دانلود کتاب Nursing Today: Transition and Trends

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Front Cover Nursing Today: Transitions and Trends Copyright Page Contributors Reviewers Preface Acknowledgments Contents​ Unit I. Professional Growth and Transition 1 Role Transitions Transitions What Are Transitions? What Are Important Factors Influencing Transitions? Transitions in Nursing Reality Shock What Is Reality Shock? What Are the Phases of Reality Shock? What Is Transition Shock? Role Transformation When Does the Role Transition to Graduate Nurse Begin? How Can I Prepare Myself for This Transition Process? Begin Increasing Independence More Realistic Patient-Care Assignments Clinical Hours That Represent Realistic Shift Hours Perform Nursing Procedures Instead of Observing More Truth About the Real Work-Setting Experience Look for Opportunities to Problem Solve and Practice Critical Thinking Request Constructive Feedback From Staff and Instructors Request Clinical Experience in an Area or Hospital of Interest Think Positively Be Flexible School-learned ideal. Workplace reality. Compromise. Get Organized Stay Healthy Find a Mentor Find Other New Graduates Have Some Fun Know What to Expect What Is the Future of Role Transition? Conclusion Bibliography 2 Personal Management: Time and Self-Care Strategies Managing Your Time Balance Is the Key What Are Your Biological Rhythms, and How Do You Use Them? What Is Meant by Right and Left Brain Dominance, and Where Is My Brain? Which Are You? How Can I Manage My Physical Environment? Compartmentalize Color Code Convenience Declutter the Clutter What About All the Paperwork and Electronic Requests—How Can I Manage Them? What About Managing the Telephone? What About All That E-mail, Texting, or Social Media? How Can I Manage My Time? Managing Tasks How Do I Deal With Procrastination? Consider the Consequences The Earlier, the Better “By the Inch, It’s a Cinch” Reward Yourself Avoid the Myth of Perfection Managing Others What About Delegation and Time Management? Managing Your Goals Begin by Listing Prioritize With the ABCD System Keep It Going Self-Care Strategies Is Burnout Inevitable for Nurses? Cultivating Mindfulness Are You Living on “Automatic Pilot”? What Are Mindfulness Exercises? Empowerment and Self-Care Suggested Strategies for Self-Care Based on the Holistic Self-Assessment Tool Am I Emotionally Healthy or Emotionally Intelligent? What About Friends and Fun? How Do I Find the Time? How Do I Take Care of My Physical Self? Self-Care Activities Physical Exercise. Laughter. Mental Exercise. Motivate Yourself. Schedule Idle Time. Strategies to Foster My Spiritual Self: Does My Life Have Meaning? How Do I Increase My Mental Potential? Is It Okay to Daydream? What Are My Choices, and How Do I Exercise Them? Conclusion Bibliography 3 Mentorship, Preceptorship, and Nurse Residency Programs Ashley Historical Background What Mentoring is and is not What Is Preceptorship? What Is a Dedicated Education Unit? What Happens if I Experience a Challenge During My Preceptorship or Clinical Rotation? Lead Follow Get Out of the Way What Is a Nurse Residency Program? How to Find a Mentor What Are the Characteristics of a Successful Mentor? What Is a Mentoring Moment? When Do We Need Mentors? What Is the Role of the Mentee? What Are the Characteristics of the Mentee? What Are the Types of Mentoring Relationships? Mentoring Through Reality Shock Honeymoon Phase Shock or Rejection Phase Recovery Phase Resolution Phase Transitioning from Mentee to Mentor What Does the Future Hold? Conclusion Bibliography 4 Employment Considerations: Opportunities, Resumes, and Interviewing What is Happening in the Job Market? Self-Assessment What Are My Clinical Interests? What Are My Likes and Dislikes? What Are My Personal Needs and Interests? What Are My Career Goals? Researching Prospective Employers What Employment Opportunities Are Available? What About Advanced Degrees in Nursing? How do i go about Researching Prospective Employers? Employment Considerations: How Do You Decide on an Employer? Media Information Newspapers. Online Searches. Social Networking. Job Fairs and Open Houses. Employee Contacts. Recruitment Contacts Letter-Writing Campaign. Telephone Contact. Personal Contact. What do i Need to know to Assess the Organization? How Do You Go About Assessing an Organization to