دانلود کتاب Obsidian Across the Americas: Compositional Studies Conducted in the Elemental Analysis Facility at the Field Museum of Natural History

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Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. Location of the geological source in the American Northwest with a close-up map of the Lake Huron Basin in the American Midwest. The archaeological materials were recovered from the DA-1 excavation unit.
Figure 3.1. Location of Hopewell Mounds and other Middle Woodland and Late Archaic sites with relevant occurrences of obsidian. Percentages of identified sources are indicated. Open circles represent sites with obsidian from which no source assignments ar
Figure 3.2. Bivariate plots showing results of obsidian sourcing compared to sources in Yellowstone National Park (Obsidian Cliff) and southern Idaho. Black dots are Hopewell objects, gray dots are obsidian raw material samples. Ellipses indicate 95% conf
Figure 4.1. Sites included in the study with the relative location for each of the obsidian geological sources identified in the study (map adapted from geological source map in Shackley 2005).
Figure 4.2. Sites included in the study with subregions identified and the relative location for each of the obsidian geological sources identified in the study (map adapted from geological source map in Shackley 2005).
Figure 5.1. Map of Mesoamerica showing location of principal obsidian sources, sites with well-dated sourced obsidian in Oaxaca, and other sites mentioned in the text. See Figure 2 for sites in the Valley of Oaxaca, the Sierra Norte, the Mixe region, and
Figure 5.2. Map of highland Oaxaca showing sites with well-dated sourced obsidian and probable trade routes into the Valley of Oaxaca.
Figure 5.3. Sourced obsidian over time in the Valley of Oaxaca. Graph does not include sources that do not form at least 1% of the assemblage in at least one period (see Table 5.4 for full list of sources for each time period; see Table 5.1 for explanatio
Figure 5.4a–b. a. Sourced obsidian over time on the main hill at Monte Albán. b. Sourced obsidian over time in the Valley of Oaxaca, excluding the main hill at Monte Albán.
Figure 6.1. Map of Mesoamerica with the approximate locations of the geological sources of obsidian identified at Tikal. (Redrawn from Moholy-Nagy et al. 2013: Figure 1.)
Figure 6.2. Comparison of the number of obsidian sources identified at the same Lowland Maya site by visual and instrument analysis. Black bars were visually attributed, white bars were attributed by instrument. (Redrawn from Moholy-Nagy 2003b: Figure 1,
Figure 6.3. A set of concentric zones superimposed on a map of central Tikal extending to the boundaries of the Tikal National Park. Zones 02-26 each have a half-km radius, while Zone 01, which encompasses most of epicentral Group 5D-2, has a radius of 0.
Figure 7.1. Location of Buenavista del Cayo within the Mopan River valley, Belize.
Figure 7.2. Map of the site center of Buenavista.
Figure 7.3. Location of the marketplace in the Buenavista East Plaza showing clusters of artifacts by material type.
Figure 7.4. Excavation Area 1 within the Buenavista marketplace showing the distribution of obsidian debitage.
Figure 7.5. Location of obsidian sources in relation to the site of Buenavista.
Figure 8.1. Location of obsidian sources in Mesoamerica and sites with sourced obsidian included in the database.
Figure 8.2. Network graphs for Period 1 (~1600/1500–1200 BC): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.3. Network graphs for Period 2 (1200–900 BC): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.4. Network graphs for Period 3a (900–600 BC): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.5. Network graphs for Period 3b (600–300 BC): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.6. Network graphs for Period 4a (300 BC–AD 1): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.7. Network graphs for Period 4b (AD 1–300): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.8. Network graphs for Period 5 (AD 300–600): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.9. Network graphs for Period 6 (AD 600–900): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.10. Network graphs for Period 7 (AD 900–1200): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 8.11. Network graphs for Period 8 (AD 1200–1520): a, one-mode graph; b, nodes positioned geographically; c, two-mode graph
Figure 9.1. Base map of south-central Peru showing major and minor obsidian sources and the study region.
Figure 9.2. Map of study area with archaeological sites.
Figure 9.3. Size plots (minimum dimension of length or width) by artifact type analyzed by pXRF. Center line shows the mean with outlier indicated by individual points.
Figure 9.4. Thickness (mm) plots by artifact type analyzed by pXRF.
Figure 9.5. Weight (g) plots by artifact type analyzed by pXRF.
Figure 9.6. Bivariate plot of strontium (Sr) versus rubidium (Rb) concentrations measured by pXRF (ellipses drawn at 95% confidence around geologic source groups). A) Complete tools only; B) Debitage only.
Figure 9.7. Ternary plot of strontium (Sr), rubidium (Rb), and zirconium (Zr) for obsidian debitage.
Figure 9.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) of elements Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Th.
Figure 9.9. Bivariate plots of obsidian debitage element concentrations measured by pXRF (ellipses drawn at 95% confidence around geologic source groups). A) Anillo versus Alca-7 using Sr and ratio Rb/Zr; B) Alca-1 versus Potreropampa using ratio Sr/Rb ve
Figure 9.10. Results of discriminant analysis using the elements: Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, and Th.
Figure 10.1. Map showing excavated sites and the MAS survey region (in gray) represented in this study. Location map shows study region in reference to principal obsidian sources and the ancient capital cities of Wari, Tiwanaku, and Cuzco.
Figure 10.2. Map of the Cerro Baúl colony and environs, highlighting the distinct sectors with differential obsidian presence.
Figure 10.3. Reworked laurel leaf obsidian point CB01-3682 sourced to Alca-1 and recovered from the Sector A Palace complex 9B-B on Cerro Baúl (drawing by J. Seagard).
