.3.2 ECV Fraction
3.3 Clinical Applications
3.3.1 Tetralogy of Fallot
3.3.2 Ebstein Anomaly
3.3.3 The Systemic Right Ventricle
3.3.4 Cardiac Transplant
3.3.5 Aortic Stenosis
3.4 Summary
References
4: MR Lymphatic Imaging of Thoracic Lymphatic Disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 DCMRL Technique
4.2.1 Placement of the Intranodal Needles
4.2.2 Transport of the Patient into the MR Suit
4.2.3 Coil Coverage
4.2.4 Contrast Injection
4.2.5 MR Sequences
4.2.6 The Contribution of Each MR Sequence
4.2.6.1 T2W Imaging
4.2.6.2 Fast Acquisition T1 Angiography Imaging
4.2.6.3 High-Resolution T1-Delayed Angiographic Sequences
4.2.6.4 Alternative MR Lymphangiography Imaging
4.3 Applications of the MR Lymphangiography
4.4 Conclusion
4.5 Appendix: DCMRL Technique for Chest Lymphatic Pathology
References
5: MRI-Based Catheterization Laboratory
5.1 Background and Rationale
5.2 MRI Catheter Laboratories in Practice
5.2.1 Practical Considerations
5.2.2 Safety
5.2.3 Communication
5.2.4 ECG
5.2.5 Haemodynamic Monitoring
5.2.6 X-ray Coils
5.3 Visualisation and Image Interrogation
5.4 Passive Visualisation
5.5 Active Catheter Tracking and Visualization
5.5.1 Catheters and Guidewires
5.6 Clinical Applications of iCMR
5.6.1 Diagnostic MRI Catheterisation
5.6.1.1 Haemodynamic Assessments by XMR
5.6.1.2 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR and Fick)
5.6.1.3 Cardiac Performance and Output
5.6.2 MRI-Guided Interventions
5.6.3 MRI-Guided Electrophysiology (EP)
5.6.4 Other Applications
5.7 Future Directions
References
6: Cardiac Mechanics I: 3D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Myocardial Deformation
6.3 Myocardial Deformation Patterns in Cardiac Conditions
6.3.1 Abnormal Segmental Contractility/Loading
6.3.2 Volume Overload
6.3.3 Pressure Overload
6.3.4 (Genetic) Cardiomyopathies
6.3.5 Abnormal Activation
6.4 3D Strain
6.4.1 Advantages as Compared to 2D
6.4.2 Current Limitations of 3D Strain
6.5 Changes with Congenital Heart Disease: Examples
6.5.1 Healthy Individual
6.5.2 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
6.5.3 Ebstein Anomaly (EA)
6.5.4 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Cardiac Mechanics II: 2D and 3D Tissue Tracking MRI
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Principles
7.3 Established Clinical Applications
7.4 Prognostic Implications
7.5 Moving Towards 3D Applications: Future Directions of FT
7.6 Conclusion
References
8: 4D Flow MRI: Flow Dynamics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Imaging Methods
8.2.1 Acquisition
8.2.2 Processing
8.3 Applications
8.3.1 Shunt or Leak
8.3.2 Vascular or Valve Stenosis
8.3.3 Valvular Flow and Regurgitation
8.3.4 Vessel Flow Patterns and Distribution
8.3.5 Ventricular Hemodynamics
8.4 Challenges and Outlook
References
9: Computational Fluid Dynamics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 CFD Process for Medical Application
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Anatomy
9.2.3 Material Properties
9.2.4 Boundary Conditions
9.2.5 Solver Details and Control Parameters
9.2.6 Post-processing, Interpretation and Reporting
9.3 CFD for Congenital Heart Disease
9.4 Summary, Challenges and the Future of CFD in Cardiovascular Medicine
References
10: 3D Printing and Holography
10.1 Introduction
10.2 How to Create a Patient-Specific 3D Representation of the Heart
10.2.1 Image Acquisition: What Type of Image Is Needed?
10.2.2 Image Segmentation
10.2.3 3D Printing Technologies and Materials
10.2.4 Computer-Generated Holography
10.3 Applications in Congenital Heart Disease
10.3.1 Clinical Practice
10.3.1.1 Surgical Planning
10.3.1.2 Cardiac Catheterization: Interventional Planning and Performance
10.3.2 Education and Training
10.3.3 Communication with Patients and Relatives
10.4 Limitations and Future Directions
References
Part II: Novel Applications to ACHD
11: Cardiac Shunts
11.1 Overview
11.1.1 Shunt Anatomy
11.1.1.1 Pre-tricuspid Shunt Defects
11.1.1.2 Post-tricuspid Shunt Defects
11.1.1.3 Shunt Direction
11.1.1.4 Shunt Magnitude
11.1.1.5 Intrapulmonary Shunts
11.1.2 Volume Overload
11.1.3 Pressure Overload
11.1.4 Associated Lesions
11.1.5 Confounders in Shunt Assessment
11.2 Modalities Used in Shunt Evaluation
11.3 Echocardiography
11.3.1 Delineation of Shunt Anatomy and Flow Direction
11.3.1.1 2D and 3D Echocardiography
11.3.1.2 Color Doppler
11.3.1.3 Contrast Studies
11.3.2 Flow Assessment
11.3.2.1 Simplified Bernoulli’s Equation
11.3.2.2 Doppler Modalities
11.3.3 Quantification of Shunt Magnitude
11.3.3.1 Atrial and Ventricular Volumes and Function
11.3.3.2 Ventricular and Arterial Pressure Load
11.3.3.3 Qp:Qs Assessment
11.3.4 Strengths and Limitations
11.4 Transesophageal Echocardiography
11.5 Cardiac Catheterization
11.5.1 Basic Principles
11.5.2 Shunt Evaluation
11.5.3 Pulmonary and Systemic Vascular Resistance
11.5.4 Strengths
11.5.5 Limitations
11.6 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11.6.1 Basic Principles
11.6.2 Shunt Evaluation
11.6.3 Anatomy
11.6.4 Strengths
11.6.5 Limitations
11.7 Computed Tomography Angiography
11.7.1 Strengths
11.7.2 Limitations
11.8 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
11.9 Multimodality Imaging in Evaluating Shunt Defects
References
