دانلود کتاب Noninfectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
2020 Preface, Volume 2
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
1. Reptile Neoplasia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Review by Systems and Organs
1.2.1 Integumentary System
1.2.2 Urinary System
1.2.3 Alimentary System
1.2.4 Pancreas
1.2.5 Hepatobiliary System
1.2.6 Reproductive System
1.2.7 Endocrine System
1.2.8 Musculoskeletal System
1.2.9 Soft Tissue Sarcoma
1.2.10 Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems
1.2.11 Nervous System
1.2.12 Respiratory System
1.2.13 Cardiovascular System
1.2.14 Special Senses
1.2.15 Miscellaneous Intracoelomic Neoplasia
1.3 Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures
1.3.1 Immunohistochemistry
1.3.2 Special Stains
1.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
References
2. Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Obesity
2.3 Lipidosis
2.4 Xanthomatosis
2.5 Atheromatosis
2.6 Emaciation
2.7 Pyramiding in Chelonians
2.8 Metabolic Bone Disease
2.8.1 Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis
2.8.2 Osteoporosis
2.8.3 Rickets and Osteomalacia
2.8.4 Nutritional and Husbandry-Related Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
2.9 Soft Tissue Mineralization of Dietary and Metabolic Origin
2.10 Vitamin A Deficiency
2.11 Hypervitaminosis A
2.12 Pansteatitis
2.13 Goiter
2.14 Thiamine Deficiency
2.15 Hyperglycemia
References
3. Depositional Diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gout
3.2.1 Causes
3.2.2 Prevalence of Gout
3.2.3 Common Pathologic Features of Gout
3.2.4 Renal and Visceral Gout
3.2.5 Articular and Periarticular Gout
3.2.6 Gout-Like Lesions
3.3 Urolithiasis
3.3.1 Prevalence and Predisposing Factors
3.3.2 Composition
3.3.3 Signs and Associated Lesions
3.4 Mineralization
3.4.1 Causes and Types
3.4.2 Visceral Mineralization
3.4.3 Articular and Periarticular Mineral Deposition
3.5 Amyloidosis
3.5.1 Causes and Types
3.5.2 Pathologic Features and Diagnosis
3.5.3 Paramyloid
3.6 Glomerular Basement Membrane Diseases
3.7 Pigment Deposition
3.7.1 Iron
3.7.2 Lipofuscin
3.7.3 Melanin
3.8 Fatty Deposits
3.8.1 Lipid
3.8.2 Cholesterol
3.9 Miscellaneous Deposits
References
4. Normal and Abnormal Reptile Development
4.1 Introduction and General Background
4.1.1 Reproductive Cycles
4.1.2 Ovipary and Vivipary
4.2 Review of Normal Development of Lizards and Snakes
4.2.1 Early Embryogenesis
4.2.2 Extraembryonic Membranes
4.2.3 Neurogenesis, Somitogenesis
4.2.4 External Morphology
4.2.5 Intrauterine Gestation
4.3 Developmental Anomalies in Lizards and Snakes
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Pigmentation Anomalies
4.3.3 Malformations and Anomalies of Scales
4.3.4 Bicephaly
4.3.5 Spine Deformities
4.3.6 Malformations or Agenesis of the Tail
4.3.7 Dwarfism
4.3.8 Schistosomus Reflexus Syndrome
4.3.9 Ocular Malformations
4.3.10 Cephalic Malformations
4.3.11 Malformations of Internal Organs
4.4 Review of Normal Testudines Development
4.4.1 Reproductive Biology and Natural History
4.4.2 Sperm Storage
4.4.3 Eggshells
4.4.4 Fertilization and Development
4.5 Review of Normal Crocodilian Development
4.6 Developmental Anomalies in Testudines and Crocodylia
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Testudines