Find What You Want? Talk to People in the Organization Read and Analyze the Recruitment Materials Review the Mission, Vision, or Philosophy Statement Evaluate the Reputation of the Leadership Portfolios What Is an E-Portfolio? Traditional and Employer-Focused Resumes How Do I Write an Effective Resume? What Information Is Necessary for a Resume? Demographic Data: Who Are You? Summary of Qualifications (Professional Objective): For What Position Are You Applying? Education: Where Did You Receive Your Education? Professional Experience: What Do You Know How to Do? Licensure: What Can You Do, and Where Can You Do It? Professional Organizations: To Which Do You Belong? Honors and Awards: For What Did You Receive Recognition? References: Who Knows About You? What Else Should I Submit With My Resume? What Are the Methods for Submitting Resumes? The Interview Process How Do I Plan My Interview Campaign? Set Up Your Schedule Prepare to Show Your Best Side Rehearse the Interview Strategies for Interview Success Phone Interview Tips Video Interview Tips Face-to-Face Interview: Critical First 5 Minutes! Phases of the Interview How do i Handle Unexpected Questions or Situations? Now Can We Talk About Benefits? Sign-on Bonuses Job Offers and Possible Rejection Postinterview Process Follow-up Communication Follow-up Letter Letters of Rejection Telephone Follow-up What If I Do Not Like My First Position? What If It Is Time to Change Positions? Conclusion Bibliography 5 NCLEX-RN® Exam and the New Graduate The NCLEX-RN® Exam Who Prepares It, and Why Do We Have to Have It? How Will the Nurse Licensure Compact Affect Your License? What Is the NCLEX-RN® Exam Test Plan? What Does Computer-Adaptive Testing Mean? What Is the Application Process for the NCLEX-RN® Exam Computer-Adaptive Test? What About Testing Accommodations? Where Do I Take the Test? When Do I Take the Test? How Much Time Do I Have, and How Many Questions Are There? Do I Have to Be Computer Literate? How Will I Keep the Computer Keys Straight and Deal With a Mouse? What Is the Passing Score? How Will I Know I Have Passed? What Types of Questions Will Be on the NCLEX-RN® Exam? What Are Some of the Other Things I Really Need to Know About the NCLEX-RN® Exam? What If I Need to Change the Time or Date I Have Already Scheduled? What About Identification at the Testing Site? What Are the Advantages of the Computer-Adaptive Test for the Candidate? Preparing for the NCLEX-RN® Exam Where and When Should I Start? Six Months Before the NCLEX-RN® Exam Investigate review courses, review books, and practice tests. Plan an expense account for the end of school and for the NCLEX-RN® examination. Two Months Before the NCLEX-RN® Exam: What Do I Need to Do Now? If you have a job, discuss your anticipated NCLEX-RN® exam test date with your employer. Decide how you are going to get to the test site and whether it will be necessary for you to stay overnight. Are you going with a group or by yourself? Develop a plan for studying. The Day Before the BIG DAY Make a “test run” the evening before the test. Go to bed early do not study, cram, or party! The BIG DAY Is Here Dress comfortably but look nice. NCLEX Rules How Do I Select an NCLEX-RN® Exam Review Course? What Types of Review Courses Are Available? NCLEX-RN® exam online review courses. What Are the Qualifications of the Review Course Instructors? What Types of Instructional Materials Are Used in the Course? Does the Course Include Instruction in Test-Taking Skills and Testing Practice? How Much Does the Course Cost? How Long Does It Last? Where Is the Face-to-Face Course Held? What Are the Statistics Regarding the Pass Rate for the Company? Does the Review Company Offer Any Type of Guarantee? When Is the Course Offered? NCLEX-RN® Exam Review Books: Which One Is Right for You? Scan the Table of Contents Evaluate Chapter Layout Evaluate Content Evaluate the Index Examine Test Questions Look for Test-Taking Strategies NCLEX-RN® Practice Exam Test Anxiety: What Is the Disease? How Do You Get Rid of It? What Kinds of Questions Can I Expect on the NCLEX-RN® Exam? What Difference Do Test-Taking Strategies Make? What Are Strategies for Answering Multiple-Choice Questions? Read the Question (Stem) Carefully Create a Pool of Information Look for Critical Words Evaluate All the Options in a Systematic Manner Eliminate Options You Know Are Not