دانلود کتاب Netter’s Orthopaedic Clinical Examination: An Evidence-Based Approach

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Netter\'s Orthopaedic Clinical Examination
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
About the Artists
Foreword
Preface
Video Contents
1 The Reliability and Diagnostic Utility of the Orthopaedic Clinical Examination
Reliability
Diagnostic Accuracy
2×2 Contingency Table
Table 1-1 2×2 Contingency Table Used to Compare the Results of the Reference Standard with Thoseof the Test under Investigation
Table 1-2 2×2 Contingency Table Showing the Calculation of Positive Predictive Values (PPVs) andNegative Predictive Values (NPVs) Horizontally and Sensitivity and Specificity Vertically
Overall Accuracy
Positive and Negative Predictive Values
Sensitivity
Specificity
Likelihood Ratios
Table 1-3 Interpretation of Likelihood Ratios
Figure 1-4Fagan’s nomogram.
Table 1-4 Results of the Crank Test in Detecting Labral Tears When Compared with the ReferenceStandard of Arthroscopic Examination
Figure 1-6Treatment threshold. Clinicians must use the pretest probability and likelihood ratios to determine the treatment threshold asindicated in this illustration.
Confidence Intervals
Pretest and Posttest Probability
Calculating Posttest Probability
Assessment of Study Quality
Summary
References
2 Temporomandibular Joint
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Muscles
Muscles Involved in Mastication
Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth
Nerves
Mandibular Nerve
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Patient History
The Association of Oral Habits with Temporomandibular Disorders
Reliability of Patient’s Reports of Pain in Temporomandibular Dysfunction
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement
Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain
Reliability of Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain
Diagnostic Utility of Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain
Diagnostic Criteria for TMD
Reliability and Diagnostic Criteria for Pain-Related TMD
Reliability and Diagnostic Criteria for Intraarticular TMD
Physical Examination Tests
Palpation
Reliability in Determining the Presence of Pain during Muscle Palpation
Reliability in Determining the Presence of Pain during Temporomandibular Joint Regional Palpation
Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions
Diagnostic Utility of Pressure Pain Thresholds in Identifying Temporomandibular Disorder
Joint Sounds
Reliability of Detecting Joint Sounds during Active Motion
Reliability of Detecting Joint Sounds during Joint Play
Diagnostic Utility of Clicking in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions
Diagnostic Utility of Crepitus in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint during Mouth Opening
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint
Reliability of Joint Play and End-Feel Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint
Reliability of Measuring Mandibular Opening with Different Head Positions
Diagnostic Utility of Limited Range of Motion in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement
Dynamic Movement Measurements
Diagnostic Utility of Deviations in Movement in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement
Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Dynamic Movements
Reliability of Detecting Pain during Resistance Tests
Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Joint Play
Diagnostic Utility of Pain in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions
Other Tests
Reliability of the Compression Test
Diagnostic Utility of Lower Extremity Measurements
Combinations of Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction
Diagnostic Utility of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction
Predicting Treatment Success with Nightly Wear of Occlusal Stabilization Splint
Predicting Treatment Failure with Nightly Wear of Occlusal Stabilization Splint
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for Temporomandibular Disorders Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for Temporomandibular Disorders Using QUADAS
References
3 Cervical Spine
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Muscles
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles
Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Posterior Muscles of the Neck
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Patient History
Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes
Reliability of the Cervical Spine Historical Examination
Diagnostic Utility of Patient Complaints for Cervical Radiculopathy
Physical Examination Tests
Neurologic Examination
Reliability of Sensation Testing
Diagnostic Utility of Pinprick Sensation Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy
Reliability of Manual Muscle Testing
Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Muscle Stretch Reflex Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy
Screening for Cervical Spine Injury
Diagnostic Utility of the Clinical Examination for Identifying Cervical Spine Injury
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Measuring Range of Motion
Reliability of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion
Diagnostic Utility of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion
Cervical Strength and Endurance
Reliability of Cervical Strength and Endurance Testing
Passive Intervertebral Motion
Reliability of Assessing Limited Passive Intervertebral Motion
Reliability of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion
