دانلود کتاب Next GenNetwork Synchronization

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Author’s Note
Contents
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Time Synchronization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synchronization
1.2.1 Synchronization Types
1.3 Clock
1.3.1 Offset, SKEW, and Drift
1.3.2 Crystal Oscillator as Clock Source
1.3.3 Crystal Oscillators Types
1.4 Atomic Oscillator
1.4.1 Atomic Frequency Standards and Atomic Clocks
1.4.1.1 Hydrogen Atomic Clock
1.4.1.2 Rubidium Atomic Clock
1.4.1.3 Cesium Atomic Clock
1.4.1.4 Quantum Logic Clock
1.4.2 Miniaturization of Atomic Clock
1.5 Unit of Time
1.6 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
References
Chapter 2: Timing Parameters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Need for Synchronization
2.3 Time Error
2.3.1 Jitter and Wander
2.3.2 Packet Delay Variation (PDV)
2.4 Synchronization Measurement
2.4.1 Phase Measurement
2.4.1.1 Time Interval Error (TIE)
2.4.1.2 Minimum Time Interval Error (MTIE)
2.4.1.3 Time Deviation (TDEV)
2.5 Measuring Time Error in Packet Network
2.5.1 Time Error Limit at Network Reference Point A
2.5.2 Time Error Limit at Network Reference Point B
2.5.3 Time Error Limit at Network Reference Point C
2.5.4 Time Error Limit at Network Reference Point D
2.5.5 Phase Wander Measurement at PRTC
2.6 Time Error Budget
References
Chapter 3: The Primary Reference Source (PRS)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Primary Reference Source (PRS)
3.2.1 The PRS Timing Distribution Hierarchy
3.2.1.1 Stratum 1
3.2.1.2 Stratum 2
3.2.1.3 Stratum 3
3.2.1.4 Stratum 3E
3.2.1.5 Stratum 4
3.2.2 Primary Reference Clock (PRC)
3.2.2.1 PRC Hierarchy
3.2.3 PRTC (Primary Reference Time Clock)
3.2.3.1 Time Error in Locked Mode
3.2.3.2 Holdover
3.2.4 PRTC Functional Model
3.3 GNSS System Overview
3.3.1 GPS (Global Positioning System)
3.3.2 GLONASS (Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, or Global Navigation Satellite System)
3.3.3 BeiDou Navigation System (BDS)
3.3.4 Galileo
3.3.5 Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
3.3.6 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
3.3.7 Iridium Constellation
3.3.8 SBAS (Satellite-Based Augmentation System)
References
Chapter 4: GNSS Time
4.1 Introduction
4.2 GNSS System
4.2.1 GNSS Time
4.2.2 Sources of Time Error in GNSS Time Distribution
4.2.2.1 Satellite-Related Error
4.2.2.2 Signal Propagation-Related Error
4.2.2.3 Ionospheric Delay
4.2.2.4 Tropospheric Delay
4.2.2.5 Multipath Effects
4.2.2.6 Multiple Antenna Cable Reflections
4.2.3 Mitigation of Time Error in a PRTC
4.2.3.1 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) Masking
4.2.3.2 Elevation Masking
4.2.3.3 P/TDOP
4.2.3.4 T-RAIM Masking
4.2.3.5 Cable Delay Correction
4.2.3.6 Methods of Time Error Measurement in Multipath Environment
References
Chapter 5: Timing Devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 GNSS Receiver Unit (GRU)
5.2.1 Timing Module
5.2.1.1 1PPS and TOD Interface
5.2.1.2 10 MHz Interface
5.2.2 Disciplined Clock
5.2.3 GRU Integrated Antenna (Smart Antenna)
5.3 Packet Timing Clock Devices
5.3.1 Grandmaster Clock
5.3.2 Boundary and Slave Clock
5.3.3 Enhanced Primary Reference Time Clock (ePRTC)
References
Chapter 6: Method of Time Distribution
6.1 Introduction
6.2 GNSS Interface and Configuration Protocols
6.2.1 Trimble Standard Interface Protocol (TSIP)
6.2.2 NMEA Protocol
6.2.3 RTCM Protocol
6.3 Time Distribution
6.3.1 BITS and SSU
6.3.2 IRIG-B Time Code
6.3.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)
References
Chapter 7: Packet Timing: Network Time Protocol
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Network Time Protocol (NTP)
