دانلود کتاب Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatment

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Cover Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatment Copyright List of Contributors Preface The Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatments Editorial Advisors Part I: Introductory Chapters 1 Becoming a “Successful” Drinker and a Graduate: A Sociological Perspective on Alcohol Consumption by University Students Introduction University as a Space–Time of Becoming Connected Consumption: The Nexus Between Tertiary Education and Alcohol Investigating Drinking Among University Students University: A Time and Place to Consume Alcohol How Space Shapes Students’ Drinking Practices University-Based Drinking “Becoming” a “Successful” Drinker Developing Skills to Reduce Harm and Maximize Pleasure While Drinking “Successful” Drinking and the University Lifestyle Drinking: Escaping Responsibilities and Pressure Securing the Future Through Completing a Degree Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts of Sociology Summary Points References 2 Molecular Genetics Meets Sociology: Birth Cohort Effects on Alcohol Use and Relationship With Candidate Genes List of Abbreviations Alcohol Issues: How to Reconcile Heritability and Secular Fluctuations The Original Demonstration of Genotype × Birth Cohort Interaction Further Genotype × Birth Cohort Interactions With Candidate Genes for Social Behavior Birth Cohorts May Live in Distinct Environments as the Society Undergoes Change Mechanisms Behind the Genotype × Birth Cohort Interactions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Candidate Gene Studies Oxytocin Summary Points Acknowledgments References 3 Alcohol and Women: Unique Risks, Effects, and Implications for Clinical Practice Introduction Pathways to Alcohol Use Disorder Among Women Morbidity, Comorbidity, and Mortality Related to Alcohol Use Disorder in Women How Does Alcohol Affect Women Differently From Men? Explaining Sex Differences in Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol Research Limitations Improving Prevention for Girls and Women Early Diagnosis and Treatment Tailored to Girls and Women Barriers to Treatment for Women Needed Cultural, Environmental, and Societal Changes Implications for Treatment: What Is Needed to Reduce Alcohol Misuse and Addiction in Girls and Women Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts How Alcohol Affects Women Summary Points References 4 ADH and ALDH Polymorphisms in Alcoholism and Alcohol Misuse/Dependence List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Metabolism Oxidative Pathway Nonoxidative Pathways Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Polymorphism Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphism Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Polymorphism Summary Implication for Treatment Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts About Alcoholism, Alcohol Abuse, and Dependence Summary Points References 5 Acetaldehyde in the Brain After Ethanol Exposure: Research Progress and Challenges List of Abbreviations Conversion of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde Challenges in Acetaldehyde Research Brain Acetaldehyde in Ethanol Neurotoxicity Acetaldehyde Adducts in the Brain Concluding Remarks Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts About Acetaldehyde Summary Points References 6 Consequences of Ethanol Exposure on Neurodevelopment List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol and Brain Neurodevelopment Overview of Neurodevelopmental Events Neurodevelopmental Alterations Induced by Alcohol Behavioral Outcomes and Mechanisms Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Age-Related Consequences of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Conclusions and Future Perspectives Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Neuroplasticity Oxidative Stress Intellectual Disabilities Depression Autism Serotonin Type 1A Receptors Phenotype Summary Points References 7 Animal Models of Binge Drinking: Behavior and Clinical Relevance List of Abbreviations Definition and Diagnostic of Binge Drinking in Humans Relevant Clinical Criteria for Developing Animal Models of Binge Drinking Current Preclinical Models of Binge Drinking Forced Administration of High Doses of Alcohol Gavage Intraperitoneal Injections Inhalation of Alcohol Vapors Forced Drinking Voluntary Alcohol Consumption 20% Alcohol Intake in the Two-Bottle Choice Intermittent Access Model Two-Bottle Choice Drinking-in-the-Dark Model Two-Bottle Choice Drinking in the Dark for Rats Operant Binge Drinking Conclusions and Need for Future Research Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Animal Models of Binge Drinking Summary Points Acknowledgments References Part II: Neurobiology 8 Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Developmental Abnormalities in the Brain List of Abbreviations Introduction Studies in Humans With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Structural Brain Imaging Functional Brain Imaging Diffusion Tensor Imaging The Role of Animal Research in Our Understanding of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neuroanatomical Development: Alterations in Subcortical