Reliability of Assessing Passive Mobility in the Upper Cervical Spine for Detecting Ligament and Membrane Injuries
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Passive Mobility in the Upper Cervical Spine for Detecting Ligament and Membrane Injuries
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion
Palpation
Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation
Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation with and without a Patient History
Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Pain with Palpation
Postural and Muscle Length Assessment
Reliability of Postural Assessment
Reliability of Muscle Length Assessment
Spurling’s and Neck Compression Tests
Reliability of Spurling’s and Neck Compression Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Spurling’s Test
Neck Distraction and Traction Tests
Reliability of Neck Distraction and Traction Tests
Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test
Reliability of Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test
Shoulder Abduction Test
Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Test
Neural Tension Tests
Reliability of Neural Tension Tests
Reliability of Neural Tension Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Neural Tension Tests for Cervical Radiculopathy
Sharp-Purser Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Sharp-Purser Test for Cervical Instability
Arm Squeeze Test
Reliability of the Arm Squeeze Test in Distinguishing Cervical Nerve Root Compression from Shoulder Pain
Diagnostic Utility of the Arm Squeeze Test in Distinguishing Cervical Nerve Root Compression from Shoulder Pain
Compression of Brachial Plexus
Diagnostic Utility of Brachial Plexus Compression for Cervical Cord Compression
Cervical Myelopathy Tests
Reliability of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy
Combinations of Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Clusters of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Clusters of Tests for Cervical Radiculopathy
Interventions
Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Neck Pain Who Are Likely to Benefit from Cervical Thrust Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors and Combinations of Factors for Identifying a Positive Short-Term Clinical Outcome for Cervical Radiculopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Cervical Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Thoracic Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of a Cluster of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Thoracic Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Improvement with Three Weeks of Mechanical Cervical Traction
Diagnostic Utility of a Cluster of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Improvement with Three Weeks of Mechanical Cervical Traction
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS
References
4 Thoracolumbar Spine
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Joints of the Thoracic Spine
Joints of the Lumbar Spine
Ligaments
Costovertebral Ligaments
Thoracolumbar Ligaments
Muscles
Thoracolumbar Muscles: Superficial Layers
Thoracolumbar Muscles: Intermediate Layer
Thoracolumbar Muscles: Deep Layer
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Fascia
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on the Patient History
Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns
Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns
Reliability of the Historical Examination
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Lumbar Radiculopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Ankylosing Spondylitis
Physical Examination Tests
Neurologic Examination
Diagnostic Utility of Sensation Testing, Manual Muscle Testing, and Reflex Testing for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Diagnostic Utility of Sensation Testing, Manual Muscle Testing, and Reflex Testing for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Pain Provocation during Range-of-Motion Measurements
Thoracolumbar Strength and Endurance Tests
Reliability of Assessing Thoracolumbar Strength and Endurance
Postural Assessment
Reliability of Postural Assessment
Motor Control Assessment
Reliability of Tests for Lumbar Motor Control
Passive Intervertebral Motion Assessment
Reliability of Assessing Limited or Excessive Passive Intervertebral Motion
Reliability of Assessing Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion
Association of Limited Passive Intervertebral Motion with Low Back Pain
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Excessive Passive Intervertebral Motion
Palpation
Reliability of Identifying Segmental Levels
Reliability of Identifying Tenderness to Palpation
Reliability of Assessing Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Function via Palpation
Centralization Phenomenon
Reliability of Identifying the Centralization Phenomenon
Diagnostic Utility of the Centralization Phenomenon
Straight-Leg Raise Test
Reliability of the Straight-Leg Raise Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Straight-Leg Raise Test for Detecting Disc Bulge or Herniation
Crossed Straight-Leg Raise Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Crossed Straight-Leg Raise Test for Detecting Disc Bulging or Herniation
Slump Test
Reliability of the Slump Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Slump Test for Detecting Disc Bulging or Herniation
Slump Knee Bend Test
Reliability of the Slump Knee Bend Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Slump Knee Bend Test in Detecting Nerve Root Compression
Tests for Lumbar Segmental Instability