Correct Identify Similarities in the Options Evaluate Priority Questions Very Carefully Select Answers That Focus on the Client What Are Alternate Item Format Questions? What Are the Different Types of Alternate Item Format Questions? Fill-in-the-blank. Multiple-response item. Hot spot. Ordered response (drag and drop). Chart or exhibit item. Audio item. Graphic options. What Is the Next Generation NCLEX Project? Let’s Look a Little Closer at the NGN Types of NGN Test Questions NCLEX-RN® Exam Testing Tips NCLEX Hospital NCLEX Clients Medication Administration Calling for Assistance Positioning Delegation and Supervision Setting Priorities With a Group of Clients Prescriber’s Orders Conclusion Bibliography Unit II. Nursing: A Developing Profession 6 Historical Perspectives: Influences on the Present Nursing History: People and Places Where Did It All Begin? Why Deacons, Widows, and Virgins? How Did Knighthood Contribute to Nursing? What About Revolts and Nursing? Florence Nightingale: The Legend and the Lady American Nursing: Critical Factors What Was It Like in Colonial Times? What Happened to Nursing During the US Civil War? How Did the Roles of Nurses and Wives Compare During the Victorian Era? Who Were the Reformers of the Victorian Era? What Were the Key Challenges and Opportunities in 20th- and 21st-Century Nursing? How Did the Symbols (Lamp, Cap, and Pin) of the Profession Evolve? What Are the Key Events and Influences of the 21st Century? History of Nursing Education What Is the History of Diploma Nursing? What Is the History of Associate Degree Nursing? What Is the History of Baccalaureate Nursing? What Is the History of Graduate Nursing Education? The Nurse’s Role: the Struggle for Definitions What Do Nurses Do? What Is the Traditional Role of a Nurse? Did You Know You Would Be a Teacher or Educator? When Did the Nurse Become an Advocate? Nurse in the Role of Advocate What Is the Role of Manager of Care? Can Nurses Be Colleagues? Where Does This Leave the Role of Colleague? What About Experts? Conclusion Bibliography 7 Nursing Education Path of Diploma Education What Is the Educational Preparation of the Diploma Graduate? Path of Associate Degree Education What Is the Educational Preparation of the Associate Degree Graduate? Path of Baccalaureate Education What Is the Educational Preparation of a Baccalaureate Graduate? Other Types of Nursing Education What Are the Other Available Educational Options? What Is a Concurrent Enrollment BSN Completion Program? What is a BSN/MSN Completion Program? What Is an External Degree Program? What is an Online (Web-Based) Program? What is a Proprietary Nursing School? What Is an Accelerated Program? Nontraditional Paths for Nursing Education What About a Master’s Degree as a Path to Becoming a Registered Nurse? Graduate Education What About Graduate School? Why Would I Want a Master’s Degree? How Do I Know Which Master’s Degree Program Is Right for Me? Why Would I Want a Doctoral Degree? How Do I Know Which Doctoral Program Is Right for Me? Credentialing: Licensure and Certification What Is Credentialing? What Is Nursing Licensure? What Is Certification? What is Accreditation? Nursing Education: Future Trends The Changing Student Profile Educational Mobility A Shortage of Registered Nurses A Shortage of Qualified Nursing Faculty Technology and Education Changing Health Care Settings The Aging Population Conclusion Bibliography 8 Nursing Theories Nursing Theory What Is Theory? What Nursing Theory Is Not Why Theory? What Is the History of Nursing Theory? Who Are The Nursing Theorists? Selected Nursing Theorists Dorothea Orem—Self-Care Nursing Theory Martha Rogers—Science of Unitary Human Beings Sister Callista Roy—Adaptation Model Dorothy Johnson—Behavioral Systems Model Betty Neuman—Systems Model Imogene King—Goal Attainment Model Jean Watson—Theory of Human Caring Madeleine Leininger—Culture Care Theory Future of Nursing Theory Conclusion Bibliography 9 Professional Image of Nursing Professional Image of Nursing What Do We Mean by the “Image” of Nursing? Patient Interactions Personal Interaction With the Public Public Speaking and Community Activities Participation in Political Activities What Constitutes a Profession? Is Nursing a Profession? 1. A Profession Has Relevance to Social Values 2. A Profession Has a Training or Educational Period 3. Elements of Self-Motivation Address the Way in Which the Profession Serves the Patient or Family and Larger Social Syste ... 