دانلود کتاب NEUROPATHOLOGY SIMPLIFIED a guide for clinicians and neuroscientists.

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Preface
Contents
1: Normal Histology and Commonly Used Stains
1.1 Cells of the Nervous System
1.1.1 Neurons
1.1.2 Astrocytes
1.1.3 Oligodendrocytes
1.1.4 Schwann Cells
1.1.5 Ependyma
1.1.6 Microglia
1.1.7 Supporting Tissues
1.2 General Architecture of the Nervous System
1.2.1 Grey and White Matter
1.2.2 Peripheral Nerve
1.2.3 Ganglia
1.2.4 Skeletal Muscle
1.3 Commonly Used Stains in Neuropathology
1.3.1 Tinctorial Stains
1.3.2 Immunohistochemical Preparations
References
2: Basic Pathologic Reactions
2.1 Neurons
2.1.1 Neuronal Atrophy and Neuronal Loss
2.1.2 Hypoxic-Ischaemic Change
2.1.3 Chromatolysis
2.1.4 Abnormal Deposits and Inclusions
2.1.5 Axonal Alterations
2.2 Astrocytes
2.2.1 Gliosis
2.2.2 Alzheimer Type II Astrocyte
2.2.3 Rosenthal Fibers
2.2.4 Eosinophilic Granular Bodies
2.2.5 Corpora Amylacea
2.3 Oligodendrocytes
2.3.1 Demyelination
2.3.2 Inclusions
2.4 Ependyma
2.4.1 Atrophy
2.4.2 Discontinuity
2.4.3 Granulations
2.5 Microglia
2.5.1 Diffuse Microglial Activation and Microglial Nodules
References
3: Requesting and Interpreting Pathological Tests
3.1 Neurosurgical Specimens
3.2 Muscle and Nerve Biopsies
3.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid
3.4 Skin Biopsies
3.5 Other Samples
4: Vascular Diseases
4.1 Vascular Anatomy
4.1.1 Arterial Supply
4.1.2 Venous Drainage
4.2 Diseases Affecting the Blood Vessels
4.2.1 Atherosclerosis
4.2.2 Small Vessel Disease
4.2.3 Amyloid Angiopathy
4.2.4 Hereditary Vascular Diseases
4.2.5 Vasculitides
4.2.6 Vascular Malformations
4.2.7 Aneurysms
4.3 Consequences of Cerebrovascular Diseases
4.3.1 Ischaemia and Infarction
4.3.2 Haemorrhage
References
5: Infections
5.1 Bacterial Infections
5.1.1 Acute Bacterial Meningitis
5.1.2 Abscess
5.1.3 Chronic Bacterial Infections
5.2 Viral Infections
5.2.1 Aseptic Meningitis
5.2.2 Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis
5.3 Fungal Infections
5.4 Parasitic Infections
5.4.1 Protozoal Infections
5.4.2 Metazoal/Helminthic Infections
5.5 Role of Brain Biopsy in Infectious Diseases
References
6: Tumours of Central Nervous System
6.1 Classification
6.2 Sending Specimens to the Laboratory
6.3 Gliomas
6.3.1 Diffuse Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumours
6.3.2 Other Astrocytic Tumours (Table 6.3)
6.3.3 Genetics of Gliomas
6.3.4 Non-astrocytic Gliomas
6.3.4.1 Ependymomas
6.4 Tumours Showing Neuronal With or Without Glial Features
6.4.1 Ganglioglioma and Gangliocytoma
6.4.2 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour
6.4.3 Central Neurocytoma
6.4.4 Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma and Ganglioglioma
6.4.5 Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos Syndrome)
6.5 Embryonal Tumours
6.5.1 Medulloblastoma
6.5.2 Other Embryonal Tumors
6.6 Pineal Region Tumours
6.7 Choroid Plexus Tumours
6.8 Meningeal Tumours
6.8.1 Meningiomas
6.8.2 Other Tumours of the Meninges
6.9 Pituitary Region Tumours
6.10 Lymphomas
6.11 Tumours of the Peripheral Nerves
6.12 Other Tumours Affecting the CNS
References
7: Demyelinating Diseases
7.1 Multiple Sclerosis
7.1.1 Classic Multiple Sclerosis
7.1.2 Acute Multiple Sclerosis
7.1.3 Concentric Sclerosis
7.2 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (Devic’s Disease)
7.3 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
7.4 Acute Haemorrhagic Leukoencephalopathy
7.5 Trigeminal Neuralgia
References
8: Epilepsy
8.1 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
8.2 Focal Cortical Dysplasia
8.3 Hippocampal Sclerosis
8.4 Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
References
9: Muscle Diseases
9.1 Muscle Biopsy Technique
9.2 Laboratory Preparation
9.3 Normal Structure of Muscle
9.4 General Pathological Reactions
9.5 Muscular Dystrophies
9.5.1 Dystrophin-Related Muscular Dystrophies
9.5.2 Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
9.5.3 Congenital Muscular Dystrophies
9.5.4 Other Muscular Dystrophies
9.6 Congenital Myopathies
9.7 Myofibrillar Myopathies
9.8 Metabolic Myopathies
9.9 Inflammatory Muscle Disease
9.10 Toxic Myopathies
9.11 Neurogenic Disorders
References
10: Peripheral Nerve Diseases
10.1 Nerve Biopsy Technique
10.2 Laboratory Preparation
10.3 Normal Structure of Peripheral Nerve
10.4 General Pathological Reactions
10.5 Inflammatory Neuropathies
10.5.1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome
10.5.2 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)
10.5.3 Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction Block
10.5.4 Idiopathic Perineuritis
10.5.5 Sarcoidosis
10.5.6 Vasculitis
10.6 Neuropathies Associated with Infectious Disease
10.6.1 Leprosy
10.6.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
10.6.3 Lyme Disease
10.6.4 Diphtheria
10.7 Toxic Neuropathies
10.8 Metabolic and Nutritional Neuropathies
10.8.1 Diabetes Mellitus
10.8.2 Uraemia
10.9 Neuropathies Associated with Paraprotein
10.10 Amyloid Neuropathies
10.11 Miscellaneous Neuropathies
10.11.1 Paraneoplastic Neuropathy
10.11.2 Critical Illness Neuromyopathy
10.11.3 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
10.12 Hereditary Neuropathies
10.13 Skin Biopsy in Small Fibre Neuropathies
References
11: Metabolic, Toxic and Nutritional Diseases
11.1 Metabolic Diseases
11.1.1 Hypoglycaemia
11.1.2 Electrolyte Imbalance
11.1.3 Hepatic Encephalopathy
11.1.4 Wilson’s Disease
11.1.5 Uraemic Encephalopathy
11.1.6 Amino Acid Disorders
11.1.7 Urea Cycle Disorders
11.1.8 Porphyrias
11.1.9 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders
11.1.10 Mitochondrial Disorders
11.2 Toxic Disorders
11.2.1 Ethanol
11.3 Nutritional Deficiencies
References
12: Neurodegenerative Disorders
12.1 Dementia
12.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
12.1.2 Dementia with Lewy Bodies
12.1.3 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
12.1.4 Prion Diseases
12.2 Disorders Predominantly Affecting the Basal Ganglia
12.2.1 Huntington’s Disease
12.2.2 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
12.2.3 Neuroacanthocytosis
12.3 Disorders Predominantly Affecting the Midbrain
12.3.1 Parkinson’s Disease
12.3.2 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
12.3.3 Multiple System Atrophy
12.3.4 Corticobasal Degeneration
12.3.5 Other Disorders
12.4 Cerebellar Degeneration
12.5 Motor Neuron Diseases
12.5.1 Motor Neuron Disease
12.5.2 X-Linked Bulbar Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Kennedy’s Disease)
12.5.3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy
12.6 Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
References
13: Trauma
13.1 Focal Injury
13.1.1 Scalp Injury
13.1.2 Skull Fractures
13.1.3 Brain Contusions and Lacerations
13.2 Traumatic Intracranial Haemorrhage
13.2.1 Extradural Haemorrhage
13.2.2 Subdural Haemorrhage
13.2.3 Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
13.2.4 Parenchymal Haemorrhage
13.2.5 Intraventricular Haemorrhage
13.3 Other Localised Injury
13.3.1 Focal Vascular Injury
13.3.2 Pituitary Gland Infarction
13.3.3 Brain Stem Avulsion
13.3.4 Cranial Nerve Avulsion
13.4 Diffuse Brain Injury
13.4.1 Diffuse Axonal Injury
13.4.2 Diffuse Vascular Injury
13.4.3 Brain Swelling and Ischaemia
13.4.4 Fat Embolism
13.5 Missile Head Injury
13.6 Inflicted Head Injury in Childhood
13.7 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
13.8 Spinal Cord Injury
References
14: Paediatric Diseases
14.1 Congenital Malformations
14.1.1 Neural Tube Defects
14.1.2 Chiari Malformations
14.1.3 Disorders of Forebrain Induction
14.1.4 Neuronal Migration Disorders
14.1.5 Encephaloclastic Defects
14.1.6 Microcephaly, Megalencephaly, Hemi-megalencephaly
14.1.7 Cerebellar, Brainstem and Spinal Cord Malformations
14.2 Hydrocephalus
14.3 Perinatal Diseases
14.3.1 Hypoxic-Ischaemic Neuronal Injury
14.3.2 White Matter Lesions
14.3.3 Cerebral Haemorrhages
14.3.4 Hypoglycaemia
14.3.5 Kernicterus
14.3.6 Infections
14.3.7 Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases
References
15: Autopsies
References
Suggested Reading
Index