Reliability of Tests for Lumbar Segmental Instability
Tests for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Tests for Radiographic Lumbar Instability
Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Radiographic Lumbar Instability
Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Classification Methods
Reliability of Low Back Pain Classification Systems
Treatment-Based Classification Method
Interventions
Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors for Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Factors for Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation
Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors and Combinations of Factors in Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Lumbar Stabilization Exercises
Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Low Back Pain Likely to Benefit from Pilates-Based Exercise
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for Thoracolumbar Spine Disorders Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for Thoracolumbar Spine Disorders Using QUADAS
References
5 Sacroiliac Region
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Muscles
Nerves
Patient History
Sacroiliac Pain and Sacroiliac Dysfunction
Pain Location and Aggravating Factors
Sacroiliac Joint Pain Referral Patterns
Physical Examination Tests
Palpation
Pain Provocation and Patient Identification of Location of Pain
Assessment of Symmetry of Bony Landmarks
Pain Provocation
Patrick Test (FABER Test)
Thigh Thrust (or Posterior Shear Test or Posterior Pelvic Provocation Test)
Compression Test
Sacral Thrust Test
Gaenslen Test
Distraction Test
Mennell Test
Other Pain Provocation Tests
Motion Assessment
Gillet Test (Stork Test)
Spring Test (Joint Play Assessment)
Long-Sit Test (Supine-to-Sit Test)
Standing Flexion Test
Sitting Flexion Test
Prone Knee Bend Test
Other Motion Assessment Tests
Combinations of Tests
Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain Classification
Reliability of Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain Classification
Sacroiliac Joint Pain
Following the McKenzie Evaluation to Rule Out Discogenic Pain
Interventions
Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Sacroiliac Region Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Sacroiliac Region Using QUADAS
References
6 Hip and Pelvis
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Muscles
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh
Anterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings
Diagnostic Utility: Hip Pain, Osteoarthritis, and Acetabular Labral Tears
Physical Examination Tests
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Determining Capsular and Noncapsular End Feels
Diagnostic Utility of Cyriax’s Capsular Pattern for Detecting Osteoarthritis
Diagnostic Utility of Pain and Limited Range of Motion
Diagnostic Utility of Limited Range of Motion for Detecting Avascular Necrosis
Diagnostic Utility of Limited Hip Abduction for Detecting Developmental Dysplasia in Infants
Assessing Muscle Strength
Reliability of Detecting Pain or Weakness during Resisted Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Pain or Weakness for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathologic Conditions
Reliability of the Trendelenburg Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Trendelenburg Test for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathology
Assessing Muscle Length
Reliability of Tests for Iliotibial Band Length
Reliability of the Thomas Test for Hip Flexor Contracture
Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length
Functional Movement Assessments
Forward Step-Down Test
Reliability of the Forward Step-Down Test
Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Functional Movement Assessments
Palpation
Reliability of Pain with Palpation
Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Palpation for Intraarticular Hip Pain
Special Tests
Reliability of the Patrick (FABER) Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Patrick (FABER) Test
Reliability of Special Tests for Detecting Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Detecting Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions
Diagnostic Utility of the Patellar-Pubic-Percussion Test for Detecting Hip Fractures
Reliability of Balance Tests
Combinations of Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Osteoarthritis
Interventions
Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Primary Hip Osteoarthritis Likely to Benefit from Physical Therapy Intervention
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Hip and Pelvis Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Hip and Pelvis Using QUADAS
References
7 Knee
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Muscles
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings
Assessing Subjective Questions in Patients with Osteoarthritis
Reliability of the Meniscal Symptom Index in Patients with Meniscal Tear
Diagnostic Utility of Meniscal Symptom Index in Patients with Meniscal Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History: Meniscal and MCL Tears and Effusion
Physical Examination Tests
Screening
Reliability of the Ottawa Knee Rule for Radiography
Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Knee Rule for Radiography
Reliability of the Pittsburgh Decision Rule for Radiography
Diagnostic Utility of the Pittsburgh Decision Rule for Radiography
Reliability of Detecting Inflammation
Reliability of the Stroke Test for Identifying Knee Joint Effusion
Diagnostic Utility of the Ballottement Test for Identifying Knee Joint Effusion