Structures Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neuroanatomical Development: Alterations in Neocortex Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Impacts Thickness of the Neocortex Neocortical Circuitry Development and Prenatal Ethanol Exposure: Gene Expression and Intraneocortical Connections Potential Mechanisms of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure–Induced Neocortical Changes Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Diagnosis Epigenetics Summary Points References 9 Connecting Prenatal Alcohol, Its Metabolite Acetaldehyde, and the Fetal Brain Introduction Alcohol: From the Mother to the Fetus Acetaldehyde in the Fetal Environment Acetaldehyde in the Fetal Brain The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Effects of Alcohol on Fetal Brain Development Connecting the Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus Reinforcing Effects of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus Perinatal Learning With Alcohol and Acetaldehyde Key Facts About Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus Summary Points References 10 Fetal Alcohol Exposure and the Central Nervous Control of Breathing Introduction Animal Models of Alcohol Exposure during Gestation/Brain Development Methodology to Investigate Breathing Physiology Short- and Long-Term Respiratory Plasticity: Response to Acute Chemosensory Challenges and Long-Term Facilitation of Breathing Rhythmogenesis Pharmacology of the Respiratory Network After Ethanol Exposure Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Breathing Function Summary Points References 11 Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Alcohol Exposure During Brain Development Introduction The Hippocampus Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus Alcohol and Synaptic Plasticity During Early Development Alcohol and Synaptic Plasticity During Adolescence Conclusion Key Facts Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Alcohol Exposure During Brain Development Summary Points References 12 Ethanol and Cortical Spreading Depression: The Protective Role of α-Tocopherol List of Abbreviations Introduction: Alcoholism and Brain Injury Alcohol and Brain Electrical Activity Studies of Brain Effects of Alcohol Employing the Cortical Spreading Depression Model The α-Tocopherol Protective Interaction With Ethanol on the Brain Can the CSD Model Be Useful to the Study of Neural Effects of Other Drugs? Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Brain Electrophysiology Summary Points Acknowledgments References 13 Brain Electrophysiological Signatures in Human Alcoholism and Risk List of Abbreviations Introduction Electroencephalogram Findings Power Spectral Analysis Coherence Event-Related Potential Findings Sensory Pathway (Evoked) Potentials Sensory and Perceptual Potentials (P1) Selective Attention (N1) Mismatch Negativity Error-Related Negativity Attentional Orientation and Conflict Monitoring (N2) Cognitive Evaluation and Processing (P3/P300) Language Processing (N4/N400) Event-Related Oscillation Findings Delta and Theta Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity Gamma Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity Alpha and Beta Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity Event-Related Oscillation Connectivity Use of Electrophysiological Measures in the Treatment of Alcoholism Electrophysiological Measures as Endophenotypes for Alcoholism Summary and Future Directions Mini-Dictionary OF Terms Key Facts Summary Points References 14 Alcohol and Hippocampal Epileptiform Activity List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Effects on Synaptic Mechanisms of Epileptiform Activity Acute Alcohol Abuse Chronic Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Alcohol Effects on Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Epileptiform Activity Acute Alcohol Abuse Chronic Alcohol Abuse Binge Drinking Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy Synaptic Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy Nonsynaptic Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy Summary Points Acknowledgments References 15 Effects of Alcohol on the Corpus Callosum List of Abbreviations Introduction Corpus Callosum: Pathology Pathogenesis Ethanol and Oxidative Damage Cerebral Ethanol Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Activation of Toll-Like Receptors The Gut–Brain Axis Free Iron Accumulation MicroRNA-Associated Oxidative Stress Toxic Lipids: The Liver–Brain Axis Mini-Dictionary of Terms Summary Points Key Facts Brain and Corpus Callosum Structure and Function Effects of Ethanol on Corpus Callosum Conclusion References 16 The Role of the Lateral Habenula Circuitries in Alcohol Use Disorders List of Abbreviations Introduction Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction The Lateral Habenula Circuits Alcohol Modulates Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmissions in Habenulomesencephalic Circuit Lateral Habenula Hyperactivity and Aversive Effects of Alcohol Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts About the Role of Lateral Habenula Circuits in Alcohol Use Disorder Summary Points References 17 Ventral Pallidum and Alcohol Addiction List of Abbreviations Introduction Ventral Pallidum: Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology Ventral Pallidum and Alcohol Consumption Ventral Pallidum and Relapse Ventral Pallidum and Targeted Treatments for Alcohol Addiction Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Ventral Pallidum Summary Points References 18 The Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels in the Rewarding Effects of Ethanol List of Abbreviations Introduction The Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ionic Channels Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels and Ethanol Actions Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels and Cardiac Function Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels as a Drug Target Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points References 19 Neuroimmune Aspects of Alcoholism and Affective Comorbidity List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Drinking Activates the Neuroimmune System Neuroimmune Consequence of Modest Drinking Neuroimmune Response to Acute Intoxication Chronic Heavy Drinking and Neuroimmune Function Neuroimmune Involvement in Alcohol Addiction, Withdrawal, and Abstinence Affective Consequences of Alcohol-Induced Central Nervous System Neuroimmune Activity Conclusions and Future Directions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Neuroimmune Signaling Summary Points References 20 Social Drinking and Motor Inhibition: Evidences From FMRI Go/Nogo Tasks fMRI Studies on Alcohol Effect on Inhibition List of Abbreviations Introduction The Go/No-Go Task Differential Activations Related to Alcohol Consumption Patterns in College Students Disrupted Neural Signature of RI as a Precursor or a Consequence of Alcohol Use? Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Heavy/Hazardous/Binge Drinking Summary Points References 21 Myelopathy and Neuropathy Associated With Alcoholism List of Abbreviation Introduction Myelopathy Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Neuropathy Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Regarding Myelopathy and Neuropathy in Alcoholics Summary Points References 22 Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis List of Abbreviations Introduction Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview The Association Between Alcohol and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Why Results Are so Conflicting and Heterogeneous? Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Summary Points References 23 Alcohol and Pain Interactions List of Abbreviations Introduction Pain Pain Signaling Clinical Evaluation of Pain Alcohol and Pain Effects of Ethanol on Acute Pain Effects of Chronic Ethanol on Pain Treatment Options Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Ethanol and Pain Summary Points References 24 Neurobiological Aspects of Ethanol-Derived Salsolinol List of Abbreviations Introduction The Origin of SALS and Its Basal Concentrations in the Body Fluids and in the Brain The Role of SALS in the Neurobiological Basis of Alcoholism The Role of SALS in the Emergence of Neurological Disorders Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Role of Ethanol Metabolism Role of Stereo-Selectivity in the Effects of Salsolinol Neurotoxicity of Salsolinol By-products Summary Points References 25 Brain Networks in Active Alcoholism and Enduring Recovery: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electrophysiological S... List of Abbreviations Brain Networks in Active Alcoholism Compensatory Mechanisms of Resting State Brain Network Synchrony in Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholics Compensatory Mechanisms of Resting State Synchrony in Short-Term Abstinent Alcoholics Differences in Resting State Synchrony Between Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholics With Versus Without Comorbid Drug Dependence Degree of Resting State Synchrony During Early Alcohol Abstinence Predicts Subsequent Relapse Longitudinal Study of Network RSS in STAA LTAA With a Current Major Depressive Disorder Resting State Synchrony in LTAA With Versus Without a Current Major Depressive Disorder P3b Amplitude in LTAA With Versus Without a Current Major Depressive Disorder Parallel ICA Identifies EEG Coherence Correlates of rs-fMRI Synchrony Implications for Treatment Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Executive Control Networks Appetitive Drive Networks Summary Points References 26 Central Role of Amygdala and Hypothalamus Neural Circuits in Alcohol Withdrawal Symptom List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Withdrawal as a Hallmark of Physiological Dependence Amygdala and Alcohol Withdrawal Hypothalamus and Alcohol Withdrawal Other Brain Regions Implicated in Alcohol Withdrawal Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points References Part III: Psychology, Behavior, and Addiction 27 Neural Reward Processing in Human Alcoholism and Risk: A Focus on Event-Related Potentials, Oscillations, and Neuroimaging List of Abbreviations Introduction Reward Circuitry Electrophysiological Findings ERP Findings in Alcoholism Error-Related Paradigm Outcome-Related Paradigm Alcohol Cue Reactivity Paradigm ERO Findings During Reward Processing in Alcoholism Neuroimaging Findings Structural Findings on Reward System in Alcoholism Reward Related Functional MRI Findings in Alcoholism Functional Connectivity