دانلود کتاب Nanotechnology for Oral Drug Delivery: From Concept to Applications

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Cover NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ORAL DRUG DELIVERY From Concept to Applications Copyright Contributors Foreword Part I: Biological aspects and properties of nanomaterials for oral drug delivery Oral drug delivery: Overview Introduction References Organization of the intestinal mucosa and barriers to oral drug delivery Introduction Structure of the small intestine Cellular compositions Tight junctions or zonula occludens Adherens junctions or zonula adherens Desmosomes or macula adherens Metabolizing enzymes Efflux pumps Transporters for transcytosis Mechanism of crossing the intestinal mucosal barrier Passive diffusion through transcellular pathways Passive diffusion through paracellular pathways Models to study intestinal absorption In vitro models In vivo models Conclusions References Nanomaterials for oral drug administration Introduction The rational design of nanocarriers for oral drug formulation Types of nanomaterials Nanocrystals and nanosuspensions Polymeric-based nanocarriers Nanospheres and nanocapsules Polymeric micelles Nanogels Dendrimers Polymer-drug conjugates Lipid-based nanocarriers Liposomes Nanoemulsions Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) Inorganic based-nanocarriers Carbon nanotubes Nonporous nanomaterials Mesoporous nanomaterials Emerging trends in oral nanoformulation: Hybrid, protein and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers Hybrid nanocarriers Protein nanocarriers Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers Nanomaterials for the targeting of specific GIT regions Targeting the stomach Targeting the small intestine Colon targeting Conclusions and future perspectives References Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating polymers for drug delivery Introduction Definitions and fundamentals Bio- and mucoadhesion Oral mucosa as route for drug administration Reasons for developing oral mucosal drug delivery systems Desired physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics of drugs Desired physicochemical characteristics of materials Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating materials Mucoadhesive polymers Natural mucoadhesive polymers Semisynthetic mucoadhesive polymers Synthetic mucoadhesive polymers New generation of mucoadhesive polymers Mucus-penetrating polymers Oral mucosal drug delivery systems Strategies Technology Types of systems or pharmaceutical dosage forms Safety and toxicity In-vitro evaluation In-vivo evaluation Regulatory status Patenting and market Conclusions and future perspectives References Size, shape and surface charge considerations of orally delivered nanomedicines Introduction to nanomedicine for oral drug delivery Challenges associated with oral nDDS Size, shape and surface chemistry considerations for orally delivered nanomedicine Particle size and shape Surface properties of nanoparticles Drug loading and release profile Summary References Modified drug release: Current strategies and novel technologies for oral drug delivery Part 1: Evolution of oral modified release dosage forms Part 2: Current oral formulation strategies for modified release Extended release formulations Dissolution-controlled formulations Diffusion-controlled formulations Osmosis-based formulations Ion exchange-based formulations Delayed release formulations Targeted release formulations Gastroretentive (GR) devices Colon-targeted drug delivery systems Novel technologies for modified drug release Microneedle pills for oral drug delivery Three-dimensional (3D) printing medicines Conclusions and future perspectives References Delivery platforms for oral drug administration Introduction Delivery platforms for oral administration of (bio)pharmaceuticals Effect of the size and shape of the drug delivery system Effect of the surface of the drug delivery system Effect of the composition and the preparation method of the drug delivery system Targeted drug delivery systems Conclusions References Further reading (Trans)buccal drug delivery Introduction Oral cavity: Anatomic and physiologic features Buccal mucosa as barrier for drug penetration/permeation Strategies to target the buccal mucosa Penetration enhancers Mucoadhesion Enzyme inhibitors The advantages of nanoparticles for buccal delivery Polymeric nanoparticles Polymeric micelles Lipid-based nanoparticles Liposomes Dosage forms for the buccal delivery of nanoparticles Films Solid matrices Gels Final remarks References Part II: Advanced technologies for oral delivery applications Spray-drying for the formulation of oral drug delivery systems Introduction Spray-drying Principle, equipment configurations, main advantages and challenges Parameters and variables affecting particle formulation Factors affecting particle formation mechanisms Feed solution properties Process parameters Scale-up considerations Formulation of drugs/drug delivery systems for oral administration using the spray-drying technology Conventional methods versus spray-drying of micro- and nano-particle formulations Common excipients used in the preparation of drug formulations prepared by spray-drying Preparation of particulate systems with spray-drying and applications in oral drug delivery Microparticles Nanoparticles Pure drug