دانلود کتاب Norway 2017 Review

فهرست مطالب :

Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Norway 2017
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
Executive summary
Oil and gas
Electricity system
Limiting carbon dioxide emissions
Key recommendations
PART I. Policy analysis
1. General energy policy
Country overview
Supply and demand
Supply
Demand
Institutions
Key policies
Oil and gas production
Domestic energy supply
1. Enhanced security of supply
2. Efficient production of renewables
3. More efficient and climate-friendly use of energy
4. Economic growth and value creation through efficient use of profitable renewable resources
Limiting energy-related CO2 emissions
Assessment
Oil and gas sector
Electricity sector
Limiting CO2 emissions
Recommendations
References
2. Climate change
Greenhouse gas emissions
Energy-related CO2 emissions
Sources of emissions
Emissions by sector
Emissions by fuel
Carbon intensity of the economy
Carbon intensity of electricity generation
Local air quality
Institutions
Policies and measures
Targets
Domestic measures
Emissions trading
International emission credits
Climate change vulnerability and adaptation
Assessment
Recommendations
References
3. Energy efficiency
Overview
Energy intensity
Energy consumption by sector
Industry
Transport
Residential and commercial sectors
District heating
Institutions
Policies and measures
Targets
Buildings
Restrictions on oil use for heating
Energy certification scheme
Support for energy efficiency in buildings
Transport
Industry
District heating
Appliances
Case study: E-mobility
EV and infrastructure development
National and local policy
E-mobility in public transport and car-sharing services
Public transport
Electric car-sharing services
Assessment
Industry
Buildings
Transport, including e-mobility
Recommendations
References
PART II. Sector analysis
4. Fossil fuels
Upstream oil and gas sector
Resources and production
Investments
Exploration
Production licensing
Mature areas
Frontier areas
Unopened areas
State oil and gas revenue
Oil
Overview
Supply and demand
Production and exports
Demand
Infrastructure
Offshore transport infrastructure
Ports
Refineries
Storage
Retail industry structure
Prices and taxes
Security of supply
Emergency reserves
Natural gas
Supply and demand
Production and exports
Demand
Infrastructure
Offshore transport infrastructure
Gassco
Gassled
Regulated access to the gas transportation system
Mainland distribution network
Security of supply
Coal
Assessment
Upstream oil
Downstream oil
Natural gas
The licensing system for oil and gas
Added value of the oil and gas sector
Security of supply
Recommendations
References
5. Carbon capture and storage
Overview
Policy framework
Regulatory framework
Gassnova SF (Gassnova) – one-stop shop for CCS
International collaboration
Ongoing projects
Sleipner
Snøhvit
CCS strategy and planned projects
The 2014 CCS strategy
Kårstø and Mongstad demonstration projects
Developing new full-scale projects
CO2 storage
RD&D
Assessment
Communicating the value of CCS
Concentrating efforts to develop CO2 infrastructure in the North Sea
Recommendations
References
6. Electricity
Overview
Supply and demand
Electricity generation
Capacity
Imports and exports
Electricity consumption
Institutions and legal framework
Institutions
Legal framework
Electricity certificate system
Transmission and distribution
Transmission system
Distribution system
Cross-border collaboration
Electricity markets and trade
Generation ownership
Wholesale market
Retail market
Electricity prices
Security of supply
Assessment
The evolving distribution system
Hydropower as a domestic and regional resource
Regulatory independence
Recommendations
References
7. Renewable energy
Overview
Supply and demand
Renewable energy in the TPES
Electricity from renewable energy
Institutions
Policies and measures
Targets
Electricity
Electricity certificate system
Hydropower taxation
Wind power development
Heat
Transport
Assessment
Recommendations
References
PART III. Energy technology
8. Energy technology research, development, and demonstration
Overview
Strategies
OG21
Energi21
Programmes and supporting bodies
Programmes
PETROMAKS 2
DEMO 2000
Research centres for petroleum activities (PETROSENTER)
ENERGIX
CLIMIT
FMEs
Monitoring and evaluation
Supporting bodies
Enova
Innovation Norway
Gassnova
Public funding
International collaboration
Assessment
Recommendations
References
PART IV. Annex
ANNEX A: Organisation of the review
ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
Footnotes to energy balances and key statistical data
ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
Acronyms and abbreviations
Units of measurement