4.6.3 Crocodylia
4.7 Review of Normal Tuatara .(Sphenodon punctatus). Development
4.7.1 Reproductive Biology and Natural History
4.7.2 Nests and Incubation
4.7.3 Embryogenesis
4.7.4 Hatchling to Adult
4.8 Developmental Anomalies in the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
Acknowledgments
References
5. Degenerative Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Skin
5.3 Nervous System
5.4 Special Sense Organs
5.5 Coelom
5.6 Respiratory System
5.7 Cardiovascular System
5.8 Digestive System
5.9 Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas
5.10 Immune System
5.11 Urinary System
5.12 Reproductive System
5.13 Endocrine System
5.14 Musculoskeletal System
References
6. Trauma and Physical Diseases
6.1 General Comments
6.2 Conspecific or Cagemate Trauma
6.2.1 Male-Male Aggression
6.2.2 Mate/Breeding Trauma
6.2.3 Overcrowding or Mixed-Species Encounters
6.2.4 “Feeding Frenzy”
6.3 Self-Induced Trauma
6.3.1 Escape Behaviors and Enclosure-Related Trauma
6.3.2 Other Stress-Related Behaviors
6.4 Other Trauma
6.4.1 Entrapments
6.4.2 Crush Injuries
6.4.3 Handling Injuries and Human Cruelty
6.4.4 Vehicle Strikes
6.4.5 Predator/Prey Bites
6.4.6 Foreign Body Ingestion and Inappropriate Food Items
6.5 Environmental and Physical Diseases
6.5.1 Hypothermia
6.5.2 Hyperthermia
6.5.3 Burns
6.5.4 Electrocution
6.5.5 Dehydration
6.5.6 Excessive Humidity/Wet Conditions
6.5.7 Toenail/Beak Overgrowth or Deformity
6.5.8 Lighting and Other Physical Disturbances
6.5.9 Irradiation
6.5.10 Acoustic Injuries and Underwater Explosion Injuries
6.6 Other “Accidents”
6.6.1 Intestinal or Other Visceral Accidents
6.6.2 Overturned Tortoises
6.6.3 Drowning
6.6.4 Decompression Sickness and Gas Bubble Disease
Acknowledgments
References
7. Environmental and Miscellaneous Toxicoses in Reptiles
7.1 General. Comments
7.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
7.2.1 Chelonia
7.2.2 Crocodylia
7.2.3 Sauria
7.2.4 Ophidia
7.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Crude Oil
7.3.1 Chelonia
7.3.2 Crocodylia
7.3.3 Sauria
7.3.4 Ophidia
7.4 Inorganic Pollutants: Metals
7.4.1 Chelonia
7.4.2 Crocodylia
7.4.3 Sauria
7.4.4 Ophidia
7.5 Emerging Pollutants
7.5.1 Chelonia
7.5.2 Crocodylia
7.5.3 Sauria
7.5.4 Ophidia
7.6 Macroplastics and Microplastics
7.7 Pesticide Poisoning
7.7.1 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
7.7.2 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
7.7.3 Anticoagulant Rodenticides
7.7.4 Cholecalciferol (and Calcium)
7.7.5 Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080)
7.7.6 Zinc Phosphide
7.7.7 Glyphosate
7.7.8 Atrazine
7.7.9 Neonicotinoids and Fipronil
7.8 Biotoxins
7.8.1 Saxitoxins
7.8.2 Brevetoxins
7.8.3 Microcystins
7.8.4 Other Toxins from Cyanobacteria
7.8.5 Tetrodotoxin
7.9 Drug Toxicoses
7.9.1 Ivermectin
7.9.2 Benzimidizole Anthelmintics
7.9.3 Metronidazole
7.9.4 Gentamicin
7.9.5 Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate
7.9.6 Ibuprofen
7.10 Plant Toxicoses
7.11 Envenomation and Self-Envenomation
Acknowledgments
References
8. Physiology and Diseases of the Reproductive System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sex-Determining Mechanisms
8.2.1 Genotypic Sex Determination (GSD)