particles Conclusions and future perspectives References Microdevices to successfully deliver orally administered drugs Introduction Design of microdevices Materials for the fabrication of microdevices Non-biodegradable materials Biodegradable materials Methods for microfabrication of oral drug delivery devices Lithography Photolithography Soft lithography Imprint lithography Embossing and punching Additive manufacturing Other methods Loading techniques for drug formulations Loading of liquids Inkjet printing Loading of hydrogels Loading of powders into the microdevices Manual loading of the microdevices Hot embossing CO2 impregnation Lid formation on the cavity of microdevices pH-sensitive lids Mucoadhesive lid formation In vitro and ex vivo studies Characterization techniques of microdevices and their loading Bioadhesion of microdevices In vitro drug release from microdevices In vitro drug transport and toxicity In vivo testing and applications Future perspectives Conclusion References Batch and microfluidic reactors in the synthesis of enteric drug carriers Introduction Nanotechnology in oral drug delivery Nanotechnology approaches for drug delivery carriers to cross the intestinal lining Nanotechnology approaches for attaching drug delivery carriers to the intestinal mucosa Delivery to the systemic circulation-Passage through the intestinal barrier pH-dependent and pH-independent targeted delivery to specific sites of the intestine pH-dependent drug delivery Copolymers of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid Polymers based on cellulose derivatives Polymers based on polyvinyl derivatives pH-independent drug delivery Microfluidics for the synthesis of micro and nanocarriers in oral delivery Conclusions References 3D printing in oral drug delivery Oral delivery Strategies to overcome physiological limitations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract Introduction to the different release mechanisms Fixed dose combination drug therapy (FDCDT) Personalized medicine Motivation for the patient-tailored medicine Prerequisites for the production of personalized medicine Where do we need the 3D printing? Patient perception and preferences of the medicine regarding shape, color, embossing, flavor, and acceptability of p ... Introduction to additive manufacturing Fused deposition modeling Semi-solid extrusion Powder-bed printing Regulatory challenges The first 3D printed drug product on the market Requirements for raw materials, printers and manufacturing procedures Supply chain Data management from the regulatory perspective Future perspective Robotic devices Digital technology and Internet of Things: Fabrication, identification, anti-counterfeiting Personalized medicine for veterinary purposes Concluding remarks References Further reading Part III: Methods for the evaluation of oral drug delivery systems 3D intestinal models towards a more realistic permeability screening Introduction 3D intestinal models Multilayered models Organoids Gut-on-a-chip models Limitations and future perspectives Conclusion References In vitro relevant information for the assessment of nanoparticles for oral drug administration General considerations of oral drug delivery Barriers to oral drug delivery Gastrointestinal juices and microbiota Mucus Cellular barriers Understanding the biological-material interface Electrolytes and pH Enzymes and active surface molecules Mucus Intestinal epithelium Nanoparticles for oral drug delivery: In vitro characterization techniques Stability in gastrointestinal fluids Mucoadhesion and mucodiffusion Handmade techniques Analysis of muco-interaction Analysis of mucodiffusion Specialized-equipment techniques Interaction with the intestinal epithelium Conventional 2D cell culture Enterocyte-like model Mucus enterocyte model Follicle associated epithelium model 3D cell culture Engineered intestinal tissues Microfluidic-based approaches Conclusions and future perspectives References In vivo testing of orally delivered nanoparticles Introduction Selection of animal models Administration technique Oral gavage Intragastric infusion Intestinal instillation Syringe-feeding technique Experimental techniques Pharmacodynamics study Pharmacokinetic profiling Organ/tissue analysis Imaging systems Radioactive labeling Optical imaging Histological analysis In vitro-In vivo correlation Ethical considerations Conclusion References Part IV: Pharmaceutical industry perspective Industrial perspectives and future of oral drug delivery Introduction: Oral nano-drug delivery Current market status Challenges Gap analyses from benchtop to good manufacturing practice (GMP) production Understanding bench top methods and their limitations for up scaling Top-down methods Bottom-up methods Scale-up of nanoparticle production methods Scale-up of nanoparticle downstream methods Regulatory aspects: Regulations and guidelines Conclusions and future perspectives Annex I. Existing guidance documents expected to be applied for nano-enabled pharmaceutical products ICH guidelines Quality Safety FDA guidance for industryeehttps://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/guidance-regulations/guidance-industry. FDA nanotechnology guidance documentsffhttps://www.fda.gov/science-research/nanotechnology-programs-fda/nanotechno References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z Back Cover