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Determining Capsular and Noncapsular End Feels
Reliability of Assessing Pain during Range-of-Motion Movements
Assessing Strength
Reliability of Strength Assessment
Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Detecting Strength Deficits
Assessing Muscle Length
Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length
Assessing Bony Alignment
Reliability of Assessment of Mediolateral Patellar Tilt
Reliability of Assessment of Patellar Orientation
Reliability of Assessing Superoinferior Patellar Tilt
Reliability of Assessing Patellar Rotation
Reliability of Patellar Mobility in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of Patellar Mobility in Identifying Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Reliability of Assessing Quadriceps Angle Measurements
Reliability of Assessing the Angle between the Longitudinal Axis of the Patella and the Patellar Tendon (A Angle)
Reliability of the Lateral Pull Test to Assess Patellar Alignment
Palpation
Reliability of Pain during Palpation
Diagnostic Utility of Joint Line Tenderness
Diagnostic Utility of Joint Line Fullness
Special Tests
Reliability of the Lachman Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Lachman Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Reliability of the Anterior Drawer Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Drawer Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Pivot Shift Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Loss-of-Extension Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Reliability of Varus and Valgus Stress Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Valgus Stress for Identifying Medial Collateral Ligament Tears
Reliability of the McMurray Test
Diagnostic Utility of the McMurray Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Apley Test
Diagnostic Utility of Other Tests for Identifying Meniscal Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Thessaly Test for Identifying Meniscal Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Moving Patellar Apprehension Test for Identifying Patellar Instability
Combinations of Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Diagnosing Meniscal Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Diagnosing Pathologic Conditions of the Knee Other Than Meniscal Tears
Interventions
Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Response to Foot Orthoses and Activity Modification
Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Short-Term Response to Hip Mobilizations
Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Likely to Benefit from Foot Orthoses
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Knee Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Knee Using QUADAS
References
8 Foot and Ankle
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Posterior Ankle Ligaments
Lateral Ankle Ligaments
Medial Ankle Ligaments
Plantar Foot Ligaments
Muscles
Lateral Muscles of Leg
Lateral Muscles of Leg
Posterior Muscles of Leg
Muscles of Dorsum of Foot
First Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot
Second Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot
Third Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot
Deep Interosseous Muscles: Sole of Foot
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings
Physical Examination Tests
Screening
Evaluation Following Acute Ankle Trauma
Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Ankle Rule for Radiography
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of Calcaneal Position
Assessing Strength
Reliability of Strength Assessment
Diagnostic Utility of the Paper Grip Test for Detecting Toe Plantarflexion Strength Deficits
Assessing Bony Alignment
Measurement of Navicular Height
Assessment of Medial Arch Height
Measuring Forefoot Position
Assessing Balance and Dynamic Performance
Reliability of Assessing Balance and Proprioception
Reliability of Assessing Dynamic Performance
Assessing Foot Motion during Gait
Reliability of Assessing Hindfoot Motion during Gait
Accuracy of the Functional Hallux Limitus Test to Predict Abnormal Excessive Midtarsal Function during Gait
Assessing Swelling
Reliability of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling
Assessing Sensation
Reliability of Assessing Protective Sensation
Special Tests
Detecting Subcutaneous Tears of the Achilles Tendon
Detecting Syndesmotic Injury
Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement
Detecting Joint Instability after Lateral Ankle Sprain
Detecting Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Reliability of the Windlass Test
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Foot and Ankle Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies for the Foot and Ankle Using QUADAS
References
9 Shoulder
Untitled
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Figure 9-1Anterior humerus and scapula.
Figure 9-2Superior and inferior surfaces of clavicle.
Figure 9-3Sternoclavicular joint.
Figure 9-6Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
Figure 9-4Scapulohumeral rhythm.
Ligaments
Figure 9-5Shoulder ligaments: anterior view.
Muscles
Posterior Muscles of Shoulder
Figure 9-7Muscles of the shoulder: posterior view.
Anterior Muscles of Shoulder
Figure 9-8Muscles of the shoulder: anterior view.
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Figure 9-9Muscles of the shoulder: rotator cuff.
Nerves
Figure 9-10Anterior axilla.
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Labrum and Rotator Cuff Tears
Figure 9-12Hand behind back (functional internal rotation of shoulder test).