4. A Profession Has a Code of Ethics 5. A Professional Has a Commitment to Lifelong Work 6. Members Control Their Profession 7. A Profession Has a Theoretical Framework on Which Professional Practice Is Based 8. Members of a Profession Have a Common Identity and a Distinctive Subculture Nursing Organizations What Should I Know About Professional Organizations? What Organizations Are Available to Recent Graduates? American Nurses Association American Nurses Foundation and the American Academy of Nursing International Council of Nurses National League for Nursing National Student Nurses’ Association Organization for Associate Degree Nursing American Association of Colleges of Nursing American Board of Nursing Specialties American Assembly for Men in Nursing The American Red Cross Conclusion Bibliography Unit III. Nursing Management 10 Challenges of Nursing Management and Leadership Management Versus Leadership What Is the Difference Between Management and Leadership? The Functions of Management What Are the Characteristics and Theories of Management? What Is Meant by Management Style? What Are the Characteristics and Theories of Leadership? Management Requires “Followership” The 21st Century: A Different Age for Management and for Leadership The Silent or Veteran Generation The Baby Boomers Generation X Generation Y Generation Z or Generation Now Generation Alpha Power and Authority in Nursing Management Do You Know the Difference Between Power and Authority? What Are the Different Types of Power? Management Problem Solving How Are Problem-Solving Strategies Used in Management? Evidence-Based Management Protocols and Interventions How Are Problem Solving and Decision Making Related? What Effect Does the Leader Have on the Group? Who Is the Clinical Nurse Leader? The Challenge of Change Who Initiates Change and Why? System Management Patient Yourself Conclusion Bibliography 11 Building Nursing Management Skills Communication and Patient Safety How Can I Improve My Verbal Communication for Patient Safety? How Can I Improve My Written Communication for Patient Safety? Transcribing Written Orders Communicating When It Is Critical—What Do You Need To Do? Critical Patient Tests Critical Hand-Off Communication Shift Change—So Much to Say . . . So Little Time Other Communications: Discharge Planning and Teaching How Can I Deal With All the Interruptions? What Skills Do I Need to Use the Telephone Effectively? Managing Time in the Clinical Setting Get Organized Before the Change-of-Shift Report Prioritize Your Care Organize Your Work by Patient Managing Others What About Delegating and Time Management? Supervising and Evaluating the Care Provided by Others Conclusion Bibliography 12 Effective Communication, Team Building, and Interprofessional Practice Communication in The Workplace How Can I Communicate Effectively With My Supervisor? How Can I Communicate Effectively With Other Nursing Personnel? What Does My Image Communicate to Others? What Should I Know About the “Grapevine”? How Can I Handle Cultural Diversity at Work? Components of Effective Communication How Can I Communicate Effectively in Writing? How Can I Learn to Speak Effectively? Analyze Your Audience Do Your Homework Plan the Presentation Add Spice to the Presentation Create Cheat Sheets The Closing Final Details What Listening Skills Do I Need to Develop? Make Sure You Can Hear What Is Being Said Focus Your Attention on What Is Being Said Recognize and Control Your Emotional Response to What Is Being Said Make the Decision to Listen and Accept the Other Person’s Needs and Feelings, Whatever They Are Pay Attention to Nonverbal Communication as You Listen to the Words Fight Off Distractions Take Notes Let the Speaker Tell the Whole Story React to the Message, Not the Person Respond Positively to the Feelings Being Communicated How Can I Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively? Make Eye Contact With the Person With Whom You Are Talking Stand Up Straight, With Shoulders Back To Suggest Confidence, Use an Assertive Voice Without Pauses Watch for Distracting Behaviors How Can I Communicate Effectively by Using Technology? Do Not Misuse or Overuse E-mail and Text Messaging Learn to Use Computer Software When You Send E-mail Messages Do Not Send