Figure 10.4. Obsidian pre-form CB07-41-0384 sourced to Alca-1 and recovered from the Sector A Palace Complex 41A-D2 on Cerro Baúl (drawing by J. Seagard).
Figure 10.5. Obsidian drill CB02-09-1149 sourced to Alca-1 and recovered from the Sector A Palace Complex 9G-B on Cerro Baúl (drawing by J. Seagard).
List of Tables
Table 2.1. Table adapted and updated from Glascock 2010 comparing X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis
Table 2.2. Elemental concentrations for all compositional analyses conducted on the archaeological specimens and the geological samples. All trace element values reported in parts per million (ppm). NM = Not Measured
Table 3.1. Results of repeat (60 replicates) analyses on solid obsidian sample BRK001 and certified reference materials RGM-2 and NIST278.
Table 3.2. Source assignments by object category.
Table 4.1. Summary of the periods included in this study with the total number of sites and obsidian artifacts associated with each period.
Table 4.2. Sites included in the study arranged by subregion and period with the total number of obsidian artifacts for each site and their classification of local, non-local, or unsourced.
Table 4.3. Sites included in the study arranged by subregion and period with the obsidian artifacts classified by source (TMC = all Mule Creek subsources; AW = Antelope Wells; TJEM = all Jemez Mountain subsources; CC = Cow Canyon; GC = Gwynn Canyon; LV =
Table 4.4. Sites included in the study arranged by subregion and period with distance to obsidian geological sources identified at each site.
Table 5.1. List of sources found at sites in highland Oaxaca
Table 5.2. Chronology and period designations
Table 5.3. Summary statistics for highland and valley sites
Table 5.4. Sourced obsidian in the Valley of Oaxaca by period. * see Table 1 for explanations of source abbreviations
Table 5.5. Sourced obsidian at Formative sites in highland Oaxaca, grouped by period and subregion
Table 5.6. Sourced obsidian at Classic and Postclassic sites in highland Oaxaca, grouped by period and subregion
Table 6.1. Tikal chronology.
Table 6.2. Highland Guatemalan and Central Mexican sources identified in the analyzed sample.
Table 7.1. Comparison of obsidian density at the Buenavista marketplace, workshops, and households in the Mopan River valley.
Table 7.2. Summary of pXRF results of Buenavista marketplace obsidian assemblage tested at the Field Museum’s Elemental Analysis Facility.
Table 7.3. Types of debitage present in the Buenavista marketplace obsidian production zone.
Table 7.4. Count and density of obsidian blades present in the Buenavista Southern Settlement zone houses (after Peuramaki-Brown 2012: Table 7.4).
Table 7.5. Summary of EDXRF results from household studies at Buenavista and Guerra (after Peuramaki-Brown 2012: 7.4; Tritt 1997: Table 9, 10)
Table 8.1. Mesoamerican sources present at sites in the obsidian archive
Table 8.2. Time blocks included in the Mesoamerican obsidian archive
Table 8.3. Summary statistics by time period (* does not include sites with <5 pieces, which are excluded from network analysis)
Table 8.4. Movement of obsidian between western and eastern Mesoamerica
Table 9.1. Number of obsidian artifacts characterized by pXRF by lithic type.
Table 9.2. Relative standard deviation (RSD) over a two-year instrument operating period.
Table 9.3. Geologic source characterization of obsidian debitage by count (N).
Table 9.4. Geologic source characterization of obsidian debitage by weight (g).
Table 10.1. Obsidian sources by site (excavated sites without sourced obsidian: Capanto, Las Peñas, Colorado Mogoté, Sabaya, Torata Alta, Camata, Tacahuay, and Punta Picata); FM: Formative Period, MH: Middle Horizon, LIP: Late Intermediate Period, LH: Lat
Table 10.2. Obsidian Average weight, Density and Ubiquity in several of the collections excavated by the authors (not represented: Omo and Chen Chen)
List of Contributors
Chapter 1. Chipping Away at the Past: An Introduction
Danielle J. Riebe and Gary M. Feinman
Chapter 2. Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence: The Role of Inter-Laboratory Collab
Danielle J. Riebe, Ashley K. Lemke, Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Alex J. Nyers, Elizabeth P. Sonnenburg, Brendan S. Nash, John M. O’Shea
Chapter 3. A (Near) Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Obsidian in the Field Museum
Mark Golitko, John V. Dudgeon, Claire Stanecki
Chapter 4. Emergent Economic Networks in the American Southwest
Danielle J. Riebe, Gary M. Feinman, Jeffrey R. Ferguson
Chapter 5. Changing Patterns of Obsidian Procurement in Highland Oaxaca, Mexico
Linda M. Nicholas, Gary M. Feinman, Mark Golitko
Chapter 6. Instrument Source Attributions of Obsidian Artifacts from Tikal, Guatemala
Hattula Moholy-Nagy
Chapter 7. Classic Maya Obsidian Blades: Sourced from Afar and Produced in the Local Marketplace
Bernadette Cap
Chapter 8. Macroscale Shifts in Obsidian Procurement Networks Across Prehispanic Mesoamerica
Gary M. Feinman, Linda M. Nicholas, Mark Golitko
Chapter 9. The Characterization of Small-Sized Obsidian Debitage Using P-XRF: A Case Study
David A. Reid, Patrick Ryan Williams, Kurt Rademaker, Nicholas Tripcevich, Michael D. Glascock
Chapter 10. Obsidian Utilization in the Moquegua Valley through the Millennia
Patrick Ryan Williams, David A. Reid, Donna Nash, Sofia Chacaltana, Kirk Costion, Paul Goldstein, Nicola Sharratt
Chapter 11. Concluding Thoughts: Open Networks, Economic Transfers, and Sourcing Obsidian
Gary M. Feinman and Danielle J. Riebe