Findings on the Reward System in Alcoholism Resting State Functional Connectivity Task Related Functional Connectivity Issues and Future Directions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points References 28 Occipito-Temporal Sensitivity and Emotional Faces in Alcohol Use Disorder List of Abbreviations Introduction AUD and Emotion Emotional Facial Expressions Neural Correlates of EFE Identification Brain Model of Core and Extended Regions of EFE Processing Implications of EFE Processing Deficits Functional Connectivity Between Core and Extended EFE Network Regions Alcohol-Related Cues and EFE Recognition Considerations for Future Research of AUD and EFE Processing Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Emotional Facial Perception and Recognition Summary Points Acknowledgment References 29 Alcohol and Violence in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Neural Mechanisms List of Abbreviations Introduction Neurobiological Mechanisms Neurochemistry Serotonin Dopamine Monoamine Oxidase-A Neuroelectrophysiology Structural Brain Changes Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Monoamine Oxidase-A Summary Points References 30 Language Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders List of Abbreviations Language Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Structural Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Functional Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Developmental Problems in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Summary Points References 31 Deprivation in Rewards and Alcohol Misuse List of Abbreviations Deprivation in Rewards and Alcohol Misuse Measurement of Reward Deprivation/Substance-Free Reinforcement Demand Substance-Free Reinforcement Alternative Reinforcement Among Teenagers and Adolescents Alternative Reinforcement Among College Students and Emerging Adults Relation Between Gender and Alternative Reinforcement Relation Between Social Context and Alternative Reinforcement Alternative Reinforcement Among Adults Alternative Reinforcement as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Comorbid Psychopathology Treatment Targeting Reward Deprivation Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Reward Deprivation Summary Points References 32 Alcohol (Mis)Use in Individuals With Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability List of Abbreviations Introduction Prevalence Prevalence of Alcohol (Mis)use and Alcohol Use Disorder Screening and Assessment The Neuropsychological Underpinnings of Alcohol Use Disorder Dual Process Models of Addiction Deficiencies in Information Processing in Problematic Drinkers With Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability Conclusion and Implications for Practice Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Intellectual Disabilities Summary Points References 33 Sex, Stress, and Neuropeptides Interact to Influence Alcohol Consumption List of Abbreviations Introduction Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Alcohol Consumption and Adaptations β-Endorphin’s Role in Alcohol Consumption β-E, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Sex Interact to Regulate Drinking to Cope Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Sex Differences in Alcohol Consumption Summary Points Implications for Treatments References 34 Maternal Separation Stress in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Case of Double Whammy List of Abbreviations Neurodevelopment Is a Long-Lasting Continuum Modulated by Environment Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Revealing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Etiology via an Animal Model Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Face Additional Postnatal Challenges Modeling Maternal Separation in Rodents Implications for Treatments Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Summary Points References 35 Impulsivity and Binge Drinking: A Neurocognitive Perspective List of Abbreviations Binge Drinking as a Harmful Alcohol-Consumption Pattern A Multilevel Conceptualization of Impulsivity in Binge Drinking One Step Beyond: Framing Future Research on Impulsivity in Binge Drinking Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Cognitive Impairments in Binge Drinking Summary Points Acknowledgments References 36 Acetaldehyde and Motivation List of Abbreviations Introduction Acetaldehyde Has Its Own Motivational Properties Acetaldehyde Induces an Addictive Phenotype Endocannabinoids and Neuropeptide Y Acetaldehyde Mediates Alcohol Motivational Properties Conclusions Mini-Dictionary OF Terms Key Facts Acetaldehyde Summary Points References 37 Age-Related Differences in the Appetitive and Aversive Motivational Effects of Alcohol List of Abbreviations Introduction What Are the Motivational Effects of Alcohol, and How Do We Measure Them? Do the Motivational Effects of Alcohol Change Across the Life Span? Alcohol-Induced Taste Aversion Alcohol-Induced Place Conditioning Concluding Comments Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Animal Models of Alcohol Use Disorders Summary Points References 38 Alcoholism in Bipolar Disorders: An Overview of Epidemiology, Common Pathogenetic Pathways, Course of Disease, and Impli... List of Abbreviations Introduction