an Emotional Outburst in an E-mail When You Leave a Voice Mail Message for Someone, Speak Slowly and Distinctly If You Are Using Call Waiting, Do Not Leave Callers on Hold When You Call Someone, Ask if He or She Has Time to Talk, and Offer to Call Back at a More Convenient Time if Necessary If You Are Conducting a Conversation or a Meeting on a Speaker Phone or by Means of a Teleconference, Make Sure That Each P ... When You Must Send a Personal Message, Especially a Reminder or a Thank-You Note, the Most Powerful Way Is to Send a Handwr ... Group Communication What Is Group Process? How Can You Improve Communications in Group Meetings? Team Building And Interprofessional Practice What Is Team Building? What Is Interprofessional Practice? Assertive Styles of Communication How Can Nurses Be More Assertive? What Are the Benefits of Assertiveness? What Are My Basic Rights as a Person and as a Nurse? How Can I Begin to Practice Assertive Communication? What Are the Components of Assertive Communication? When to Use Assertive Communication Conclusion Bibliography 13 Conflict Management Conflict What Causes Conflict? Role Conflict Communication Conflict Goal Conflict Personality Conflict Ethical or Values Conflict What Are Common Areas of Conflict Between Nurses and Patients—and Between Nurses and Patients’ Families? Conflict Resolution What Are Ways to Resolve Conflict? Competition Avoidance Accommodation Compromise Collaboration What Are Some Basic Guidelines for Choosing the Technique to Use? Dealing With Difficult People What Are Some Techniques for Handling Difficult People? What Is Anger? What Is the Solution for Handling Anger? Stop Look Change Get Active Refocus on Something Positive Pay Attention to Your Breathing Sexual Harassment in The Workplace What Can I Do About It? Conclusion Bibliography 14 Delegation in the Clinical Setting What Does Delegation Mean? The Delegation Process Who Is Accountable Here? The Right Task What Can I Delegate or Assign? Is There Anything I Cannot Delegate? The Right Circumstances How Can I Determine the Strengths and Weaknesses of Team Members? What Are the Causes of Performance Weaknesses? The Right Person How Can I Use Outcomes in Delegating? The Right Direction and Communication How Can I Get the Delegate to Understand What I Want? The Right Supervision and Evaluation How Can I Give and Receive Feedback Effectively? Conclusion Bibliography Unit IV. Current Issues in Health Care 15 The Health Care Organization and Patterns of Nursing Care Delivery What Are Some Important Challenges Currently Facing Health Care? Cost of Health Care Managed Care What Impact Has Managed Care Had on Costs? Affordable Care Act Strategies to Control Costs Value-Based Care, Pay for Performance, and Accountable Care Organizations What Is Value-Based Care? What Is Pay for Performance? What Are Accountable Care Organizations? Case Management Nurse Navigator Programs Disease Management Do Disease Management Programs Reduce the Cost of Health Care? What Tools Are Used to Support Care Coordination? Clinical Guidelines Evidence-Based Practice How Do We Know That Critical Pathways and Disease Management Protocols Reflect the Latest and Best Practice? Shortage of Nurses How Can Health Care Organizations Retain Nurses? Magnet Hospitals The Impact of the 2010 Institute for Medicine Future of Nursing Report Quality of Care and Patient Safety Institute for Healthcare Improvement The Effects of Various Patterns of Nursing Care Delivery What Is the Total Patient Care or Private-Duty Model? What Is Functional Nursing? What Is Team Nursing? What Is Primary Nursing? What Is Patient-Focused Care? What Is the Most Effective Model of Nursing Care? Nurse Staffing What Is the Impact of Staffing Patterns on the Quality of Care? How Are Nursing Work Assignments Determined? What About Scheduling Patterns? What About the Use of Overtime? Conclusion Bibliography 16 Economics of the Health Care Delivery System What Are the Trends Affecting the Rising Costs of Health Care? Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors WHY Is cost expenditure the Effect of the Changing Economic Environment on Clinical Practice? How Is the Us Health Care System Financed? The Affordable Care Act of 2010 Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Introduction to Economics Government Allocation Decisions Payer Allocation Decisions Marketplace Allocation Decisions Unpredictability of Demand Consumer Knowledge Barriers to Entry to the Market Lack of Price Competition Budgets What Are the Basic Concepts of Budgets? What Are the Types of Budgets? Capital Budget Operating Budgets Personnel Budget Hours per Patient Day. Full-Time Equivalent. Productive Time. Nonproductive Time. What Are the Economics of Caring? Fiscal Responsibility to the Patient Fiscal Responsibility to the Employing Organization Fiscal Responsibility to the Payer of Care Conclusion Bibliography 17 Political Action in Nursing What Exactly is Politics? What Other Strategies Would You Suggest? What Are the Skills That Make Up a Nurse’s Political Savvy? Ability to Analyze an Issue (Those Assessment Skills Again!) Ability to Present a Possible Resolution in Clear and Concise Terms Ability to Participate in a Constructive Way Ability to Voice One’s Opinion (Understand the System) Ability to Analyze and Use Power Bases What Is Power, And Where Does It Come From? A Way to Look at Power and Where to Get It Networking Among Colleagues Building Coalitions What About Trade-Offs, Compromises, Negotiations, and Other Tricks of the Trade? How Do I Go About Participating in the Election Process? What Is a Political Action Committee? After Getting Them Elected, Then What? Controversial Political Issues Affecting Nursing Uniform Core Licensure Requirements What Is It? Nursing and Collective Bargaining Equal Pay for Work of Comparable Value or Comparable Worth? Safe Nurse Staffing Nursing Workforce Development Programs Health Care Reform Conclusion Bibliography 18 Collective Bargaining: Traditional (Union) and Nontraditional Approaches When Did the Issues Leading to Collective Bargaining Begin? The Evolution of Collective Bargaining in Nursing Legal Precedents for State Nursing Associations as Collective Bargaining Agents Who Represents Nurses for Collective Bargaining? Traditional and Nontraditional Collective Bargaining Collective Bargaining: Perspectives of the Traditional Approach Where Does Collective Bargaining Begin? What Can a Union Contract Do? Wages Job Security Versus Career Security Seniority Rights Resolution of Grievances Arbitration Strikes and Other Labor Disputes What Are the Elements of a Sound Contract? Membership Retirement Other Benefits Issues Traditional Collective Bargaining: Its Risks and Benefits Collective Bargaining: Perspectives of the Nontraditional Approach Nontraditional Collective Bargaining: Its Risks and Benefits American Nurses Association and National Nurses United: What Are the Common Issues? Health Care Reform and Expanding Advanced Practice Nurses’ Scope of Practice Workplace Safety Safe Nurse Staffing Objection to an Assignment Is There a Place for Collective Bargaining in Nursing? Collective Bargaining: The Debate That Continues Registered Nurse Participation in Collective Bargaining How Can Nurses Control Their Own Practice? Nurse Practice Committees Future Trends Conclusion Acknowledgment Bibliography 19 Ethical Issues Understanding Ethics What Are Your Values? Moral and Ethical Principles What Is the Best Decision, and How Will I Know? Autonomy: A Patient’s Right to Self-Determination Without Outside Control. Beneficence: Duty to Actively Do Good for Patients. Nonmaleficence: Duty to Prevent or Avoid Doing Harm, Whether Intentional or Unintentional. Fidelity: Duty to be Faithful to Commitments. Justice: Duty to Treat All Patients Fairly, Without Regard to Age, Socioeconomic Status, Immigration Status, or Other Varia ... Veracity: The Duty to Tell the Truth. Which Principle or Rule Is Most Important? So How Do I Make an Ethical Decision? Teleological. Situational. How Do I Determine Who Owns the Problem? First, Determine the Facts of the Situation. Second, Identify the Ethical Issues in the Situation. Third, Consider Possible Courses of Action and Their Related Outcomes. What About an Interdisciplinary Ethics Committee? Fourth, After a Course of Action Has Been Taken, Evaluate the Outcome. What Other Resources Are Available to Help Resolve Ethical Dilemmas? Controversial Ethical Issues Confronting Nursing Abortion How Does the Abortion Issue Affect Nursing? Euthanasia Futile Care and Physician-Assisted Suicide What Is Medical Futility? Physician-Assisted Suicide. What Are the Ethical Issues Regarding Transplantation? What Is the Ethical Issue