7.2.1 What Is NTP?
7.2.2 Hierarchical Nature of NTP
7.2.3 NTP Protocol
7.2.3.1 NTP Message Structure
7.2.4 Approach to NTP Deployment
7.3 Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
7.4 Chrony
7.5 NTS and NTPSec
References
Chapter 8: Packet Timing: Precision Time Protocol
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
8.2.1 Fundamental Operation of the Protocol
8.2.2 Network Implementation Assumptions
8.2.3 PTP Operation
8.2.3.1 Establishing Master-Slave Hierarchy
8.2.3.2 PTP Synchronization
8.2.4 PTP Message and Packet Structure
8.2.4.1 PTP Messages Over UDP in IPv4 Network
8.2.4.2 PTP Messages Over UDP in IPv6 Network
8.2.4.3 PTP Messages Over Ethernet
8.2.4.4 PTP Messages Structure
8.2.4.5 Body of the PTP Header
Announce Message
Sync and Delay_Req Message
Follow_Up Message
Delay_Resp Message
Pdelay_Req Message
Pdelay_Resp Message
Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up Message
Signaling Message
Management Message
Management TLV
8.2.5 PTP Integrated Security Mechanism
8.2.5.1 Authentication TLV
8.2.5.2 PTP Over MACsec
8.2.5.3 PTP Over IPSec
8.3 PTP Profile
8.3.1 Default Profile
8.3.2 Telecom Profiles
8.3.3 Enterprise Profile
8.3.4 Power Profile
8.3.5 PTP Media Profile
References
Chapter 9: Synchronization for Telecom Infrastructure
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Historical Perspective: Synchronization in Telecom Networks
9.2.1 PDH Network Synchronization
9.2.1.1 2G Mobile Networks Synchronization
9.2.2 SONET/SDH Network Synchronization
9.2.2.1 3G Mobile Networks Synchronization
9.3 TDM to IP/MPLS Network Transformation
9.3.1 4G Mobile Network Synchronization
9.4 Telecom Profile
9.4.1 Frequency Profile
9.4.2 Phase and Time Synchronization Profile with Full Timing Support
9.4.3 Phase and Time Synchronization with PTS Profile
9.5 The Telecom Network Trends
9.6 The Era of 5G
9.6.1 New Network Model
9.6.2 5G Mobile Network Architecture
9.6.3 OpenRAN
9.6.4 5G Sync Plane
9.6.4.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
9.6.4.2 Time Error (TE) Budget
9.6.4.3 CBRS Synchronization
9.7 Telecom Cloud and Synchronization
References
Chapter 10: Synchronization for Smart Grid Infrastructure
10.1 Introduction
10.2 History and Evolution of Power Grid
10.3 The Smart Grid
10.4 The Need for Synchronization
10.4.1 Traveling-Wave Fault Detection (TWFL)
10.4.2 Synchrophasor
10.4.2.1 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
10.4.3 Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)
10.4.4 Event Timing and Reconstruction
10.4.5 End-to-End Relay Testing
10.4.6 Multi-Rate Billing
10.4.7 Power Quality Incentives
10.4.8 Applications to IEC 61850 Processor Bus
10.5 PTP Power Profile
References
Chapter 11: Synchronization for Data Center and MSO Infrastructure
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synchronization Need for Data Center
11.2.1 Distributed Database Synchronization
11.2.1.1 Audit Log
11.2.1.2 Concurrency Control
11.2.2 Live VM (Virtual Machine) Migration
11.2.3 Time Synchronization for Hadoop Cluster
11.3 Datacenter Time Protocol (DTP)
11.4 White Rabbit
11.5 Application-Centric Sync Plane Design
11.5.1 Localized PRTC (Primary Reference Time Clock)
11.5.2 Sync Plane Overlay for Distributed High-Precision Synchrony
11.6 Synchrony for MSO (Multiple-System Operator) Infrastructure
11.6.1 DOSIS Timing Interface (DTI)
11.6.2 Remote DOCSIS Timing Interface (R-DTI)
11.6.3 The DTP (DOCSIS Timing Protocol)
11.6.3.1 DTP Signaling
References
Chapter 12: Synchronization for Industrial Networks
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of Industrial Networks
12.2.1 Communications Protocols
12.2.2 Industrial Ethernet (IE)
12.2.2.1 EtherNet/IP
12.2.2.2 PROFINET
12.2.2.3 EtherCAT
12.2.2.4 Modbus TCP
12.2.2.5 POWERLINK
12.2.3 Fieldbus
12.2.3.1 PROFIBUS DP
12.2.3.2 Modbus RTU
12.2.3.3 CC-Link
12.2.3.4 CANOpen
12.2.3.5 DeviceNet
12.3 Synchronization Need for Industrial Networks
12.3.1 Synchronization in Industrial Ethernet
12.3.1.1 EtherNet/IP Sync Plane
12.3.1.2 PROFITNET Sync Plane
12.3.1.3 EtherCAT Sync Plane
12.3.1.4 Modbus TCP Sync Plane
12.3.1.5 POWERLINK Sync Plane
12.3.2 Fieldbus Sync Plane
References
Index