Epidemiology Common Pathogenetic Pathways Genetic Factors Neurophysiological Correlates Psychopathological Correlates Clinical Features, Course and Prognosis Treatment Implications Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Bipolar Disorders Summary Points References 39 Socio-Emotional Deficits in Severe Alcohol Use Disorders List of Abbreviations The Importance of Socio-Emotional Factors in Severe Alcohol Use Disorders A Typological Review of Social Cognition in Patients with AUD Towards a Deeper Understanding of Social Cognition in Patients with AUD Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Social Cognition in Alcohol Use Disorders Summary Points Acknowledgments References 40 Relapse Risks in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorders List of Abbreviations Introduction Relapse as It Applies to AUD Recovery From AUD Biopsychosocial Model Stages of Behavioral Change Model Risk Of Psychological Relapse Craving Coping Skills Self-Efficacy Spirituality Sociological (Environmental) Relapse Risks Interpersonal Relationships Family Resilience for Recovery Recovery Support to Increase Resilience Resilience Associated With Self-Disclosure and Relapse Risks in Patients With AUD Innate/Acquired Resilience Have a Mutually Reinforcing Relationship Implications for Treatments Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Relapse Risks in Patients with AUD Summary Points Acknowledgment References 41 The Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol Hangover: Patterns of Impairment/Nonimpairment Within the Neurocognitive Domains o... List of Abbreviations Introduction What Is a Hangover? Measuring Hangover Organizing Research on Neurocognitive Performance During Hangover Neurocognitive Performance During Hangover Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Hangover Blood Alcohol Concentration Summary Points References Part IV: Pharmacology, Neuroactives, Molecular, and Cellular Biology 42 Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Exposure: Relevance to Ethanol Sensitivity and Alcohol Use Disorders Risk List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Affects Neuroactive Steroid Concentrations Acute Alcohol Effects Chronic Alcohol Effects Neuroactive Steroids Mediate Specific Behavioral Effects of Ethanol Neuroactive Steroids Influence Drinking Behavior in Rodents Individual Variation in Neuroactive Steroids Contributes to Ethanol Intake in Rodents and Monkeys Individual Variation in Neuroactive Steroids May Contribute to Alcohol Use Disorder in Humans Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Neuroactive Steroids Summary Points References 43 Alcohol’s Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine List of Abbreviations Overview of Striatal Anatomy and Function Dopamine in the Striatum Reward Prediction Error Incentive Salience Techniques for Measuring Extracellular Striatal Dopamine in Animals Ethanol’s Acute Pharmacological Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine Effects of Alcohol Self-Administration on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine Clinical Studies of Alcohol’s Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Phasic Versus Tonic Dopamine Signals Summary Points References 44 Nicotinic Cholinergic Mechanisms in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence List of Abbreviations Introduction Cholinergic Nicotinic Mechanisms in Alcohol Dependence Nicotinic Acetylcholine Mechanisms in Alcohol Dependence With Comorbid Addictive and/or Psychiatric Disorders Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points Conflict of Interest Acknowledgments References 45 Opioid System and Alcohol Consumption List of Abbreviations Introduction The Role of Endogenous Opioids and Their Receptors in Brain Reward Processes Effects of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Intake on Opioid Peptides and Receptors Deficiency of β-Endorphins and Alcohol Consumption Opioid Antagonists and Alcohol Consumption Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points References 46 The Enkephalinergic System and Ethanol Effects List of Abbreviations Introduction Ethanol and Opioid Effects on Dopaminergic Transmission: Role in Reinforcement Acute and Chronic Ethanol Effects on Enkephalinergic Transmission Prenatal Ethanol Effects on Enkephalinergic Transmission Implications for Treatments Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Alcoholism Summary Points References 47 Alcohol and Central Glutamate Activity: What Goes Up Must Come Down? List of Abbreviations Introduction Glutamate Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs) Group I mGluRs Group II mGluRs Group III mGluRs Effects of Ethanol on mGluRs Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors NMDARs AMPARs KARs GRIDs Effects of Ethanol on iGluRs Glutamate-Associated Transporters Vesicular Glutamate-Associated Transporters Effects of Ethanol on Glutamate Transporters The Mesocorticolimbic Reward System Ethanol and the Mesocorticolimbic Reward System Future Directions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Key Synaptic Components of the Glutamatergic System Include Summary Points Acknowledgements References 48 Ethanol and Hippocampal Gene Expression: Linking in Ethanol Metabolism, Neurodegeneration, and Resistance