دانلود کتاب New World Tarantulas: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Evolutionary Biology of Theraphosidae

فهرست مطالب :

Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the Theraphosidae 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 What Is a Theraphosidae? 1.2 Morphology 1.3 Tarantulas: Numbers and Taxonomy 1.3.1 Key to New World Theraphosidae Subfamilies 1.4 Biology 1.4.1 Life Cycles, Lifespan 1.4.2 Cocoons and Development 1.5 Venom 1.6 Origin and Paleontology References Chapter 2: A Molecular Approach to the Phylogeny of Theraphosidae and Their Kin 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of Developments in Molecular Studies of Spiders, Especially Tarantulas 2.2.1 Clarification of Species Limits 2.2.2 Broader Phylogenetic Scheme 2.3 Expansion into Genomic-Scale Sequencing Initiatives 2.3.1 Mitogenomics 2.3.2 Nuclear Genomics 2.4 Targeted Sequencing Approaches 2.4.1 Transcriptome Sequencing 2.4.2 Ultra-conserved Elements/Anchored Hybrid Enrichment 2.5 Toward Resolution of the Tarantula Phylogeny 2.6 Closing Aspects and Future Perspective References Chapter 3: Ischnocolinae and Schismatothelinae 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Subfamily Schismatothelinae 3.2.1 Identification Key (All steps in the key require examination of sexual features, such as male palpal bulb and female spermathecae. Therefore, adult specimens are required for proper generic recognition.) 3.3 Subfamily Ischnocolinae 3.3.1 Identification Key References Chapter 4: Arboreal Tarantulas and Their Allies: Aviculariinae and Psalmopoeinae 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Aviculariinae 4.1.2 Psalmopoeinae 4.2 Taxonomy 4.2.1 Aviculariinae Simon, 1892 4.2.2 Psalmopoeinae Samm and Schmidt (2008) 4.3 Distribution and Natural History 4.4 Conservation 4.5 Final Considerations References Chapter 5: Theraphosinae 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Taxonomic History 5.3 Taxonomy 5.3.1 Theraphosinae Thorell, 1870 5.4 Taxonomic Key References Chapter 6: Biogeography of New World Tarantulas 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Overview of New World Tarantula Biogeography 6.2 Biogeography of the Infraorder Mygalomorphae 6.3 Distribution of New World Tarantulas 6.3.1 Geographical Distribution of Theraphosidae Subfamilies 6.3.2 Geographical Distribution of Urticating Setae Types 6.3.3 Elevational and Latitudinal Limits for New World Tarantulas 6.3.4 Islands 6.3.5 Caves 6.3.6 Exotic Species Introductions 6.4 Historical Events Affecting the Distributional Patterns of New World Theraphosids 6.4.1 Origin and Diversification of the New World Theraphosid Fauna 6.5 Published and Ongoing Research on the Biogeography of New World Tarantulas 6.5.1 Divergence Dating 6.5.2 South America 6.5.3 Mexico 6.5.4 United States 6.6 Final Comments References Chapter 7: Tarantulas and Their Habitats 7.1 Introduction 7.2 USA: Aphonopelma 7.3 México: Brachypelma and Tliltocatl 7.3.1 “Red-knee” Brachypelma 7.3.2 “Red-Rump” Tliltocatl 7.4 Exit Light, Enter Night: Cave Dwellers of Mexico, and Beyond 7.5 Brazil: Mata Atlântica 7.6 High Up on the Mountain 7.7 Costa Rica and Ecuador: Local Assemblages Compared 7.7.1 Methods 7.7.2 Results 7.7.3 Discussion 7.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 8: Predation and Other Interactions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Predation 8.3 Predators and Parasites 8.3.1 Predators 8.3.2 Parasites and Parasitoids 8.4 Associations and Other Interactions 8.4.1 Frogs and Tarantulas 8.4.2 Bromeliads and Tarantulas 8.4.3 Interactions with Humans 8.5 Conclusion and Perspectives References Chapter 9: Enemies and Defences: Urticating Setae of Theraphosidae 9.1 Urticating Setae 9.1.1 Morphology and Typology of Urticating Setae 9.1.2 Active Defence of Theraphosids Using Urticating Setae 9.1.3 Passive Defence of Theraphosids Using Urticating Setae 9.1.4 Development of Urticating Setae During Ontogeny 9.1.5 Evolution of Urticating Setae References Chapter 10: Phsiological Ecology of Tarantulas: Thermoregulation, Metabolism, and Performance Traits 10.1 Thermoregulation 10.1.1 Measuring Thermoregulation 10.1.2 Activity Patterns and Body Temperature 10.1.3 Preferred Body Temperatures (Tpref) 10.1.4 Coldhardiness 10.1.5 Retreat Site Selection 10.2 Metabolism 10.3 Resting Metabolic Rates 10.4 Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) 10.5 Evaporative Water Loss 10.6 Performance Traits 10.6.1 Metabolic Rates During Locomotion 10.6.2 Minimum Cost of Transport (Cmin) 10.