Regarding the Use of Fetal Tissue? What Are the Ethical Issues Regarding In Vitro Fertilization? What Are Genetics and Genomics? How Should We Use the Ability to Diagnose Genetic Defects Prenatally? Allocation of Scarce Resources Impact of a Pandemic What Are Some of the Possible Solutions Being Debated? Health Care Rationing. What Are the Ethical Issues Around Involuntary Commitment? Professional Boundaries What Is the Impact of Social Media and Social Networking on Nursing Practice? Emerging Ethical Issues in Health Care Conclusion Bibliography 20 Legal Issues Sources of Law Where Does Law Come From? What Is Constitutional Law? What Is Statutory Law? What Is Administrative Regulatory Law? What Are Nurse Practice Acts? What Is Criminal Law? Case Study 1 What Is Case Law? Civil Actions—Torts What Are Intentional Torts? Invasion of Privacy and Breaches of Privacy and Confidentiality Miscellaneous Intentional Torts and Employment Civil Rights Claims What Are Unintentional Torts? Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Court Actions Based on Legal Principles Nursing Licensure Disciplinary Actions Scope of Practice Multistate Licensure What About Substance Use Disorder in Nursing? Negligence Basic Elements of Negligence Do You Have a Professional Duty? Falling Below the Standard of Care: Was There a Breach of the Professional Duty? What About the Nurse Practice Act? What Is an Expert Witness? What Are Established Policies and Procedures? What About Facility Licensure, Accreditation, and Reimbursement Standards? What About Textbooks and Journals? What Are Professional Standards for Nursing Organizations? Applying the Standard of Care to the Case Study Did the Breach of Duty Cause an Injury? Applying “Causation” to Case Study 3 Did the Patient Suffer Damages or Injury? Damages Applied to the Case Study Case Study 4 Case Study 5 Who Might Have Liability (Responsibility) in a Claim? Personal Liability Supervisory Liability Institutional Liability Student Liability What Defenses Might Be Available in Malpractice Claims? Common Categories of Negligence Medication Errors Provide a Safe Environment Patient Falls Equipment Failure Failure to Assess Adequately, Monitor, and Obtain Assistance Failure to Communicate Adequately Failure to Report Failure to Document Related Legal Concepts Informed Consent Advance Directives Criminal Actions What Criminal Acts Pose a Risk to the Nurse? Theft and Misappropriation of Property Nursing Practice Violations Violations of the Food and Drugs Act Risk Management and Quality Improvement How Do I Protect Myself and My Patient From Risks? Malpractice Insurance What About Individual Malpractice Insurance? What Is Institutional Coverage? What Should I Ask About Institutional Coverage? What Is Professional Licensure Defense Insurance? What Happens When I Go to Court? Legal Issues Affecting Nursing Health Care Costs and Payment Issues Health Care Delivery Issues Issues About Life-and-Death Decisions Termination of Pregnancy Fetal Rights Human Experimentation or Research Patient Rights Conclusion Bibliography Unit V. Contemporary Nursing Practice 21 Cultural and Spiritual Awareness Culture and Spirituality What Is Meant by Cultural and Linguistic Competence? What Practice Issues Are Related to Cultural and Linguistic Competence? Barriers to Cultural and Linguistic Competence Social Determinants of Health and Health Care Disparities Strategies for Providing Culturally Competent Care A Culturally Diverse Workforce What Is the Meaning of Spirituality? Cultural and Spiritual Assessment What Are Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs Regarding Illness and Cures? How Do You Assess Spiritual Need? Conclusion Bibliography 22 Quality Patient Care Standards of High-Quality Health Care Management What Is Root-Cause Analysis? History and Evolution of Quality in Health Care What Are Core Measures? What is HCAHPS? Just What Is The Joint Commission? What Are National Patient Safety Goals? Monitoring the Quality of Health Care What Is Quality Improvement? How Do We Monitor Quality? What Are an Indicator and a Metric? What Is Performance Improvement? What Are the Barriers to Quality Improvement? What Are Some Other Agencies Influencing Patient Safety? Quality Improvement Methods Tools and Processes for Continuous Quality Improvement What Is Six Sigma? How Do We Use DMAIC? The Define