12: Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
12.1 Introduction: Role of Imaging in the Assessment of Pathophysiology and Risk Stratification in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
12.2 Imaging Methods
12.2.1 Echocardiography
12.2.2 Cardiac MRI
12.2.3 Cardiac CT
12.3 Advanced Imaging
12.3.1 Deep Learning Imaging Analysis
12.3.2 Virtual Surgery for RVOT and Conduit Reconstruction
12.3.3 3D Modeling
12.4 Challenges and Outlook
References
13: Aortic Disease: Bicuspid Aortic Valve, Aortic Coarctation, Marfan Syndrome
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background
13.2.1 Bicuspid Aortic Valve
13.2.2 Marfan Syndrome
13.2.3 Coarctation of the Aorta
13.3 Multimodality Imaging Assessment
13.3.1 Echocardiography
13.3.2 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13.3.3 Computed Tomography
13.4 Innovations Based on Multimodality Imaging
13.4.1 Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13.4.1.1 4D Flow in Aortic Coarctation
13.4.1.2 4D Flow in BAV
13.4.1.3 4D Flow in Marfan Syndrome
13.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics
13.4.3 Statistical Shape Modelling
13.4.4 Ventriculo-Vascular Coupling
13.4.5 Virtual Stenting
13.4.6 Three-Dimensional Printing
13.5 Conclusions
References
14: Transposition of the Great Arteries Repaired by Arterial Switch Operation
14.1 Long-Term Results and Surveillance After Arterial Switch Operation
14.2 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.2.1 Evaluation of Aortic Root Dilatation and Biomechanics
14.2.2 Evaluation of the Right Ventricle Outflow Track and Pulmonary Arteries
14.2.3 Evaluation of Myocardial Perfusion
14.2.4 Follow-up Interval
14.3 Computed Tomography
14.3.1 CT Acquisition Protocol
14.3.1.1 Contrast Injection
14.3.1.2 Gating Management
14.3.1.3 Dose Management
14.3.2 Indication and Reporting Elements
14.3.2.1 Coronary Arteries
14.3.2.2 RVOT and Great Vessels
References
15: The Systemic Right Ventricle
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Imaging Goals
15.3 Strain
15.4 Myocardial Fibrosis
15.4.1 Late Gadolinium Enhancement
15.4.2 Extracellular Volume Fraction
15.4.3 Other Emerging Techniques
15.5 Conclusions
References
16: Univentricular Heart: Staged Palliation
16.1 Basic Principles of Staged Palliation in Univentricular Hearts
16.1.1 Surgical Palliation for UVH
16.2 Imaging Modalities and Their Applications
16.2.1 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
16.2.2 Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
16.2.3 Feature Tracking CMR
16.2.4 CMR T1 Mapping
16.2.5 CMR 4D Flow
16.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics
16.4 3D Printing
16.5 Imaging of Liver Fibrosis
References
17: Electrophysiology Interventional Planning
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Role of Cardiac Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease
17.1.2 Imaging in Atrial Arrhythmia in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
17.1.2.1 Cardiac Imaging in Vascular Access and Underlying Anatomy
17.1.2.2 Identification of Arrhythmogenic Substrate
17.1.2.3 Cardiac Imaging During Ablation Procedure
17.1.3 Imaging in Ventricular Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
17.1.3.1 Cardiac Imaging Pre VT Ablation Procedure: Arrhythmogenic Substrate in ACHD
17.1.4 Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Congenital Heart Disease
17.1.4.1 CRT in Congenital Heart Disease
17.1.4.2 Effects of CRT on Systemic Ventricle Ejection Fraction
17.1.4.3 Effects of CRT on Right Ventricle Dyssynchrony and Function
17.1.4.4 Single Ventricle and CRT
17.1.4.5 Current Recommendations
17.1.4.6 Cardiac Imaging to Guide CRT Implant
17.2 Conclusions
References
18: Structural Interventional Planning
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Echocardiography
18.3 Cardiac Computed Tomography
18.4 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
18.5 Future Directions
References
19: Ebstein Anomaly
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Diagnosis and Classification
19.2.1 Diagnostic Features
19.2.2 Classification Schema
19.3 Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity and Ventricular Function
19.3.1 Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity
19.3.2 Ventricular Function
19.4 Evaluation of Tricuspid Valve for Repair or Replacement
19.5 Preoperative Assessment
19.6 Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Assessment
19.7 Long-Term Surveillance
19.8 Conclusion
References
20: Pulmonary Hypertension
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 The Cardiopulmonary Unit
20.1.2 PH Diagnosis
20.1.3 Treatment Monitoring
20.1.4 Prognostic Assessment
20.2 Imaging Techniques in Pulmonary Hypertension
20.2.1 Echocardiography
20.2.1.1 Three-Dimensional (3D) Echocardiography
20.2.1.2 Deformation: Speckle Tracking Strain
20.2.2 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
20.2.2.1 Myocardial Perfusion
20.2.2.2 Lung Perfusion
20.2.3 Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT)
20.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
20.2.4.1 Myocardial Deformation (Strain)
20.2.4.2 Lung Perfusion
20.2.4.3 4D-Flow
20.2.4.4 T1-Mapping
20.2.5 Positron-Emission Tomography
20.2.6 Optical Coherence Tomography
20.3 Conclusions
References