8.2.2 Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination
8.3 Gonad and Sex Duct Differentiation
8.4 Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction
8.5 Seasonal Cyclicity
8.6 Spermatogenesis
8.7 Ovarian Physiology
8.7.1 Oogenesis
8.7.2 Folliculogenesis
8.7.3 Ovulation
8.7.4 Corpus Luteum Development
8.7.5 Follicular Atresia
8.8 Copulation and Fertilization
8.9 Embryo Development and Birth
8.9.1 Extraembryonic Membrane Development
8.9.2 Oviparous Development in the Oviduct
8.9.3 Egg Physiology
8.9.4 Viviparous Development
8.9.5 Embryo Development
8.9.6 Neonatal Reptiles
8.10 Nutrient Metabolism Effect on Reproduction
8.11 Stress Effect on Reproduction
8.12 Noninfectious Causes of Reproductive Disease
8.12.1 Aging (Degenerative Diseases)
8.12.2 Neoplasia of the Reproductive Tract
8.12.3 Environmental Factors
8.12.4 Reproductive Toxicants and Endocrine Disruption
8.12.5 Industrial and Petroleum Compounds or Byproducts
8.12.6 Pharmaceutical Contaminants in the Environment
8.12.7 Pesticides
8.12.8 Heavy Metals—Trace Elements
8.12.9 Algal Toxin
8.13 Observations on Intersex
8.13.1 True Hermaphrodites (Ovotestes)
8.13.2 Pseudohermaphroditism
8.13.3 Dysplasia and Aplasia of the Tubular Tract
8.14 Diseases of the Male Reproductive Tract
8.14.1 Testicular Degeneration
8.14.2 Breach of Blood-Testis Barrier
8.14.3 Orchitis
8.14.4 Disease of Epididymis and Vas Deferens
8.14.5 Defective Spermatogenesis
8.14.6 Disease of Male External Genitalia and Cloaca
8.15 Diseases of Female Reproductive Tract
8.15.1 Atresia and Congenital Ovarian Disease
8.15.2 Follicular Atresia and Degeneration
8.15.3 Ovarian Hemorrhage
8.15.4 Oophoritis
8.15.5 Preovulatory Disease
8.15.6 Periovulatory Disease
8.15.7 Postovulatory Disease
8.15.8 Yolk Coelomitis
8.15.9 Dystocia
8.15.10 Female Cloaca and Oviduct Prolapse
8.15.11 Disease of Non-Gravid Oviduct
8.16 Egg Viability
8.17 Early Embryonic Death
8.18 Late Embryonic Death
8.19 Perinatal Disease
Acknowledgments
References
9. Reptile Cardiovascular System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anatomy and Physiology
9.2.1 Anatomy of Chelonia and Squamata
9.2.2 Anatomy of Sphenodontia
9.2.3 Anatomy of Crocodylia
9.2.4 Cardiac Blood Supply
9.2.5 Neuroanatomy
9.2.6 Blood Flow and Shunting
9.2.7 Blood Pressure
9.2.8 Neuroendocrine Function
9.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
9.3.1 Degenerative Diseases
9.3.2 Deposition Diseases
9.3.3 Developmental Anomalies
9.3.4 Metabolic Diseases
9.3.5 Neoplastic Diseases
9.3.6 Nutritional Diseases
9.3.7 Idiopathic Cardiovascular Diseases
9.3.8 Infectious Diseases
9.3.9 Trauma
References
10. Bone Alteration by Disease
10.1 Introduction and General Background
10.2 Descriptives
10.3 Congenital Anomalies
10.4 Osteochondrosis versus Osteochondritis
10.5 Osteoarthritis or Osteoarthrosis
10.6 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
10.7 Stress Fractures
10.8 Exostoses, Osteochondroma, and Avulsions
10.9 Infection
10.10 Avascular Necrosis
10.11 Metabolic Disease
10.11.1 Vitamin D-Related Disease
10.11.2 Parathyroid-Related Disease
10.11.3 Paget’s Disease
10.11.4 Gout
10.11.5 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
10.12 Spondyloarthropathy
10.13 Benign Neoplasia
10.14 Malignant Neoplasia
10.15 Summary
References
Index