Phase The Measure Phase The Analyze Phase The Improve Phase The Control Phase Health Care Provider Credentialing for Quality Improvement Health Literacy Conclusion Bibliography 23 Nursing Informatics Nursing Informatics Nursing Informatics: Why Do I Care? What Is Nursing Informatics? Experience and Education Role of Informatics Nurses and Informatics Nurse Specialists Barriers to Success The Certification Process Professional Practice, Trends, And Issues What Are Regulatory and Accreditation Requirements? Privacy and Confidentiality Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 HIPAA and the Use of Mobile Computing Devices The Joint Commission Cybersecurity Electronic Health Records The e-World Is Coming . . . Wait, It’s Here Electronic Medical Record and Electronic Health Record Personal Health Record Technology Changing Workflow for the Better—Medication Fulfillment Computerized Provider Order Entry and Clinical Decision Support Barriers to Health Information Technology Still Remain Trends The Next Generation of Health Care Delivery Patient Engagement Telemedicine, Telehealth, and Health Monitoring Cloud Computing Big Data Robotics in Patient Care Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Time Is Almost Here Patients and the Internet What Do I (and Patients) Need to Know to Evaluate an Internet Resource? The CARS Checklist Patient Portals Data Access at the Point of Care Computers in the Nurses’ Station Mobility in the Clinical World Smartphones Using Data to Improve Care at the Bedside Nursing Informatics and You Conclusion Bibliography 24 Using Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research What is Evidence-Based Practice? Step 1: Define the Problem Step 2: Identify, Review, and Evaluate the Data Applicable to the Problem Step 3: Design a Practice Change Based on the Data While Incorporating the Clinical Expertise of the Nurse and Patient Pref ... Step 4: Implement the Change in Nursing Practice The Need For Nursing Practice Based on Research What Is Nursing Research Utilization? What Are the Steps for Nursing Research Utilization? Step 1: Preutilization Step 2: Assessing Step 3: Planning Step 4: Implementing Step 5: Evaluating Research Utilization: What Is It Not? Research Utilization Compared with Nursing Research and the Conduct of Research How Is the Use of Research in Practice Different From Conducting Research? Steps for Conducting Research What Is the Relationship Between Nursing Theory and Research Utilization? Defining Your Practice Context What Are the Health, Social, and Cultural Characteristics of the Patient Population Being Served? What Are the Health Care Delivery Characteristics of Your Setting? What Are the Motivators and Barriers for Incorporating Nursing Research into Your Practice? The National Institute of Nursing Research What Is Its Function? The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality What Is Its Function? Conclusion Bibliography 25 Workplace Issues Questions to Ask When Starting a New Position Ergonomic Hazards for Health Care Workers Back Injury Safe Patient Handling and Mobility Ergonomic Workstations Repetitive Motion Disorders Workplace Violence: A Growing Concern in Health Care Lateral Violence (Bullying) and Other Forms of Workplace Harassment Other Workplace Issues Needlestick and Sharps Safety Handling Staffing Shortages Document Your Concerns Mandatory Overtime Making a Mistake—What Do I Do Now? Conclusion Bibliography 26 Emergency Preparedness What Is Public Health Preparedness? Clinical Preparedness What Are Biologic Agents? What Are Chemical Agents? What Are Radiologic or Radioactive Agents? What Is a Pandemic? What Is Personal Protective Equipment in Disaster Response? What Is Disaster Nursing? What Are the Levels of Disasters? What Is Triage? Public Health Preparedness and Administrative Efforts Community Health Nurse Issues and Public Health Preparedness Epidemiologic Aspects What Is the Strategic National Stockpile? What is a CHEMPACK? What is ESAR-VHP? Medical Reserve Corps Disaster Medical Assistance Teams What Do I Need to Know About Community Preparedness Issues? What Do I Need To Know About Disaster Mental Health? Individual and Family Preparedness Issues Emerging Trends and Issues in Emergency Preparedness The 2010 Institute of Medicine Report Conclusion Bibliography Index Answers to NGN Test Questions Bibliography