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11: Cuticular Structures of New World Tarantulas: Ultramorphology of Setae and Other Features 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Stridulating Setae: Coxae, Trochanters, Femora (Figs. 11.2, 11.3, and 11.4) 11.1.2 Adhesive Setae: Scopula and Claw Tufts (Fig. 11.5a, c–e, g, h) 11.1.3 Frictional Setae (Fig. 11.5a, c–f) 11.1.4 Chemosensors 11.1.5 Trichobothria: Clavate, Thickened, Filiform 11.1.6 Scales (Fig. 11.6c, g–i) 11.1.7 Spigots 11.1.8 Cuspules 11.1.9 Epiandrous Spigots References Chapter 12: Adhesive Features of the Theraphosid Tarantulas 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Smooth Adhesion Pads 12.1.2 Setae Adhesion Pads 12.2 Animal Groups with Adhesive Pads 12.3 Adhesion Structures in Tarantulas 12.3.1 Function of Scopula and Claw Tuft 12.3.2 Mechanism of Adhesion of the Scopula and Claw Tuft 12.3.3 Silk as an Adhesive Fluid? 12.3.4 Climbing 12.4 Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of the Adhesion Structures in Tarantulas References Chapter 13: Biomechanics of Locomotion in Tarantulas 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Gait Analysis 13.3 Stride Length and Frequency 13.4 Gait Patterns 13.5 Cost of Locomotion 13.6 Size and Speed 13.7 Mechanical Work of Locomotion 13.8 Efficiency and Maximum Power 13.9 Hydraulic Joint Movements 13.10 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Communication and Reproductive Biology of Tarantulas 14.1 Communication in Tarantulas: From Sounds to Smells 14.2 Prepared for Sex: Sperm Induction 14.3 Send Me a Sign: Male Courtship Behavior and Female Sexual Responses 14.4 Mating Behavior and Sperm Transfer 14.5 Sexual Dimorphism and Mating Systems 14.6 Phenology, Eggsac, Progeny, and Dispersal 14.7 Final Considerations References Chapter 15: Tarantulas in Captivity: Raising and Breeding 15.1 Natural History 15.1.1 Common Names and History 15.1.2 Natural History 15.2 Keeping and Breeding Tarantulas in Captivity 15.2.1 The Terrarium 15.2.2 Substrates 15.2.3 Hides 15.2.4 Light 15.2.5 Food 15.2.6 Heating and Temperature 15.2.7 Water and Humidity 15.2.8 Cleaning 15.2.9 Handling and Transport 15.2.10 Breeding 15.3 Common Ailments 15.3.1 Dehydration 15.3.2 Tissue Damage 15.3.3 Parasites 15.4 Tarantulas’ Popularity as Pets and Their Husbandry 15.4.1 Popular Pet Species 15.4.2 Acanthoscurria geniculata (C. L. Koch, 1841) 15.4.3 Aphonopelma seemanni (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) 15.4.4 Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) 15.4.5 Brachypelma auratum Schmidt, 1992 15.4.6 Brachypelma hamorii Tesmoingt, Cléton & Verdez, 1997 15.4.7 Brachypelma smithi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) 15.4.8 Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) 15.4.9 Psalmopoeus irminia Saager, 1994 15.4.10 Pseudoclamoris gigas (Caporiacco, 1954) 15.4.11 Theraphosa stirmi Rudloff & Weinmann, 2010 15.4.12 Xenesthis immanis (Ausserer, 1875) 15.5 Traffic, Endangered Species and Responsible Breeding Facilities References Chapter 16: Situation and Conservation of Tarantulas in the Americas 16.1 Social and Ecological Importance of Tarantulas 16.1.1 Ecological Significance 16.1.2 Tarantulas as Hobby and Other Usages 16.1.3 Tarantula’s Utilization: Food Resources, Medical Applications, and Other Applications 16.1.4 Economic Significance 16.2 Main Threats 16.2.1 Habitat Loss 16.2.2 Impact of Illegal Trade 16.2.3 Natural Disasters 16.3 Actions for Tarantula Conservation 16.3.1 Need of Studies With Wild Populations 16.3.2 Accurate Identifications 16.3.3 Education and Sustainable Use 16.4 Public Policies for Management, Protection, and Conservation References Chapter 17: Tarantulas, Gods and Arachnologists: An Outline of the History of the Study of New World Theraphosid Spiders 17.1 History of the Study of New World Theraphosid Spiders References Index