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Labrum and Rotator Cuff Tears
Physical Examination Tests
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Functional Range-of-Motion Tests
Assessing Strength and Proprioception
Reliability of Assessing Strength
Reliability of Assessing Proprioception
Assessing Muscle Length
Reliability of Determining Length of Pectoralis Minor Muscle
Diagnostic Utility of a Tight Pectoralis Minor Muscle in Identifying Shoulder Pain
Reliability of Palpating the Subacromial Space
Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Labral Tears
Assessing Alignment
Reliability of Assessing Scapular Asymmetry during Static and Dynamic Activity
Reliability of Assessing Clavicular Tilt Angle
Reliability of Assessing Thoracic Kyphosis
Classifying Shoulder Disorders
Reliability of Classifying Shoulder Disorders
Special Tests—Instability
Reliability of Tests to Identify Shoulder Instability
Diagnostic Utility of the Apprehension Test in Identifying Shoulder Instability
Diagnostic Utility of the Apprehension and Relocation Tests in Identifying Shoulder Instability
Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Drawer Test in Identifying Shoulder Instability
Special Tests—Labral Tears
Reliability of the Crank Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Crank Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Compression Rotation Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Speed Test in Identifying Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Lesions
Reliability of the Active Compression/O’Brien Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Active Compression/O’Brien Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Yergason Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Reliability of the Anterior Slide Test/Kibler Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Slide Test/Kibler Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Reliability of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Kim Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of the Biceps Load Test in Identifying Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears
Special Tests—Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of the Hawkins-Kennedy Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Hawkins-Kennedy Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of the Neer Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Neer Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of the Painful Arc Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of the Painful Arc Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of the Drop-Arm Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of the Drop-Arm Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of the Empty Can Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of the Empty Can Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of the Lift-Off Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Reliability of Various Tests in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of Various Tests in Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Diagnostic Utility of the Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test in Differentiating Subacromial Impingement from Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions
Special Tests—Rotator Cuff Tears
Reliability of Special Tests for Identifying Supraspinatus and/or Infraspinatus Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Supraspinatus and/or Infraspinatus Tears
Reliability of Special Tests for Identifying Subscapularis Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Subscapularis Tears
Special Tests—Brachial Plexus Palsy
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Nerve Root Avulsion in People with Brachial Plexus Palsy
Special Tests—Acromioclavicular Lesions
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Acromioclavicular Lesions
Special Tests—Adhesive Capsulitis
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Adhesive Capsulitis
Combinations of Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Glenoid Labral Tears
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying SLAP Lesions
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Type II to IV SLAP Lesions
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Subacromial Impingement
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Shoulder Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Shoulder Using QUADAS
References
10 Elbow and Forearm
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Elbow
Forearm
Muscles
Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
Supinators and Pronators of the Forearm
Nerves
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings
Physical Examination Tests
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Elbow Flexion and Extension Measurements
Reliability of Forearm Supination and Pronation Measurements
End-Feel Classification
Reliability of Classification According to End Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension
Assessing Strength
Reliability of Grip Strength Testing in Patients with Lateral Epicondylalgia
Special Tests
Indication of Bony or Joint Injury
Detecting Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Detecting Medial Collateral Tears
Detecting Complete Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
Interventions
Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Short-Term Response to Mobilization with Movement and Exercise in Patients with Lateral Epicondylalgia
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Elbow and Forearm Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Elbow and Forearm Using QUADAS
References
11 Hand
Clinical Summary and Recommendations
Anatomy
Osteology
Arthrology
Ligaments
Palmar Ligaments of the Wrist
Posterior Ligaments of the Wrist
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments
Muscles
Extensor Muscles of the Wrist and Digits
Flexor Muscles of the Wrist and Digits
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Nerves
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Radial Nerve
Patient History
Initial Hypotheses Based on the Patient History
Reliability of the Historical Examination
Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Physical Examination Tests
Screening
Diagnostic Utility of Tests in Identifying Scaphoid Fractures (see Fig. 11-15)
Diagnostic Utility of Hand Symptom Diagrams in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of Tests in Identifying Scaphoid Fractures
Reliability of Hand Symptom Diagrams in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Acute Pediatric Wrist Fractures: Clinical Prediction Rule
Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Wrist Range-of-Motion Measurements
Reliability of Finger and Thumb Range-of-Motion Measurements
Assessing Strength
Intraexaminer Reliability of Assessing Strength
Intraexaminer Reliability of Assessing Strength
Diagnostic Utility of Weakness in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Assessing Wrist Anthropometry
Reliability of Measuring Wrist Anthropometry
Diagnostic Utility of Wrist Anthropometry in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Assessing Swelling
Reliability of Assessing Swelling
Testing Sensation
Reliability of Sensory Testing
Diagnostic Utility of Diminished Sensation in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of Diminished Sensation in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Special Tests
Reliability of the Tinel Sign
Diagnostic Utility of the Tinel Sign in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Reliability of the Phalen Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Phalen Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Reliability of the Carpal Compression Test
Diagnostic Utility of the Carpal Compression Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of the Hand Elevation Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of Using a Questionnaire in Predicting the Results of Nerve Conduction Tests for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Reliability of Upper Limb Tension Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Upper Limb Tension Tests in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests in Identifying Carpal Instability
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests in Identifying de Quervain Tenosynovitis
Reliability of Miscellaneous Special Tests
Diagnostic Utility of Miscellaneous Special Tests
Combinations of Tests
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Prediction Rule
Scaphoid Fracture: Clinical Prediction Rule
Outcome Measures
Appendix
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Hand Using QAREL
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Hand Using QUADAS
References
Inside Back Cover
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