to Oxidative S... List of Abbreviations Introduction Metabolism of Ethanol in the Hippocampus Chronic and Long-Term Effects of Ethanol in the Hippocampus Acute Nontoxic Ethanol Intake, Hippocampal Gene Expression, and Antioxidant Potential Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Summary Points References 49 Stress, Alcohol, and Hippocampal Genes List of Abbreviations Introduction Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to Stress Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to Ethanol Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to the Combination of Stress and Ethanol Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Summary Points References 50 Genes and Alcoholism: Taste, Addiction, and Metabolism List of Abbreviations Introduction Taste and Alcoholism Alcohol Addiction Influence of Alcoholism-Related Taste and Addiction Genes With Food Choice Alcohol Metabolism Genes Sociocultural Factors Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Genetic Marks for Alcoholism Summary Points References 51 Ethanol Exposure During Development, and Brain Oxidative Stress List of Abbreviations Introduction Ethanol Metabolism in the Fetal Brain Mechanisms Underlying Fetal Brain Ethanol Toxicity Effects of Ethanol Exposure During Development on ROS Production and Oxidative Stress Use of Antioxidants as Therapeutic Strategies for FASD Treatment Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts FASD Summary Points References 52 Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Brain: Suggested Mechanisms, Associated Disorders, and Therapeutic Strategies List of Abbreviations Introduction Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress Brain Disorders Associated With Oxidative Stress Therapeutic Approaches in Oxidative Stress-Related Brain Disorders Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Oxidative Stress Summary Points References 53 Lead Exposure and Ethanol Intake: Oxidative Stress as a Converging Mechanism of Action List of Abbreviations Introduction Oxidative Stress Lead Ethanol Lead and Ethanol Lead, Ethanol, and Oxidative Stress Lead, Ethanol, Oxidative Stress, and Drug Consumption Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology Summary Points References Part V: Alcohol and Other Addictions 54 Alcohol and Gambling Addiction List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcoholism and Gambling Comorbidity, Epidemiological Data Development Factors Related to Comorbidity Between Alcoholism and Gambling Biological Factors Related to Alcoholism and Gambling Comorbidity Personality Traits and Comorbidity of Alcoholism and Gambling Disorder Impulsive and Compulsive Behavior Emotion Regulation Treatment Problems Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Alcohol and Gambling Disorder Summary Points References 55 Neuroscience of Alcohol and Crack Cocaine Use: Metabolism, Effects and Symptomatology List of Abbreviations Introduction Consumption Alcohol and Crack Cocaine Mixture Metabolism Cocaethylene and Its Neural System Actions Final Considerations Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Cocaethylene Summary Points References 56 The Impact of Ethanol Plus Caffeine Exposure on Cognitive, Emotional, and Motivational Effects Related to Social Functioning List of Abbreviations Caffeine as a Modulator of Ethanol Abuse Liability The Neuromodulator Adenosine: Common Target for Ethanol and Caffeine Social Interaction and Its Modulation by Anxiety: Impact of Caffeine–Ethanol Interaction Social Recognition: Effect of Caffeine and Alcohol on Cognition and Memory Conclusions and Future Directions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Caffeine Consumption Summary Points References Part VI: Biomarkers and screening 57 Biomarkers of Alcohol Misuse List of Abbreviations Introduction Ethanol Indirect Biomarkers Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin Gamma Glutamyltransferase Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase Mean Corpuscular Volume Direct Markers Alternative Sampling Strategies of Interest in the Context of Follow-Up of Alcohol (Mis)use Direct Alcohol Metabolites Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Implications for Patient Treatment and Follow-Up Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Indirect Ethanol Biomarkers Direct Ethanol Biomarkers Summary Points References 58 Phosphatidylethanol Homologs in Blood as Biomarkers for the Time Frame and Amount of Recent Alcohol Consumption List of Abbreviations Introduction The Discovery of Phosphatidylethanol Development of Phosphatidylethanol as an Alcohol Marker Studies on the Synthesis and Elimination of Phosphatidylethanol After Controlled Alcohol Consumption The Potential to use Different Phosphatidylethanol Homologs to Indicate Recentness of Alcohol Consumption Summary and Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Phosphatidylethanol as a Direct Biomarker of Alcohol Consumption Summary Points Sources of Support References 59 Metabolomics to Differentiate Alcohol Use Disorders From Social Drinkers and Alcohol-Naive Subjects List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Drinking and Its Detrimental Effects Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Use Disorder Current Diagnostic Methods of Alcohol Use Disorder AUD Questionnaires Biomarkers Metabolomics in Alcohol Use Disorders Diagnosis Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy in Metabolomics Metabolomics to Investigate Alcohol Consumption in Humans Urinary and Plasma Metabolomic Profiling to Discriminate Between Alcohol Use Disorders, Social Drinkers, and Alcohol-Naive ... Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Metabolomics Principal Component Analysis Summary Points References 60 Meconium Biomarkers of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Use in Women During Pregnancy Metabolism of Alcohol: Pregnancy, Embryo/Fetus, Neonate Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy and Biological Matrices Alcohol-Related Analytes in Meconium Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate Conclusion Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts About Prenatal Alcohol Use and Meconium Summary Points Acknowledgments References 61 Applications of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Distinct Health Areas Introduction In What Context Are These Instruments Worked With? Are There Country-Related Differences? Is the Proposed Structure of the AUDIT Valid? What Are the Most Frequently Used Cut-Off Points? Is It Possible to Improve the AUDIT by Changing Any Element? Does the AUDIT Surpass Other Methods of Alcohol Consumption Screening? Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Audit Summary Points References 62 Craving Measurement and Application of the Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire List of Abbreviations Definition of Craving Craving Measurement Definition and Theoretical Foundation Temporal Reference Psychometric Integrity Administration Demand Clinical Utility Limitations and Practical Considerations Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Craving Alcohol Craving Experience questionnaire Summary Points References Part VII: Treatments, strategies and resources 63 Negative Emotions and Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment List of Abbreviations Introduction The Psychological Tension Reduction Hypothesis Model The Psychiatric Comorbidity Model The Neuroscientific Opponent Process Model Concluding Remarks Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Negative Emotions and Alcohol Use Summary Points References 64 Use of Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Clinical Approach List of Abbreviations Introduction Role of GABAB Receptors in Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Pharmacology of Baclofen Clinical Efficacy of Baclofen in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder Safety Profile of Baclofen Controversies in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder With High Doses of Baclofen Conclusions and Outlook Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease (AILD) Summary Points References 65 Baclofen-Induced Neurotoxicity List of Abbreviations Introduction Baclofen Prescription for Ethanol Abstinence Baclofen Pharmacokinetics Baclofen-Related Adverse Effects at Therapeutic Doses Baclofen-Related Neurotoxicity in Overdose Alterations in Baclofen Pharmacokinetics in Overdose Management of the Baclofen-Poisoned Patient Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts GABAB Receptors Summary Points References 66 Treatment With Nalmefene in Alcoholism List of Abbreviations Introduction Treatment Goals in Alcohol Dependence Nalmefene for Reduction of Alcohol Consumption Nalmefene-Licensed Population Nalmefene Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trials Design Clinical Trials Results Discussion Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Unmet Medical Needs Supported by the Availability of Nalmefene Summary Points References 67 Dual Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorders: Combining Naltrexone With Other Medications List of Abbreviations Introduction Naltrexone Combinatorial Pharmacotherapeutics Naltrexone+Prazosin Naltrexone+Varenicline Naltrexone+Fluoxetine Naltrexone+Bupropion Summary Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts AUD Treatment Summary Points References 68 The Avermectin Family as Potential Therapeutic Compounds for Alcohol Use Disorder: Implications for Using P2X4 Receptor ... List of Abbreviations Introduction Overview of Purinergic P2X4 Receptors Relationship Between P2X4Rs and Ethanol In Vitro Evidence In Vivo Evidence Preclinical Investigations of Avermectins Preclinical Ivermectin Study Preclinical Moxidectin Study Anti-alcohol Mechanism(s) of Avermectins Implications for Treatments Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts The Burden of Alcohol Use Disorders Summary Points References 69 Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Clinical Picture and Therapeutic Options List of Abbreviations Introduction Alcohol Withdrawal: A Wide Range of Symptoms Laboratory Parameters as Diagnostic Tools Questionnaires: Tools to Grade Severity of Symptoms Aspects to Bear in Mind Before Therapeutic Intervention How to Treat Benzodiazepines: Different Ways of Application Beyond Benzodiazepines Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Summary Points References 70 Resources for the Neuroscience of Alcohol List of Abbreviations Introduction Summary Points Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover